Blood Describe the structure and function of blood tissue. · 2019-11-17 · Title • Anatomy of...
Transcript of Blood Describe the structure and function of blood tissue. · 2019-11-17 · Title • Anatomy of...
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Title
• Blood
Essential Question
• Describe the structure and
function of blood tissue.
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 10.1 – 10.31
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 10
Blood
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Blood
Characteristics
Slide 10.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fluid connective tissue composed of:
Living cells = formed elements
Non-living matrix = plasma
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Blood
Slide 10.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.1
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Physical Characteristics of Blood
Slide 10.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Color range is scarlet red to dull red depending on O2
pH 7.35–7.45
Blood temp. is slightly higher than body temp.
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Blood Plasma
Slide 10.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
90 percent water
Dissolved substances
Nutrients
Salts
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products
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PLASMA
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Plasma Proteins
Slide 10.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins
Antibodies – immune cell
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Formed Elements
Slide 10.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Erythrocytes = red blood cells made up of hemoglobin
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RED BLOOD CELLS
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HEMOGLOBIN
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Hemoglobin
Slide 10.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
has four oxygen binding sites
Each RBC has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
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Formed Elements
Slide 10.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Leukocytes = white blood cells
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Leukocytes
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Types of Leukocytes
Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.4
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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal levels
Between 4,000 and 11,000 cells/mm3
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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukocytosis
Above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3
Generally indicates an infection
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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukopenia
Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs
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Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
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Slide 10.12
Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 10.12
Agranulocytes - Monocytes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Plasma Cell
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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Formed Elements
Slide 10.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Platelets = cell fragments used for clotting
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PLATELETS
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Slide 10.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 10.5c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Hematopoiesis
Slide 10.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Making blood cells
Occurs in red bone marrow
derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
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Fate of Erythrocytes
Slide 10.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unable to divide, grow, or make proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
Eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Slide 10.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.5
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Hemostasis
Slide 10.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Definition
Stoppage of blood flow
Result of a break in a blood vessel
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1. Vascular Spasms
Slide 10.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anchored platelets release serotonin.
Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.
Blood vessel narrows, decreasing blood loss
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3. Platelet Plug Formation
Slide 10.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers;
platelets adhere.
• Platelets release chemicals that make nearby
platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.
Collagen
fibers
Platelets
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3. Coagulation
Slide 10.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Injured tissues release a series of chemicals to trigger a clotting cascade
Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
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4. Blood Clotting
Slide 10.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Takes 3 to 6 minutes
The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue repair
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Figure 10.7
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Undesirable Clotting
Slide 10.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
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Undesirable Clotting
Slide 10.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Embolus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
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Blood Groups and Transfusions
Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Large losses of blood
Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes pallor and weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes severe shock, which can be fatal
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Blood Groups and Transfusions
Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transfusions
The only way to replace blood quickly
Blood must be of the same blood group
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Human Blood Groups
Slide 10.26a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood contains genetically determined proteins
A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system and cause the blood to clump (agglutination)
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ABO Blood Groups
Slide 10.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Based on the presence or absence of two antigens
Type A
Type B
The lack of these antigens is called type O
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ABO Blood Groups
Slide 10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The presence of both A and B is called type AB
The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively
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Rh Blood Groups
Slide 10.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
Most Americans are Rh+
Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood
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Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
Slide 10.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems, but the immune system is sensitized
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Mother is given RhoGam after first pregnancy
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Title
• Anatomy of the heart and
blood vessels
Essential Question
• Describe the anatomy of the
heart and major blood
vessels of the body.
