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BLD 450 Term Quizzes 1/16/2012 8:28:00 AM 

Term Quiz 1

  Parasite: a eukaryotic live organism living in or on, and having

some metabolic dependence on another organism known as a host.

  Definitive host: the parasite reaches sexual maturity and where the

adult form resides  Intermediate host: (vector) one in which the immature or larval

host resides, or in which the parasite undergoes asexual

reproduction

  Endemic: areas with no sanitation; denoting an area in which a

particular disease is regularly found

  Hermaphroditic: both male and female sex organs or characteristics

  Pseudopods: cytoplasmic protrusions

  Flagella: slender threadlike structure, whip like appendage that

enables swimming

  Cilia: short, numerous thread-like extensions

  Trophozites: (trophs) motile, actively feeding and multiplying form

of Protozoans (most commonly found in watery fecal samples)

  Cysts: dormant Protozoans, non-feeding stage that is more

resistant to damage (predominate in formed or solid fecal samples)

  Chromatin: material of which the chromosomes of organisms are

composed; protein, RNA, and DNA

  Karyosome: small mass of chromatin, usually near center of nucleus of some protozoans

  Chromatoid bodies: in cysts; rod-like structures or RNA with

pointed or rounded ends

  Commensal: association between two organisms in which one

benefits and the other derives neither benefit or harm

  Miracidium: free-swimming ciliated larval stage in which a parasitic

fluke passes from the egg to its first host, typically a snail

  Oncosphere: tapeworm embryo with six hooks; earliest

differentiated form of cyclophyllidean

  Protozoans 

o  Sarcomastigophora: phylum of single-celled protozoans

  Sarcodina: subphylum - amebae that propel with

pseudopods

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  Mastigophora: subphylum – flagellates (propel with

flagella)

o  Ciliophora: phylum – ciliates that propel with short, numerous

thread-like extensions

o   Apicomplexa: phylum of protozoans with complex life cycleo  Microspora: phylum – tiny intracellular parasites

  Helminths (worms) 

o   Aschelminthes: phylum, nematodes = roundworms

o  Platyhelminthes: phylum – flatworms (most are

hermaphroditic)

Term Quiz 2

  Repeats 

o  Cilia: short, numerous thread-like extensions

o  Commensal: association between two organisms in which one

benefits and the other derives neither benefit or harm

o  Chromatin: material of which the chromosomes of organisms

are composed; protein, RNA, and DNA

o  Cysts: dormant Protozoans, non-feeding stage that is more

resistant to damage (predominate in formed or solid fecal

samples)

o  Flagella: slender threadlike structure, whip like appendage

that enables swimmingo  Karyosome: small mass of chromatin, usually near center of 

nucleus of some protozoans

o  Pseudopods: cytoplasmic protrusions

o  Trophozites: (trophs) motile, actively feeding and multiplying

form of Protozoans (most commonly found in watery fecal

samples)

  New 

o  Pathogen: progressive motility; organism that can cause

disease

o  Excystation: the cyst in the lower ileum transforms back into

a trophozite

o  Binary Fission: a trophozoite replicates this way; produces

two cells

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o  Vacuole: prominent glycogen vacuole in cyst form of 

Iodamoeba butschlii ;

o  Free-living: living independently, not as a parasite or attached

to a substrate; 2 free-living protozoan pathogens

o  Primary Amebic MeningoEncephalitis: caused by free-livingprotozoan pathogen Naegleria fowleri ; rapid CNS infection

o  Nuchal Rigidity: stiff neck; early symptom progresses to signs

of frank meningitis

o  Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis: caused by free-living

protozoan pathogen Acanthamoeba sp.; chronic CNS infection

o  Amebic Keratitis: skin ulcers, often seen in contact lens

wearers; caused by free-living protozoan pathogen

 Acanthamoeba sp. 

o  Acanthopodia: characteristic spiny projections on the

trophozite form of  Acanthamoeba sp. 

o  Axoneme: the central strand of a cilium or flagellum. It is

composed of an array of microtubules, typically in nine pairs

around two single central ones.

o  Axostyle: sheet of microtubules; arises from the base of 

flagellum; occur in the oxymonads and parabasalids

o  Costa: in flagellates, a rib-like body; the chromatoid basal rod

supporting the base of an undulating membraneo  Cytopyge: In Balantidium and some other ciliates, the

permanent opening in the ectoplasm through which the

residue of digestion of food materials is discharged (anal

opening). In other organisms, the wastes may be discharged

through a number of points in the body surface

o  Cytostome: In some protozoa, especially flagellates and

ciliates, the cavity that opens by way of the peristome (the

lips) to allow solid food particles to enter (the mouth). In

some species, a food vacuole may form directly behind the

cytostome or it may open into a cytopharynx (esophagus-like

structure) and the food vacuole is formed at the base of the

cytopharynx

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o  Hyaline Knob: having a glassy, translucent appearance

produced by the degeneration of epithelial or connective

tissues

o  Median Body: protein in Giardia lamblia; immobilizes the

microtubules between cell divisionso  Sucking Disc: tapeworms; an animal’s sucker, especially one

on the end of each tube foot of an echinoderm (marine

invertebrate of the phylum Echinodermata, such as a starfish,

sea urchin, sea cucumber)

o  Undulating Membrane: a vibratile cytoplasmic membrane; a

lateral expansion of the plasma membrane in some

flagellates; a row of laterally fused long cilia associated in

many ciliates with the oral structures

o  Central Body: zone of cytoplasm devoid of organelles except

centrioles; located near nucleus

o  Chromatoidal Bar: a bar, rod, or splinter-shaped body in the

cytoplasm of an ameba that stains darkly and resembles

chromatin

o  Glycogen Mass: a vacuole, usually in a cyst, in which

glycogen (carb storage stuff) is accumulated until needed in

the development process. Such vacuoles usually form early in

the development of an amebic cyst and are usually present incysts of Iodamoeba butschlii  

o  Ameboflagellate: protozoan that changes from amebic form to

a flagellated form; Naegleria fowleri  

o  Cribriform Plate: denoting an anatomical structure that is

pierced by numerous small holes, in particular the plate of the

ethmoid bone through which the olfactory nerves pass

o  Dysentery: infection of the intestines resulting in severe

diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces

o  Intrathecal: occurring within or administered into the spinal

theca

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BLD 450 Term Quizzes 1/16/2012 8:28:00 AM 

Term Quiz 3

  Lecture 6 

  Amastigote: cell without visible flagella/cilia; found in the

Trypanosomatidae family (Leishmania and Trypanosoma)

  Hemoflagellate: flagellates protozoans that parasitize blood andtissues

  Kinetoplast: in Trypanosomes, dense granule of DNA within

mitochondria

  Leishmaniasis: diseases caused by Leishmania sp.; diagnostic form

is intracellular amastigote within macrophages; Kala Azar, Oriental

Sore, Espundia

  Sandfly: the vector for all Leishmania sp. is a tiny phlebotomine

insect (blood-sucking)

  Cutaneous: type of Leishmaniasis; old and new world (tropic & 

mexicana, resp.); least pathogenic Leishmaniasis; chronic disease

with dry, raised, ulcerated lesions at bite site on skin; Oriental Sore

  Mucocutaneous: type of Leishmaniasis; Leishmania braziliensis;

invasive (long-term); amastigote spread from original bite site to

invade mucous membranes and erode soft tissue of face and

palate; Espundia

  Visceral: type of Leishmaniasis; Leishmania donovani ; most

pathogenic; infected macrophages in skin/mucous membranesspread to visceral organs especially spleen, liver, and bone marrow

where amastigotes replicate in great numbers; Kala Azar

  Chagoma: a painful red lesion develops when lymph drainage is

blocked and takes 2-3 months to heal; Chagas’ Disease; T. cruzi  

  Chancre: painful ulcer may erupt on skin from T. brucei gambiense 

  Kissing bug: Triatomid bug; Reduviid bug; vector for Trypanosoma

cruzi & Trypanosoma rangeli ; big hard shelled bug that bites around

mouth of sleeper, defecates near bite, then gets “scratched” into

bite wound

  Somnolence: excessive sleepiness; African sleeping sickness due to

Trypanosoma brucei ; meningoencephalitis stage before death

  Reduviid bug: Triatomid bug; kissing bug; vector for Trypanosoma

cruzi & Trypanosoma rangeli ; big hard shelled bug that bites around

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mouth of sleeper, defecates near bite, then gets “scratched” into

bite wound

  Tsetse fly: vector for Trypansoma brucei spp. Found in the saliva

  Anergic: immune system is unable to mount a normal immune

respone against a specific antigen  Montenegro skin test: Leishmaniasis;

  Zoonosis: any infectious disease that can be transmitted from

animals to humans

  Aphasia: impairment of language ability

  Cardiomegaly: medical condition where the heart is enlarged

  Congenital transmission: lecture 6? - Trypanosomasis; transfer of 

pathogens from mother to fetus via placenta, child born infected

  Dyspnea: shortness of breath

  Edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in body

cavity that produces swelling 

  Erythema: redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of capillaries in

lower layers of skin

  Febrile: fever, rise in body temperature; seizure seen in children

  Glomerulonephritis: type of kidney disease in which the part of the

kidney that helps filter waste and fluids from the blood is damaged

  Histiocyte: cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system

(retic); immune system tissue macrophage or dendritic cell  Lymphadenopathy: Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes

  Myalgia: muscle pain

  Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle

  Parasitemia: sepsis of parasites in the blood

  Pruritis: itching

Term Quiz 4

  Lecture 7 

  Microgamete: male sex cells during sexual reproduction

  Macrogamete: female sex cells during sexual reproduction

  Oocyst: diagnostic form of coccidian found in stool samples

  Sarcocyst: cysts in muscle from consuming uncooked beef or pork;

Sarcocystis sp. 

  Sporocyst: oocysts contain 1-2 each

  Sporozoite: each sporocyst contains 2-4 each

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  Schizont: asexual reproduction within epithelial cells produces these

  Sporoblast: precursor to a sporocyst found in an immature oocyst

  Zygote: micro and macro gametes unite to form this, matures to

oocyts

  Schizogony: asexual reproduction  Sporogony: schizonts undergo sexual reproduction

  Merozoite: found in schizonts

  Lecture 8 

  Tachyzoite: toxoplasmosis; early in infection, these may be seen as

intracellular parasites in Giemsa stained impression smears or

sections of heart, lung, lymph node and CNS biopsy tissue

  Benign tertian malaria: 48 hour cycle of malaria paroxysm due to

Plasmodium vivax  

  Blackwater fever: sudden intravascular hemolysis, massive

outpouring of hemoglobin results in hemoglbinuria; Plasmodium

falciparum 

  Hemoglobinuria: dark brown to black urine

  Quartan malaria: 72 hour cycle of malaria paroxysm due to

Plasmodium malariae 

  Malignant tertian malaria: 36-48 hour cycle of malaria paroxysm

due to Plasmodium falciparum 

  Texas cattle fever: caused by Babesiosis  Pneumocystosis: fungal infection of the lungs

  Toxoplasmosis: parasite infection due to Toxoplasma gondii  

  Erythocytic cycle: mature schizont undergoes schizogony forming

multiple merozoites

  Exoerythrocytic cycle: malarial sporozoites make their way to liver

and asexual division begins; outside of RBC, lasts 5-16 days

  Encephalomyelitis: clinical feature of toxoplasmosis; inflammation

of brain

  Malignant jaundice: seen in dogs due to Babesiosis

  Malarial paroxysm: caused by liberation of the parasite from the

RBCs releases toxic debris; shaking, fever, and chills; length of 

cycles vary per Plasmodium sp. 

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  Malarial pigment: remaining byproducts of hemoglobin metabolism

combine to form this; circulating merozoites invade RBCs, begin to

grow as ring form (trophozoites), and feed on hemoglobin

  Schüffner’s dots: brick red small round granules in RBC; diagnostic

of Plasmodium vivax    Dunno 

  Bradyzoite: toxoplasmosis; feeding stage; non-moving, slow-

growing form; clusters enclosed by an irregular crescent-shaped

wall

  Gametogenesis: cell division of diploid cells and differentiation to

form mature gametes

  Ookinete: infectious stage; fertilized zygote capable of moving;

forms oocyst in mosquito epithelial cells

  Ischemia: restriction of blood supply to tissue due to problems with

blood vessels

  Rigor: a chill with shivering as the onset of high fever

  Recrudescence: reappearance of a disease after it has been latent

  Maurer’s dots: faint, comma-shaped red dots are seen on RBC

surface in Plasmodium falciparum 

  Ziemann’s dots: stippling in RBC due to Plasmodium malariae 

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Term Quiz 5

Lecture 9 

  Buccal Cavity: mouth opening

  Buccal Capsules: primitive mouth/teeth

  Decorticated: eggs without the mammillated surface  Embryonated: mature egg form that is ingested

  Filariform larva: third stage larva of hookworm; migrate to intestine

  Gravid: egg-bearing, ready to reporduce

  Helminth: worm

  Larva: immature form that undergoes metamorphosis

  Nematode: roundworms

  Parthenogenic: self-fertilizing

  Rhabditiform larva: free-living non-infection stage

Lecture 10 

  Calabar swelling: localized painful and itchy swellings on extremities

about the size of a golf ball that last 1-3 days due to allergic

reaction to worm poop in tissue; Loa loa 

  Copepod: water flea, tiny crustacean; vector for Dracunouliasis

  Filaria: singular noun; long slender nematodes that as adults are

parasites in the blood or tissues of mammals and as larvae usually

develop in biting insects

  Microfilariae: released by adult nematodes in large quantities  Onchocercoma: worms migrate through subcutaneous tissues,

settle, become encapsulated in fibrous tumor-like nodules;

Onchocerca volvulus 

  Sheathed: diagnostic criteria for microfilariae identification;

sheathed have tail-tip nuclei; extra outer covering, like pillow case

  Sub-periodic: W. bancrofti ; collect blood between noon and 8pm;

cycle when microfilariae released into blood

  Knott’s technique: concentration technique to identify microfilariae

  Skin Snip: onchocerciasis is microfilariae in skin snips; biopsy

   Bancroftian filariasis: Elephantiasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti  

  Brugian filariasis: Elephantiasis caused by Brugia malayi  

  Dirofilariasis: dog heartworm; coin lesions; Dirofilaria immitis 

  Dracunouliasis: Guinea Worm caused by Dracunculus medinensis 

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  Elephantiasis: Caused by adult worm and the inflammatory

response to it blocking lymphatic drainage leading to enormous

swelling with thickening and wrinkling of skin; 2 species

  Loasis: African Eye Worm caused by Loa loa 

  Mansoneliasis: caused by tiny midge; 3 species  Onchocerciasis: River Blindness caused by Onchocerca volvulus 

  Trichinosis: Trichinella spiralis; disease caused by encystment of 

larvae in skeletal muscle

  Streptocerciasis: caused by Mansonella streptocerca; adult worms

live in dermis just below skin

Unknown 

  Amicrofilaremic: being infected with filariae but not have

microfilariae show up in the blood picture

  Lymphadenitis: inflammation of lymph node

  Lymphangitis: inflammation of lymphatic channel