Blood Group in Animal

7/26/2019 Blood Group in Animal

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Introduction

Blood Groups in different animal species

Blood Transfusion in different animal species

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BLOOD GROUP IN

ANIMALS


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INTRODUCTION

Blood is a specialized bodily fuid in animals thatdelivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells andtransports metabolic waste products away romthose same cells.

Blood is composed o:

- blood cells viz. RBC !BC and platelets

- plasma

"i#erent blood group antigens are arranged in thecell surace o RBC in a regularly patterned mosaicstructure.

Blood group antigens also occur on !BCs plateletssperm and various tissue cells and have beendetected as soluble substances in blood plasma

saliva mil$ etc.

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"uring the %rst hal o this century theconcept o blood groups was con%ned to the

surace antigens o erythrocytes.&ow it not only includes the di#erences to

antigens o red cells white cells plateletsand tissue cells but also the distinction

based on hemoglobin albumins globulinsand various enzymes in the blood.

Blood group antigens induce the ormationo antibodies when in'ected into a suitableorganism.

(hese antibodies may react with the antigenboth in vivo and in vitro.

)ntigen-antibody reactions are the means to

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BLOOD GROUPS IN THE

ANIMAL SPECIES

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BLOOD GROUPS IN CANINE

Currently eight totwelve or more canineblood groups are recognized.

(he blood groups are organized and

categorized under the "*) +"og *rythrocyte)ntigen, system in which blood groups arespeci%ed by the letters "*) ollowed by somenumber+s, denoting which "*) system

antigens are present on the red blood cell.or all canine blood group systems other than

"*) the red blood cells rom a dog can be

either positive or negative or that blood type.

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Canine blood type Old nomenclature Approx. incidence

DEA 1.1 A1 40

DEA 1.2 A2 20

DEA 3 B 5

DEA 4 C 98

DEA 5 D 25

DEA 6 F 98

DEA 7 Tr 45

DEA 8 He 40

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Table 1. Eight of the most commo caie bloo! t"#es a! thei$ a##$o%imate ici!ece

i the Uite! States.


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BLOOD GROUPS IN &ELINE

"omestic cats have a two antigen bloodgroup system which yields /possible bloodtypes or a cat: ) B or less commonly )B.

(he ma'ority o domestic short hair cats inthe 01) have type ) blood. (hepercentages vary rom country to countryhowever and probably rom region to

region within a country as well.Cat breeds other than the domestic short

hair have a much higher occurrence o (ype

B blood.

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BLOOD GROUPS IN BO'INE

(here are ma'or blood group systems in cattle )BC234R1( and5.

(he B group has over 67 di#erent antigens ma$ing it

di8cult to closely match donor and recipient.

(he 2 antigen is a lipid that is ound in body fuids andis adsorbed onto erythrocytes +thereore it is not a

9true9 antigen,. &ewborn calves lac$ this antigenacuiring it in the %rst 6 months o lie.

(he most common antigens that cattle were

sensitized to were the ) and systems.

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BLOOD GROUPS IN

O'INE AND CAPRINE1evenblood group systems have been

identi%ed in sheep +)B C "4 R and;,.

1imilar to cattle the B system is highlypolymorphic.

(he R system is similar to the 2 system incattle in that the antigen is soluble.

Blood group antigens in goats are similar tothose in sheep.

ivema'or systems have been identi%ed in

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BLOOD GROUP IN OTHER

ANIMAL SPECIES

Currently =blood group systems are recognized inhorses i.e. ) C" >?@( and0.1imilarly Ablood group systems are $nown in pigs.

(here are types o blood groups in apes uman-type and 1imian-type. ) B Dblood groups are alsoound in apes li$e Chimpanzees Bonobos and

Eorillas.

(he blood group systems o companion birdsreptiles small mammals such as rabbits and errets

have not been extensively studied.

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BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Dut o the di#erent uses o determinationo blood group the most important one isthe blood transusion.

Blood transusion is the process oreceiving blood products into oneFscirculation intravenously. (ransusions are

used in a variety o conditions to replacelost components o the blood.

*arly transusions used whole blood butmodern medical and practice commonly

uses only components o the blood such

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Blood types become very important when a blood

transfusion is necessary. In a blood transfusion, a

patient must receive a blood type that is compatiblewith his or her own blood typethat is, the donated

blood must be accepted by the patient's own blood.

If the blood types are not compatible, red blood cellswill clump together, making clots that can block blood

vessels and cause death.

Prior to blood transfusion, cross matching is performedto detect antibodies in the recipients blood to antigens

in the donor's blood. The process may vary accordingly

to the recipient animal. 12


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RIS(S O& TRANS&USION

(he most serious ris$ o transusion is acute hemolysis.ortunately this is rare in domestic animals.

Repeated blood transusions can cause acutehemolysis in animals.

Gn dogs the most common hemolytic reaction that havereceived multiple transusions is delayed hemolysisseen clinically as shortened survival o transused RBC.

*ven crossmatch-compatible RBC given to horses orcattle survive only -H days.

&onimmune causes o hemolysis include impropercollection or separation o blood reezing oroverwarming o RBC and inusing under pressurethrough a small needle. 13


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Dther complications include sepsis romcontaminated blood hypocalcemia rom toomuch citrate and hypervolemia +especially inanimals with preexisting heart disease or in verysmall animals,.

0rticaria ever or vomiting are seen occasionally.

(ransusions can also spread disease rom donorto recipient such as RBC parasites +egaemobartonella )naplasma or Babesia , andviruses +eg retroviruses such as eline or bovineleu$emia euine inectious anemia or other slow

viruses,.Dther diseases such as those caused by

ric$ettsia or other bacteria can also be spread ithe donor is bacteremic.

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Blood Group in Animal

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