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 11.1 – 11.19
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 11
The Cardiovascular System
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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The Cardiovascular System
Slide 11.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
Function
Deliver O2 and nutrients and to remove CO2 and other waste products
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The Heart
Slide 11.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.1
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The Heart
Slide 11.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Location
Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip and rests on the diaphragm
About the size of your fist
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THE HEART: COVERINGS
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The Heart: Coverings
Slide 11.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pericardium – a double serous membrane
Visceral Layer - next to heart
Parietal Layer - outside layer
Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium
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THE HEART: COVERINGS
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THE HEART: COVERINGS
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The Heart: Heart Wall
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Slide 11.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three layers
Epicardium
Outside layer consists of connective tissue
layer (visceral pericardium)
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Slide 11.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three layers
Myocardium
Middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Slide 11.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three layers
Endocardium
Inner layer; endothelium that lines the heart
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The Heart: Chambers
Slide 11.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Atria (right and left)
Receiving chambers
Ventricles (right and left)
Discharging chambers
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External Heart Anatomy
Slide 11.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a
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Right ventricle
Muscular interventricular septum
Left
ventricle
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Blood Circulation
Slide 11.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.3
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HEART VALVES
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The Heart: Valves Characteristics
Slide 11.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Open as blood is pumped through
Close to prevent backflow
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The Heart: Valves
Slide 11.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Four valves
Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles
Bicuspid (mitral) valve – between the left atria and left ventricle
Tricuspid valve – between the right atria and right ventricle
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The Heart: Valves
Slide 11.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Four valves
Semilunar valves – between ventricle and major artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve – between RV and pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve – between LV and aorta
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HEART VALVES
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Operation of Heart Valves
Slide 11.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.4
Podcast:
Minimally
Invasive Heart
Valve Surgery
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Arteries
Slide 11.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Aorta receives blood from LV and travels to rest of body (oxygenated)
Pulmonary arteries receives blood from RV and travels to lungs (deoxygenated)
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Veins
Slide 11.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vena cava blood entering RA from body (deoxygenated)
Pulmonary veins (four) blood entering LA from lungs (oxygenated)
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ASSOCIATED GREAT VESSELS
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CORONARY CIRCULATION
http://video.google.com/vi
deoplay?docid=530428907
1571962318&q=heart+sur
gery+site%3Avideo.googl
e.com&total=305&start=1
0&num=10&so=0&type=s
earch&plindex=2
AWAKE
Open Heart
Surgery
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Coronary Circulation
Slide 11.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
Heart is nourished by coronary arteries and empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Slide 11.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Function Taking blood to the tissues and back
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Slide 11.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structures
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
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The Vascular System
Slide 11.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.8b
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Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Slide 11.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue
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Diffusion at Capillary Beds
Slide 11.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.20
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Movement of Blood Through Vessels
Slide 11.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood back to the heart
Figure 11.9
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Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Slide 11.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.11
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Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Slide 11.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.12
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Arterial Supply of the Brain
Slide 11.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.13
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
Slide 11.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.14
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Circulation to the Fetus
Slide 11.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.15
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Title
• Physiology of the Heart
Essential Question
• Name the elements of the
intrinsic conduction system
of the heart, and describe
the pathway of impulses
through this system.
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The Heart: Conduction System
Slide 11.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
muscle cells contract, w/o nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
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The Heart: Conduction System
Slide 11.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special tissues set the pace
Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker)
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
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Heart Contractions
Slide 11.14b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.5
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Filling of Heart Chambers – the Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.6
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac cycle – events of one complete heart beat
Overview
Atria contract simultaneously
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mid-to-late diastole – blood flows into ventricles
Ventricular systole – blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
Early diastole – atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
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ECG WAVE
http://uploadImage:ECG
principle slow.gif -
Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.
Atrial
Reploarization
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Title
• Physiology of Circulation
Essential Question
• Describe the regulation of
cardiac output and blood
pressure.
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The Heart: Cardiac Output
Slide 11.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
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The Heart: Cardiac Output
Slide 11.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
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Cardiac Output Regulation
Slide 11.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.7
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Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Slide 11.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Slide 11.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Increased heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis
Low blood pressure
Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Exercise
Decreased blood volume
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Slide 11.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Decreased heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Decreased venous return
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Pulse
Slide 11.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pulse – pressure wave of blood
Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated
Figure 11.16
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Blood Pressure
Slide 11.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Measurements made on large arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
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Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Slide 11.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.18
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Comparison of Blood Pressures in Different
Vessels
Slide 11.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.17
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Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Slide 11.39a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neural factors
Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renin – hormonal control
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Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Slide 11.39b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Temperature
Heat has a vasodilation effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases or decreases
Diet
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure
Slide 11.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.19
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Variations in Blood Pressure
Slide 11.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
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Variations in Blood Pressure
Slide 11.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic