I. Introduction

In blood transfusion (moves to decant), the human whose get blood

is called receivers (recipient) and blood giver is called donor. Blood

transfusion event to recipient very related to the blood group kind. Blood

group kind follows system ABO determined by kind agglutinogen in

erythrocyte. There two kinds agglutinogen a, and agglutinogen b.

Somebody blood can contain one of kind agglutinogen, or the two, and or

doesn’t contain agglutinogen. Blood clotting reaction in blood group test

happens because the reaction between agglutinin from plasma with

agglutinogen from erythrocyte. In blood found containing sum of

hemoglobin blood. The hemoglobin contain can it to knowable with

measures with Talquit paper and also Sahli Hbmeter.

Besides the Hb in blood it can was found a thrombocyte when will

broken will take outside thromboplastine that will spur on formation

thrombin from prothrombin. And thrombin will be blood coagulation

mobile enzyme because will can to change fibrinogen be threads fibrin

that will close wound. Blood coagulation speed is influenced by several

factors among others factor has countered hemophilia, vitamin K and

pregnancy ion Ca2+.

Blood can go around to entire bodies pass blood vessel be caused

pressure existence in ventricle space. Ventricle pressure distinguishable

pressure systole and pressure diastole. This ventricle pressure measurable

by means of that called sphygmomanometer.

Based on blood dependability with various this life importance

necessary presumably very valuable when we can detect principles and

the measurement manners so that can useful for life furthermore

II. Problems

1. How does manner measures blood pressure and blood pressure

variation in each student?

2. How does blood group testing manner and blood group variation in

each student?

3. How does degree of measurement manner hemoglobin and degree of

variation hemoglobin in each student?

4. How does to measurement of blood coagulation time and blood

coagulation time variation in each student?

III. Objectives

1. To detect blood pressure measurement manner and blood pressure

variation in each student.

2. To detect blood group testing manner and blood group variation in

each student.

3. To detect degree measurement manner hemoglobin and degree

variation hemoglobin in each student.

4. To detect manner measures time coagula blood and blood

coagula/coagulation time variation in each student.

IV. Literature

The main transportation in human is blood. In the body, blood

circulate with circulatory organ which are heart and blood vessels. Beside

blood circulation, there is also limfe circulation that circulate with limfe

vessels. Blood consist of leukocytes, erythrocyte, and platelets.

Blood has three main functions: transport, protection and regulation.

Blood is classified as a connective tissue and consists of two main

components:

1. Plasma, which is a clear extracellular fluid

2. Formed elements, which are made up of the blood cells and

platelets

The formed elements are so named because they are enclosed in a

plasma membrane and have a definite structure and shape. All formed

elements are cells except for the platelets, which tiny fragments of bone

marrow cells(www.virtualmedicalcentre.com)

Formed elements are:

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs)

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs)

Platelets

Blood grouping as known as blood ABO grouping. This blood

grouping is invented by Karl Landsteiner. Blood grouping is based on

the content of aglutinin / antibody in the blood. In our blood, there are

aglutinogen(antigen) in erythrocytes and aglutinin(antibody) in

plasma. Grouping the blood is started from blood clotting when the

erythrocytes mixed up with other blood serum(R.Gunawan, 2007:125).

Blood grouping based on the antigen and antibody:

Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on

the surface of their RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any

antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with

type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being

preferable), but can donate blood only to another type AB individual.

Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface

of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the

B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only

from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can

donate blood to individuals with type A or AB.

Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface

of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the

A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only

from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can

donate blood to individuals with type B or AB.

Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries)

individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their

RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B

antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens. Therefore, a

group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual,

but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e., A,

B, O or AB). If anyone needs a blood transfusion in an emergency, and

if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a

detrimental delay, O Negative blood can be

issued(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type)

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating

blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital

signs. When used without further specification, "blood pressure"

usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation.

During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum (systolic) and a

minimum (diastolic) pressure. The mean BP, due to pumping by the

heart and resistance to flow in blood vessels, decreases as the

circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries. Blood

pressure drops most rapidly along the small arteries and arterioles, and

continues to decrease as the blood moves through the capillaries and

back to the heart through veins. Gravity, valves in veins, and pumping

from contraction of skeletal muscles, are some other influences on BP

at various places in the body

( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure)

To check the Hb(Hemoglobin), we can use Talquist method.

It’s indicated by matching the colour of the blood in filters paper with

the indicator in Talquist book. Beside that, the another way to check

the hemoglobin with Sahli method. Sahli method is one way of

visually determining hemoglobin. Blood was diluted with HCl solution

so that the hemoglobin turns into acid hematin. To be able to

determine the levels of hemoglobin solution made by diluting the

mixture with distilled water until the color the same color as the

standard glass rod.

V. Hypothesis

1. Measure blood pressure is using sphygmanometer. How to

measure is :

Examining installing rubber wrapped in a cloth bag (cuff)

on the upper arm

Stethoscope placed on the inside of the elbow crease.

Rubber bag was then developed by pumping air into it.

Rubber bag that dilate blood vessels will press the arm

(brachial artery) so that blood flow is suspended

The air then removed slowly by turning the air cap.

When the air pressure inside the rubber bag is lowered,

there are two things to watch out for inspectors. First, the

needle pressure, the second sound pulse of the blood

vessels of the arm that delivered through a stethoscope.

When you hear the beats for the first time, the value of the

needle pressure is systolic pressure value.

Along with the continued drop in air pressure, pulse sound

is heard through the stethoscope will dissapear. The value

indicated by the needle when the sound pressure is

dissapeared is called diastolic pressure pulse.

There are two variation of blood pressure there are systolic

pressure and diastolic pressure.

2. ABO blood group is checked by taking 2 drops of capillary blood

placed on a seperate slide. The first drop adding by 1 drop of

serum containing anti – A, and second drop add by 1 drop of

serum anti – B. Adding of 0,9 % NaCl solution, then do the

dilution. What to see is a reaction of agglutination (clumping

shaped spots of dark red or blackish red), whch occurs between

aglutinin and aglutinogen accordingly. It’s same with Rh test.

Serum is added containing anti – D (anti – Rh), so if it looks the

results of agglutination is Rh positive, and the opposite.

The variation of blood type are A, B, AB, and O

3. There are seveal ways to measure the hemoglobin that contain in

blood, mostly carried out by automatic machines to make some

test of the blood. The other way is with talquist method. This

method is matching the blood colour with the colour in talquist

book.

The variation of hemoglobin in every student is 12 – 16 gr/dl.

4. To find the coagulation time, we can use this ways :

Dropped the blood sample (1 drop) in object glass and after

finish dropping, count the time with stopwatch

Every 30 seconds, pin the blood with needle.

When the last pin there are fibrin thread that sticking in the

tip of needle, it means that occurs coagulation, then note

the time with stopwatch.

For normal coagulation time, it’s 15 seconds – 2 minutes.

Coagulation time is caused bby many factors.

VI. Tools and Materials

Tools : Materials :

1. Sphymanometer 1. Alcohol

2. Stethoscope 2. Filters paper

3. Blood lancet 3. Aquades

4. Needle 4. Anti A

5. Colorimeter Hb and Hb Sahli 5. Anti B

6. Object Glass 6. Cotton

7. Stop watch

VII. Working Procedures

A. Blood Pressure Determinations

1. Student left arm at bandages sphygmanometer

2. Feel on the bottom arm bandages and look for the artery blood

vessel (arteria brachialis). After found to put stethoscoe head

above artery, this manner is called auskultatoir. Manner other with

feel artery and fell to beat the pulse is called palpatoir.

3. Air contents in bandages with pump slowly so that needle

manometer show scale 170 mmHg.

4. Release air in bandage slowly with twist pump casing valve, while

pay attention scale needle depreciation in manometer and ear

concentrates stethoscope.

5. When does pulse heard first time in stethoscope register number

that indicated needle manometer, because this show pressure

systole. Heartbeat continual will happen periodical and more

weaker and final lost. At the time of lost to return needle position

manometer, because this show pressure diastole.

B. Blood Group Determination

1. Clean fingertip middlestudent with cotton that wwetted with

alcohol 70%.

2. Jab blood lancet to fingertip miiddle student. Massage fingertip so

thet easy blood out, then drip secretor blood in object glass a and

drip also in object glass b.

3. When has blood been dribbled, clean fingertip with alcohol 70%

again, in object glass b.

4. Give serum driblet counters in a blood at glass a and serum

counters b in glass.

5. Stir blood drop with needle.

6. Perceive what happen blood clotting or not? Determine blood

based on explanation next :

When:

a. Blood at A is thickening at B not so belonging blood group A.

b. Blood at A is not thickening at B is thickening is belonging

blood group B.

c. Blood at A and at B thicken, so belong blood group AB.

d. Blood at A and at B not thicken belong blood group O.

C. Hemoglobin Degree Determination

1. Talquist Method

a. Drip blood in filter paper that provided.

b. Let during 30s.

c. After 30 s check off blood color in filter paper with calorimeter

Hb available in Talquist book and register the result in percent.

d. Result in percent can be change in unit mg% by as follows

%result x 22 =...........mg%

100

D. Coagulation Time

1. Clean fingertip student with cotton that wetted with alcohol 70%.

2. Jab blood lancet to fingertip middle student. Massage fingertip so

thet easy blood out, then drip object glass and moment begin to

dripnto animate stop watch.

3. Every 30 sec blood drop is lifted or at pull with needle end.

4. When in latest pricking found thread fibrin that cling at the end of

needle mean happen coagula, kill watch and register the result.

IX. Discussion

Hb Degrees

50%(11 mg%)60%(13,2mg%)70%(15,4mg%)80%(16,7mg%)

Based on the observation of XI IPA 2 students, we can find that most

of the students have 60 % degrees of Hb. It’s indicated by matching the

colour of the blood in filters paper with the indicator in Talquist book.

Based on the observation, we can find that most of students has O

blood type. The blood type are based on the antigen and antibody. Individuals that

have both A and B antigens, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies

against either A or B antigen can be classified as blood group AB. Individuals have

the A antigen, and blood serum containing antibodies against the B antigen can be

classified as blood group A. Individuals have the B antigen, produced antibodies

against the A antigen can be classified as blood group B. Individuals that do not have

either A or B antigens, but produced antibodies against the A and B blood group

antigens.

Blood type

ABABO

Based on the observation, we can find that most of students in XI IPA 2 has

coagulation time under 3 minutes. We can indicated by prick the needle into the

blood. If it found fibrin thread, it means coagulation has been working.

50 - 59 60 - 79 80 - 99 100 - 119 120 - 139 140 - 159

0

5

10

15

20

25

SystoleDiastole

Based on the observation, we can find that the variation of blood pressure of

the students is shown in the figure above. We can checked the blood pressure with

sphygmanometer and sthetoscope. The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg.

Based on the graph, we can conclude that most of the student have normal blood

pressure.

The next thing to observe is sugar content. In normal condition, sugar content

in our blood is 38 – 132 mg/dl. Base on the observation table, we can conclude that

sugar content in student’s blood is normal. In normal condition,the content of

colesterol in our blood is 160 – 240 mg/dl. So, we can conclude that most of student

has normal colesterol content. In normal condition, the content of uric acid in our

blood is 3.0 – 6.0 mg/dl. So, we can conclude that most of the student has normal

content of uric acid. These 3 things, we can checked with a tool that can checked

Blood Pressure

Coagulation Time

3''< 3"> 3"

sugar, colesterol, and uric acid content simultaneously. If we found the unnormal

content, so we can found it’s –HI- or –LO-. It means that the tools cannot read the

measurement.

X. Conclusion

1. Blood pressure can be measured with sphgymanometer. We can

measure it by take the stethoscope right in the vein. Then, bandage the

arm with sphygmanometer and pump it until 170. After that, open the

valve until we hear the first pulse it called systole, and the last pulse is

called diastole. From the observation result, the most student has 120 –

139 systole, and 60 – 79 diastole.

2. Blood type variation can be measured by taking a few drops of blood

and mix them with serum anti A and anti B. By doing the observation,

we can conclude that 3 students of XI IPA 2 has blood type A, 7

students has blood type B, 3 students has blood type AB, and 19

students has blood type O.

3. Hb degrees can be measured by taking a drop of blood, then put it on

the filter paper. After that, match the colour with Talquist book. From

the observation result, we can find that 2 students has 50% (11 mg%)

of Hb, 19 students has 60% (13,2 mg%) of Hb, 8 students has 70%

(15,4 mg%) of Hb, and 1 student has 80% (16,7 mg%) of Hb.

4. Blood coagulation can be measued by put a few drops of blood in the

object glass, and after 30 seconds stir with needle. When there is a

blood lump in the tip of the needle, so it means that coagulation has

been working. Most of the students has coagulation time under 3

minutes.

XI. References

http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2008/10/31/sistem-transportasiperedaran-darah-pada-manusia/ (Saturday, Sept 3rd ; 14:50 WIB)

http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/anatomy.asp? sid=30&title=Blood-Function-and-Composition (Saturday, Sept 3rd; 14:50 WIB)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type ( Monday, August 29th ; 13:30 WIB)

Susilowarno Gunawan,dkk.2007.Biologi SMA/MA Kelas XI.Jakarta:Grasindo.

BLOOD

By :

Ni Wayan Diana C.

XI IPA 2/18

STELLA DUCE 1 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2011/2012

Biology Laboratory

Stella Duce 1 Senior High School