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The Black Books oJElverumo Copyright 1999 by Mary S. Rustad

All rights reserved.Printed in Canada.

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner what-soever without written permission from the publishers except in the

case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

First EditionFirst Printing, 1999

The two Svartebsker from Rustad were first translated from Gothic hand-

writing into modern typescript by Per Sande. The two books were then

translated from Old Norwegian into modern Norwegian by Per Holck,

M.D., Ph.D. Finally, Mary S. Rustad translated the nvo books from Nor-

wegian to English with the helpful guidance of the late Oskar Garstein,

Doctor of Theolory and Philosophy.

Illustrations of ;esus and Lucifer by E. T. Rustad

Illustrations by Theodor Kittelsen from Anon. Theodor Kittelsen. Oslo:

Gyldendal Norsk F orlag, 19 45.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSvartebsker. English.

The black books of Elverum / Mary S. Rustad, editor andtranslator.

p. cm.Includes index.rsBN 1-880090-75-91. Magic-Norway-Elverum. 2. Manuscripts, Norwegian

Facsimiles. I. Rustad, Mary S., 7952- II. Title.8F1622.N67583t3 1999133.4'3'O9481-dc2l 99-30145

CIP

Galde Press, Inc.PO Box 460

Lakeville, Minnesota 55044-0460

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sa^lesuaql r{aql 'arg ,{q pagradu4 s8upgnq 4eIP 'srPeq puP sanlo^\

,(q paueleaJlp {rotsenll rleqt-p^lnrns roJ a133ru1s ,srorureJ aql

3o 8uryar ,{q auo8 arull e ruo4 sn ol rleods s{oog r1celg tunrellgaql 'r{ems pleq ,(p"t1g p;n1eu;adns eql Jo suollPlsaJluPlu reqlo

pue 'slsoq8 'seqrlp{ lnoqe sJalloq oreq^\ Suqulqt 3o ,,(em ryaqt

o1u1 qq31su1 a43 oslp lnq-rem Sufem '3u11unq '8uqsg '3u1u;e;

-aJII;o ,{ervr pJPAAlnO ,slueseod aseql ,(po 1ou IPaAeJ s{ooq aql

3up1u1qg.1ucpery

'uone4lelnsnpul So e8e aqt aroJoq sluesead uet8arrttoSl

paqsrranodul Jo plrolv\ eqt otul asdrulS elprullq ue aprno"rd (araq

^ olloJ ot esoql pue) so8ed reql ulqll^\ peuletuoJ suoltetuerul

pue 'sro.derd 'ar4pe 'soJm aq1 'a8e Jeqloue olun l\opuwr e 8ut

-uado r{q repear uJapou p pJelv\eJ r{aq1 'suracuoc,,{gep Surssarppe

roJ s{ooqpupq lelrtrp.rd aq ot tno urnl ,{lpnsn r{aqt '3u1pue1s

-qtlrluou uoltBtndar 8up!pra1 rleql 'uslueles pue Uerltlllllv\;o sa8eurr dn sarnfuof, erueu aqr r{epol uala-{oog l]elg aql

'o8elrraq uef-e^\roN eqlJo toJeJ u^\ou{ epry e;o Sulpuqsrapun rno o1 uoltnq

-lJluor lueilodul pue SurleurJseJ e sleoleJ eqs-tuoql e1ec11dxa

o1 (au1clpeu {loJ uo selllJoqlnp lsolueJo; s,.,{ervuoN Jo euo pue

ropop lplrpau e) r1c1o11red Jo dloq aqt 8ut1st1uo pue-ruaqt Fur

-qqlqnd q 's{oog {Jelg uatlrr!\pupq o1v\l uodn aurec t,{t,e l\ 'JIllB plo ,{tsnp e q 'puu InJrapuor\ , P opEtu seq pelsnu trc\rlJ

Qro(uar05

xll Cbe Black Book of €luerum

menaced by snakes and the fearful prospect of going to war. Whilefinding tremendous consolation in their Christian faith, despera-

tion drove many to seek protection in Black Book incantationssuch as those presented here.

Just as fishing and hunting augmented the meager food sup-ply these farms could muster, the Black Books offer incantationsto magically increase the yield derived from these activities: whatif one could find a bottomless huldrepond teamingwith unlim-ited fish or bewitch bullets to unfailingly seek their target?

On Norway's subsistence farms, butter was one of the fewcommodities whose production exceeded immediate nutritionalneed. It could therefore be used to pay taxes (old documents com-

monly express land values in measures of butter) and to barterfor needed goods. Much could go wrong during the churningprocess, however, and rather than ascribing a poor yield to thecream's deficient butterfatcontent or improper temperature, theyblamed it on envious witches or evil spirits, whose existence theydid not doubt. Witches could cast a spell over the livestock, too.It therefore behooved one to discover who among the neighborspossessed such powers, and the Black Book provided incanta-tions for this purpose as well.

The Elverum Black Books also reveal much about the clean-liness-or lack thereoF-during pre-industrial times, when prim-itive facilities prevented all but occasional bathing, house cleaning,

and clothes washing (all limited to about four times ayear), whilenecessitating close contact with soil and soot as well as humanand animal wastes. No wonder these pages abound with reme-dies for bedbugs, body lice, and infections. Equally strongly theyreflect a fear of drifters and thieverl; the peasants' impoverish-ment meantthatlost property could likely never be replaced, even

as the danger of theft constantly loomed and demanded recourse.

Sqlerus-pr4nd,{1.repu4s ro) sacag u1o[suralt asaqt Jaleq {loJ leuop-euJalul o1 Sulproccy '(asoou s,ueu8ueq e) au4rc ro '(qrrnqcuI uaaq e^Pq plnoqs euo ueq { r(epun5 uo peluroJrad spaep) u1s

'(rpool s,ueru peep e'gos prer{ale;8) qleap qlIA\ pelellosse stuell

aqucsard r{eqt,{cuanbar; Suqrts qllm ,{paurer e puu o1uollerad

-sop ,sJosn Jleql Jo lseol lou 'satunlon >1eods osp s{oog {lPIgrurua^Ig aql,{q par{oidrua spoqlau rglcads pue slPueleul Pfire aq;

sueaw lecpeq

'qtlue^\ trzatB;o sadoq 8ullpsq,(q dlqspreq 3u1pn

-ard aqt aruepq Jo 'tuslloqocle erm la8ue uler q tq8nos suollel

-uerul euos 'pcysdqd se IIa^4. sP qlleeq pofoloqrr{sd ssarppe o1

3u1u4y 'secrnosar petlrul,{1puno;ord Jo ou4t slql q &tunruruoreql pue 'pilqr aqt 'sellesuraqt Buorue dqspreq tq8norq osp lnqluslJeJlso lerJos esuelul peJeJJns ,{1uo 1ou slaqlou a18uts 'sa1d

-noc Surunoc Suoure e8eunut ol roud q4q popualle eur311s ap11

a|!tIA,\ 'uoliloqe uo allApe loJ uIeA ul {ool JepeoJ e soop JoN

'{lru tseorq Jo ^/\oU

aql e8ernolue pue 'qillqpuql;o updeql asee 'Joqpl eJnpu 'lueu8a;d Sunuocaq Jo sppo eql aseoJJu!

'^{cualod a1eu elueque q Surra;;o suolleluelq pulJ eA/\ 'Ippoq

anrpnpordeJ s,uaruo/v\ JoJ uJocuoc letceds pol{oqs s{oog {Jelg'uopereue8 xeu eqt uo Surpuadep uJeJ aqlJo errunJ aql qly!\

'seulrloeu;o a8e

oql eroJaq lunrq s,roqel aJoq solpoq esoq^4, sra{ro^4,llPJaq r{1ern

-tpu plno^4, suolpluJe qcng 'Suypeelq allsselxa pue 'saun[u1 :o^aJ

'squvro.r8 's1oq JoJ oJaI{ palutrd seJnJ aIIl ol oluelquosal elq?

-{JeueJ e reeqpue 'oo1 'te1ler6lrpeq oF qlpeq puosrad Supre8a.t

suopelusJur IPuollPuralut r{ueyl's{oog {Jelg unJe^lg aql DIIIUn

lou salpeuer Jo runlpuaduroo e'u,lde1 pcfery aqt u1 s.readde 1r

oraq^t '1dd8g luelJue ot {cpq sao3,{1en1lp Jelql e;o ar{a eql lno8up1od JoJ plnuJoJ ,s{oog {tplg aql 'uoueuouaqd luaf,al oN

IIIXQ,lodra,l05

xlv Cbe Black Book of€luerum

substances known as "devil's dreck"), bones, urine, and breastmilk in lending extra power to accomplishing the words of theincantation. Evil spirits (thought to have caused the disorder)would find these items repulsive, so the thinking went, and there-fore be warded off. Items associated with the Christian religionhad a similar effect, so making the sign of the cross, reciting theLord's Prayer, and singing a hymn also empowered these incan-tations, as did repeating the prescribed magical act three timesand performing it on Thursday.

Though a few incantations do urge renouncing God and swear-ing allegiance to Lucifer, far more often they invoke Christ, St.

Peter, the Virgin Mary, or the Ttinity. Several of the Elverum BlackBook's incantations employ the well known pattern from otherBlack Books of portraying one of these Christian figures suffer-ing from, then ultimately prevailing over the same affliction theincantation aims to cure. Folklorists call the kind of wizardry thatunderlies such formulas "sympathetic magic." Resting on the con-ceptthat "like influences like," the idea was that the image ofChrist or St. Peter overcoming the afflicfion would help the affliAedperson overcome it as well.

The concept of like influences like also underlies formulas forcuring fever or toothache that begin by writing avery long word,then repeatedly rewriting it, each time removing one letter, untilonly one letter remains. The fever or toothache, so the thinkinggoes, thereby also diminishes. In a largely illiterate society, wordsin themselves seemed magical, and this way of thinking also sur-faces in the Black Books' instructions for making amulets bywrit-ing certain words on paper, which would protect their wearer frombullet wounds and other dangers.

By no means unique to Norway, the international pedigree ofthe means employed by these Black Book incantations reminds

eA\oI'r{PJOJeO

a8a1o3 raqln'Iuer8arvr-to1r1 Jo Jos s eJoJd

uevxors NeelHrvu-ieJIJeIuv uI osp 'sf,llle plo rfisnp ut

rlrnl deul ruls s{oog {Jelg dueu ^4,oq

s^4,ou{ oq a 't'ntqllsnerd

s,a8a1o3 Jeqtn'I Jo tuoor {ooq orer eql u1 punoJ ,{epo1 sr pue .Q1

-.re1ndod snouroue pa,(o[ua '2681q o8ecq3 q paqs[qnd'1oog

{Jelg p qrns lsnf'eclraurv ot aIuPJ,{aqt uaqm puqeq erol slql

erreel (sdno.6 tue.flultul relpo .to) suefam;oN eID plp roN 'suul.{q

ueraqln'I eql pue (ultq Jo esn luanba-r; pue) s;ar{erd ctloqteJ

,(ueur eql se qrns 'soJnllnc JaIPI ruoq sluauela alerod.tocur r{aql

sp ue^e 'sarull luelrue uoJJ sn 01 u1v\op eluof, aneq r{aqt lPql sn

qrocra,roJ

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(ssaupeururralop telol r(poqq8rau'ssouJe8pe 'suoll"padxa'dnua 'eleq) eprulne Ipuorlowa o{I .

(uor1lpe.r1Jo e8pollv\ou{ eqt) atueraJer Jo euerJ e{I .

elPJlS IsIJos a{I .punor8{rPq letlrolsl{ e{I .

uolsfs ImFoloJe er{I .

:sropeJ eseql uo luopuadap ^(lupuat sl lI 'slxeluolsnolrP^ slr q pelprus aq 01 serl rlSew 'uorlelueuo Jo apou p 'aJII

Surzue8ro;o z{em e q 1l 'ilp aloqv ' \eln plJol,\ uleilat e ,{ool

-lno urpilor e luasard sarnpacord prpeur aql'sdrqspreqJo sruroJ

snolren eAIAJns ol sueeu e selJnluec aql tnoq8noJql ueaq spqcr8eur 'tte4uot oql uO 'esolJnt So wrysodwu tanjxtw e lou sr

rt8eru teql pereqrueruer aq 01 sr 1I 'proua8 u1 cpeul;o ,{pn1s aqtJoJ Srseq luefle]xa ue se a^las 1am, r{eru s{oog {Jelg o/vu eseql'aalDadsred raplnr. e u1 ^{ueur ol ul\ou{un osJallun pnpafiolurue qlr^\ palurenbce ta8 ot ,{llungoddo ue uonr8 aq III^{ tuatsopuerFem;o61Jo suetlJeuv 'suospeJ snolJpl JoJ .S.n aql ul oJol-{loJJo fprus eqt ul luale rofeur e eq ol tno urnt IIr1r,\ ruruellg

1 ur pelsnu wory s{oog {relg o^u esoql Jo uorterrlqnd aqJ

axlargl

xviii Cbe Black Book of €locrum

. Profession (the knowledge of magic varies from one pro-

fession to another)

. The victim (whether the victim is a human being, an ani-

mal, or a supranormal being)

. Value

. The literary influence

Of course, not all forms of magic contain all these factors. There

are nevertheless certain constant factors; namely, b,d, and j.

This shows that magic is never done in a social vacuum. By

reading the charms and the recipes presented here, one under-

stands that behind all these forms of magic there are certain resis-

tant mental structures. With closer scrutiny, we will detect cer[ain

permanent patterns.

Many charms in this publication are to be found elsewhere in

Europe and even in the U.S., brought there by immigrants.

The Black Books contain not only magical procedures, but

medical recipes as well. They have served as medical handbooks

in former times. They have been found not only at the farms in

Norway, but at several vicarages as well! The clerrymen used

them when the cattle were attacked by more or less mysterious

ailments or when people visited the local clergrrnen to seek advice

for their illnesses. In former times, there were very few educated

doctors in Norway. One had recourse to the clerrymen or wise

women or men well versed in the esoteric mysteries of magic. To

cure illnesses by means of charms was considered legal because

it was white magic, while using magic to hurt people was black

magic. This is a distinction dating back to c. 1,400. However, the

authorities did not look at itthatway. Many a wise man or woman

olso Jo ,{lrsrelrun eqt rc orol{loJ Jo rosseJord ;aurogosr Mug oTVNou-

'c;1qnd Surpeer lepl!\p ol ulvlou{ s{oog {lplg asaql Surrleru loJ ssord eplp9 "raqqlqndeql puP pelsnu 's ,fiew or qloq 1n;a1er3,ftan aq lsnlu ouo

'adorng u pue 'S'O aql ul qloq selplf,ua polelosr ur papalepaq,.{eu leql lnq etull Jno ul seaJp Ipulsnpur ur lsol /v\ou lt\ellplro/r/\ e olul 1q31sur ue anrS f,rqt .Surleurcse; pup a^rleluasoJ-dar ,tran oJe oJOr{ peluasa.rd s{oog {Jelg eql Jo sluoluol oq1,

'rr8eru pacrperd 8ur-Aeq JoJ r(em-lo61ur rfinluar-qluaeuu ur arr{d aq1 uo pouJnq sp1!\

XIxarvlr(

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

IXx

'selllt{ 'sluared lalsrs pue sJarnoJq slq laqtespuer8 lear8 rerl JoSOJPJ1 aas usJ Oqs uJpJ aql JeAo IIV'sloot laq 01pouJrueJ spq 'uoll-eraua8 rnrnoJ eqlJo ,fteW '6LgI ur eJrJaruv o1pa1er81uur pup

trrrpJ arues oql uro4 sp^A reqtpJpuer8 rcat8 roH 'rureJ aqt lpaqu1ol sel!\ oq1!\ 'ulsnoJ pJlql Jeq perJJ€ru aqs reer( NLIL'LL6I ul aAU

-dtuarrl;o a8e eql le 'pelsnu rDJoN uJeJ oqt ot eruef, ,{rew'ul{ req;o ,fio1qq 3upr11 e

eraqrrf,;ang 'elpq pue 'ano1 'adoq 'sso1 's/v1oJyos :1sed saurl luo{selJoueuJo eJuaprla lerlJo1slq sl?eAOJ suado eqs xoq.ftarrg 'rfinl

-uar srql ur olul pa{ool,{1areq ueeq eAPq soxoq erllJo lera^as'mou SurqoteweJe r{aq1aqdeyq irap

-lnoqs Jeq JaAo 3urr1oo1 pup Jeeu ,(aqt arv 'suolleJeua8 lsed 1o

acuaso.rd eqt sleeJ lsorup r{rew ueql pue ^roN

'sJaqteJeJoJ Jar{ 01

rpeu os oq pue,fiorqq qSnorql rapue^4, o18ury1rqt q 1I 'qlpep pup

sseuTrls 8u1pre8o.r punoJ uaeq eleq sranal plo 'sossouilr snorras

JOJ SaJnr ou pue sprurue pllr\4. eJeq 4, eJaql 'ssau{tls Jo esnpJeq

pup ueJplrqr iletus pup s1eturup roJ Surrec e8e ,(1.rea ue le lnourol!\ oro1r4. sraqlo 'wrlqpuqJ ul pelp dueyl 'lqnop e lnoqlr^\ 'eJrl

preq e peq ueruol|a{eu ol elqp eq 01ppq,(eqt teqm pue'tfttet01 peq .,{aqt reqm-uaruol\ r(leroedse 'sr{ep plo oql u1 panq a1d

-oed moq sploJun 1l pue araqm,(rena q rfio1s111 'turpJ eql uo sruoolplo aql a;o1dxa ot selol6n[eqs 1nq 'sdrunq asoo8 slaag freyl

lalnb sr lr osrr!\Jar{lo lnq '{eeJf, spJeoqJoou

oqJ. 'eroJeq ,{ep aql lsn(tl posn e^pq plnoJ auoeruos y se Sururaes

'ruool plo ue spuels JauJot e ul JaAo 'araqrvrr{rano eJp sexoq plo'slo{uelq roqtpoJ urot pup 'sqderSoloqd r{gulq plo 'seqlolr ploarp slle^\ aqt 3uo1y 'sragpr eql wou u^4,op ,{psoq8 Sueq sqa^r

I -raprds Jo suollereua9 'rrge plo eql ur dn dtsnp pue rlrep q t I

)vtu Arsnq alo uv

XXlI Cbe Black Book of €luerum

and children. It is strange to think that after three generations inthe United States, she would return here. It is both her husband's

heritage and her own that she is surveying.

In one of the old boxes she finds two strange books. At firstshe thinks that she has found diaries, but quickly realizes thatsomething is completely different. One of the books seems empty,

but the middle pages are full of writing. It appears as if this script

was meant to be kept a secret and is now long forgotten. She can-

not help but notice that the pages in the middle are worn and

have been used a good deal. After thumbing through the firstblank pages, she comes to some pages that are handwritten inOld Norwegian and Gothic lettering. It is clear that not just any-

one will be able to read what has been written here. The otherbook is bigger, with the title written on the cover. The pages are

handsewn together. The paper is thick, almost like parchment.

"A little book of skills," it says on the cover. All at once it hitsMary that she has found Black Books. They are Black Books! Andthere are two of them! In older times, a person could be punished

for possessing occult literature. People were burned at the stake

for the slightest suspicion of black magic or witchcraft. As amat-ter of fact, one of the last witches burned in Norway was one ofMary's ancestors.

Even if it was difficult to read what was written, Mary under-stood all the same that her discovery was a small historical sen-

sation. This was a find that sent chills up the spine. The fewwordsshe could decipher revealed magic and incantations from a dif-ferent time than the present. Nevertheless her curiosity was greater

than her fear, and she took the books down from the attic. Thatfirst night, Mary dared not read the books while in bed. She walkeddrrrurld the house going through the incantations again and againrrying to understand what could be written on these old pages.

ovrsnu'H s'rrN-(lramod Jel\ol

p pue raq81q e 'aJOr{ qlrm Furpap aJaA,\ nor{ oqm 1sn[ raquraueg)'salnr eql n\olloJ o1 turod lspl oql uo luBl.rodu! sp1r4, 1I 'tl roJprcd peq aq lerl \ ueql rolvlol spl!\ leqt arr.rd p {se 01 ppq reu^\oaqt 'plos spll\ {ooq aql Jl '{oog {Jelg e dorlsap tou plnoJ errJ

'Jau^,ro Jrarp qlrl{ pelJnq aq^(eu ro ,{eme u/!\oJr{l ^{1qeqo.rd arom,

lsow ,{em-roN ur s{oog {lplg Surureurar l!\eJ aJp oJOqI .lueJeJ

-JIp q rlooq,fiana asnetoq anbrun pup s{oog {telg uurSarvr.rop

raqto eql q pareduroc poilelep erp pelsng uo4 s{ooq eql'qqpug o1u1,,{1eug ueql 'uey8a^{roN uropotu otur

Jelel 'pJo1r^ JoJ pJoI\ polplsueJl oJaA,\ s{ooq aql pue palJsluol se \pueqsnq req Jo puel4 plo uV 's{ooq asoql Jo uorlu1aldralur eqlqlnt dlaq ol pepeeu are slradxa sepnep ,{reW euparu ilp 1l seop

lPqx\ :qnqeslag 'geaq s,A\ollPr!\S e 'Osl1v\{f,olJJalunoJ 'lpllluoJ

ISOUqP SJarnO 'rfiUCS arafl\ IuaroJo aruos 'suollelusJul ar{lJo IeJaAesq8norqt pelqurus r{pro1s ^&an aqs pueqsnq rarl qlr^\ reqte8o1

IIIXXrpyfusng QIO uV

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

nxx

oJeI\ s{ooq qlrnql s,lJlJlslp aql Jo lsou uaqa 'uolleluJoJou

arp Jo asnpteq s00gl arfl eroJoq erup eql lnoqe aplll ^\ou{

eA/\

'turPJ p4snu aql Sulpnltul

'soogl erD Jo alpptu aql uI pareelt sel!\ puPI Jo Ieap rcera P 'lsa

-roJ sll roJ u^\ou{ ,{1upru q qllq^{ '(,{a1en u.ralseg) ualepralso

',{em;o51;o ged rno uI 'ure8e puel eqt 8ulur.re; peuqs aydoad

pue 'pareap selt{ pupl 'FruJou ol peuJnlal eJll 'ollry f,qery'lueprf,ur srql JauP suolle

-;aue8,{ueur IIea qcJnqr eql uo Sunq reaq aql luo4 JnJ eql pue

Tpads sH qll^\ reeq aql pom{ ralunq aqJ. 'relle Oql puHoq perel

-ulr!\ pPq JPaq eql 'JPeq snolJnJ P lalu oq 'JP{P eql pJP1r4,ol dn pue

qJrnqr aql q po{lP^{ eq sv'saerl qll^{ pare^oc 1e 'qrrnrlJ uappu

'plo ueJo IIeq eql t1q peq ^\oue

s1q teqt aq;funs sH ol punoJ pue

punos eqlJo uorporrp aqt q tseroJ aqr q8no;qr pe{p { aH'pepuel

^\orr€ spl eror!\{ aslou Sur8uelc pnol e preoq tnq pJIq eqt passru

'asno.6 poonl. e 1e 8ulup Jelunq e erun euo '$seJoJ ulrro.frerro;o

eppru aql q sureJ pue sSuplnq peuosap ssolre euoJ ol uolu

-spootv\ pue srelunq JoJ uoluluoJun lou se^ .1l Jelel sepeJoo 'lsa

-.rog ,{q peJaAoJ eJefi\ pue lno palp sa8ulln fielus pue SIUJPC

'ue8eq an8eld erll oroJaq s€ le^ol otups aqt peule8ar

uoltelndod eql aroJoq srea,{ 0gI tnoqe {oot 1l pue 'atse^\ plel

ere^\ suueJ snorounN 'Ippeo 1celg eqlJo osne)eq pap uopepdod

eql Jo prrql auo lPql sn sflal ,{.rotrsrH'6vg,l rear( aql ut uaSrag ut

pe{rop dqs e uoq^4, dBmroN o1 peards sgogl eqt Jo olppltu 1 eql q ado.rng pue ersv q8no.rqt pa8ene; pqr an8e1a }I]elg at4J

uorDnqorru[ r)porslg

XXVI Cbe Black Book of€luerum

burned. However, Rustad must have been an area where someVikings lived, because artifacts were found in a burial mound inone of the fields just north of the present farmhouse. Objects,mostly weapons, can be seen in the National Museum of Historyin Oslo.

The name Rustad is a derivative of the Old Norwegian wordruthrstadir or clearing place. Many of the farmers who lived onthe farm took the name Rustad.

The first farmers, however, from the middle of the 1SOOs, didnot live on the Rustad farm, which was at that time not a farmbut was used as a forest pasture. Grass was harvested and thentransported back to the main farm, in this case thirteen milesaway. The first farmer on record is Bottolv Rustad in 1528. BjornGrundset started to use the farm in the 1500s. He was one of ourforefathers, and died on Rustad in 1664.

Norway was unified with Denmark as far back as 1J80 (Den-mark-Norway). This union lasted until 1814. Much of the Nor-wegian culture during this period shows signs of Danish influence.Most of the governmental posts were filled by elite men from Den-mark. They were here to protect the Danish king's interests. These

men were officers of the crown. They were given large pieces ofland, usually places where farms were few andfar between. TheBlack Books found at Rustad could have been brought here byone of these high officials, or by a minister. Norway, atthattime,did not have its own university. Norwegians had to study in Den-mark in order to obtain degrees in higher education.

ln 1709, Denmark-Norway was pulled into a Nordic war withthe Swedish king, Karl XII. King Karl had lost large areas inPoland and Germany and wanted to take Norway as a replace-ment for what he had lost. The war lasted for twenfy years and

'JaAIJ arp tuou fel!\P leqileJ pa^olu

ere^\ sesnoqurrPJ pe$nu aqllPql poolJ slql Jeue se^4,1I 'sesnoq

pup {rolsa^Il se [e \ se 'puel SuIurPJ elqenp^ lsol sreurE aql Jo

,{ueru uaq ^

6gLI rrl poog 8yq e se \ erel{I 'slq8norp raruruns pue

spoou eJea eJarD salull lv'eulualullv\ orD u1r{1p1cadse ,{puep;un

eq plnor aleurp aql 'r{sea lou se/v\ pelsnu uo aJII IUJeJ

,{grueg p.{or rlaqt;o pnord ,{ran ueaq sz{emp aneq oldoad

uer8aru;og1 aql tprll ppp ot a^pq I 'r{ervr-rog go 3u1r1 eqt ,l\ou sl pF

-rpH uos slH't66l ul pa1p rc19 3u1y'sOg6I aID ul rolo {ool AelO

uos srq plun 3ulr1poo8 u se derra.rog palru pue 'ILA uo{wH eueu

eql{oo1 lrey arupd qslupo aq1 '(o1sg pelpl ralel) eruepspy ul

eJoqsp aruec fervuoNlgo r{[.nl'reg pr{or nreu aI0 '906I Jeque^oN ul'acuapuadapq puu rlaqt Supra8 aro;aq srear{ perpunq

euo tsorulp .ro; e133nr1s ol ppq aldoad uet8errLtog aq1. 'uapa^\S

qll1v\ UOrun A,leU e O1UI rfilUnOl aql pOsJOJ pUe r(err-loN ol sJolplos

puesnoqt flro; lues 3up1 aqt 'brgl Jo IIeJ eID uI 'pelpaJep ueeq

peq uoelodpN leql r{ddeq sem '3u11qslpo^\s aqt 'ueqof lruy,{ueuuag ur 31zd1a1Jo elneq eqt roge 1so1 uoalodeN 'uope^4'S

ol derr,uogl epoc ol peq ^,{p s,uoalodegl uaaq ppq oq^\ '[A {lrparJ'Surl qsrueo aq1. 'uepall,S IDIlr\ uolun l\ou e olu! Jeluo or peq rfit

-unoJ oql eroJaq acuepuadapqJo sqtuolu ^4,eJ

P,{po peq r{eruog'LLLI ul uroq 'pelsualg uosslg a31ag 'sJaIDeJaJoJ s,Joqlne oql

JO aUO JO Jar.OoJq Oq1 Se \ elo 'uorlnlllsuol s,r{ervuo61 raqteSol tndpadleq oqltr ueu ZII Jo euo se^\ pelsua^g plo 'plo^splg te 8ut

-leeru e ur aledlctiled ol uesoqf, eJe/v\ ualu lelluanlJul r(uey1 'r{em

-JoN JoJ etep luvllodrur ^{-ran e selr,l 'vlgr ,{ery;o LDLI aqJ-

'sJerplos srq Jo auo

,{q paraprnu spd\ eq pIPs sJolunu 'glLI'0t JaqIueAoN 'r{ervuoN

'uopleH ur tJoJ uet$lrrparJ le pall{ sp^\ IJe}I3u1y uaqm pepua

IIAXXuolpnQouul lvrporslf

)o(vilr Cbe Black Eook of€luerum

Before 1850 the farming in Norway was more or less non-monetary. Everything was grown, made, and stored atthe farm.In newer times, sugar and salt were boughtby trading in hidesand dairy products. Hunting was important, and traps (large holes)

were made in the mountains, where moose, reindeer, and bears

were caught.

In ear$ times, the forest was used basically for firewood. Later

there were sawmills along the creeks, and log buildings werereplaced by plank buildings. Flax was grown and spun into linen,and clothing was made from cloth woven on looms. Iron ore andblacksmiths played an important role on farms.

Most of the time there were fifteen to twenty-five people work-ing on the Rustad farm. Some people were born there and manydied there. The farm also served as a nursing home. When peo-

ple became old, handicapped, or sick, they were taken care of anddid not have to starve.

The potato was imported to Norway in 1750. Many ministersexplained to their congregations on Sunday how to plant and care

for potatoes and how to prepare them for eating. Around 1810Norway had a hunger period, and the potato helped save the pop-ulation from a major starvation catastrophe.

The Rustad farm went out of the family for several genera-tions, but was bought back by Helge Tollefson Kitde in 18J8. Hewas born in 1796 and was married to Ingebor Helgesdatter Mel-hagen, born in 1805. Helge bought the farm because his wife didnot get along with his sisters who lived on the farm that he hadinherited in Rena. Helge and Ingeborg had six children: Tollef,Helge, Gotmar, Johan, Ola, and Pernille. It is interesting to notethat they were all scared of wolves, which were sometimes so

hungry that they took farm dogs tied up by the farmhouse. The

'snuerJdfJ qslueo oql ol

ssoJre peq aleq plnoll. oqlv\'{Jeuuoo IuoU aldoed palecnpe 'allla

rIIt\ petuot q eruor 01 seltpr4roddo aqt peq sureJ es0q1 uo pe^ll

oqm aldoed aql pue sureJ a3;e1 arorvr sureJ osaql Jo IDog 'ssan8 e

dpo sl s1ql rng 'uue; ua8eqlew eql ruo4 eluel Sroqa8ul puu ep[y'ureJ eql luorJ servr e31ag ,(a1en eql ul lprou dn raque; epu e

suJeJ omtJo ouo tuo4 paleuflro e^eq plnoJ s{oog 1rPIg eql'pJeq {Jo1v\ ol pPq euorfiala pu€ lur€J

aql punore s{sel eql ul atedtctiled 01 peq ,(aqt 'lse;rleorq reUV

'[p1\4, aql u1 s3o1 eqt uae^Alaq srets oql eos plnm uerplq] aqt tq8lu

lV 'uolllpuoc ;ood tf;ett.e ul sel\ 0tul1 leql le esnoquJeJ pelsnu

xxxuou)nQouu[ lvtuotslQ

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

IXrx

oYISnU 'S ^uvl l-

i,{o[ug'ladrer aql

rapun tdams ueoq seq 1eqt,fiots1q rno;o uollrod e lnoq€ suEll

-reruv uer8arvuog ualqFlpa ol sl eunlo^ sID reqtaFot Suptnd u1

uopuelul,{1uo,{y1 '{ooq slqr ul suollsluelul aql p due ruroJrad

ot ldruaue slpnp4lpul tpql pueuuolar ro &lgqlsuodsa; "{ue arlet

lou op oslp I 'ct8eru {relq aclpe-rd Jo uI eAeIIaq ^(em due u1 1ou

op I 'p1p I se lsnf '8u11eupse; ra4oqailDts lnoqP lelJaleu Jellllu I

-eJun sHl puu I[1v\ sue]lJeruy uet8aruoN ^\ollaJ,{ul

rew a'ralaq f

alou s,aoltQ:)

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

IIIXrx

'uo ue11rrr!\ se8ed opp1ru aql Jo eruos ,,{1uo qtrm

{ooq punoq '{JIrIl p sr raqlo eql .qooqts ur pasn ad& oql lanocAetB e qll^\ {ooq 3u11pm e41-talqdrued ,eldruls p sl ouo .uoltlp

-uoc poo8 ul eJp pup lualuot m qlrJ qloq aJp s{ooq o^u aql's{oog

{Jelg o1r,u Jaqlo eql ssoJJe eruef, pplsnu ,{reyg leql ,{ooq lsJrJ

Mqt roJ Surqool osp pue 'rrrp aqt q sluounrop pup $looq plo Joraqunu e q8norql Sufeururnr olrq^\ se^\ tI .euo8 Buo1,(1qeqo.rd

sr pup poqsrue^ atqs seq lpql re^or {J€lq e qll^A {oog {lelg e

ssorle euet eq o8e s;ear{ r{ueru lpql sJequaueJ pulsnu .H sllN'reqleJ slq tuoq etuqlraqur slq go ged

se s{ooq eql ua{31a^eq plnor 0H .p4snu ur u1v\op palnes oq^rreq lsrlJ pue uos lsaplo s,Jellol se^\ lI .epily

JOIIoI u^\ou{ ilo1r,r

oql q raqlpJ splvl' pup ZLLI q uroq se^\ eH .s{ooq oqr Jo ef,rnos

eql se popadsns aq sdeqrad uer aplry Jellol .aer1

^{11ulq aulvaql Jo qruprq p sr pue louly q aply ruo{ sr ,{11ue1 eq,L.LggIeroJaq z(guel aqt r{q peul/\o eJaA\ Jo sJeu^,\o snonord s,uJeJ oqluory aJ? $looq eql Jaqleq { uJguoJ o1 alqrssod 1ou $ 1l pue ,Lggl

arurs z{yure; elups oql q ueaq spq pelsnu qtJoN Jo luleJ eql'euo prlql e punoJ

eq ol fl eJeql ruJeJ eql uo eJeq^,raruos leql pue ,r{ervr_roN ,lunJa^Ig

ur pplsng qiloN te p$eJtns aleq s{oog {telg omt dltuatar 1

tpql uollesuas leJrJolsrq 'leJol .fietus p paJeprsuo] aq tsnru t J

rtvouoq ul QvtsnU ruorJqoog )[)vlg aq)

XXXlV Cbe Black Book of €luerum

The two books are difficult to date accurately, but both the

handwriting and content indicate that they are around the same

age and from 1790 to 1,820.

They also are in agreement with many of the other Black Books

that are known from the same time period.

The books do not contain any names, initials, or dates that

can help us to identiff them. There are thirry-nvo incantations in

one book and sevenfy-elght in the other. They are not numbered

like many other Black Books.

Assistant Professor Per sande of the public archives in Hamar

interpreted and typed the books for the owner.

It is difficult to estimate how many Black Books there are to

be found in Norway. Some of them are publicly owned by muse-

ums, in the public archives, and in teaching and research insti-

tutions, while others are privately owned. The number of books

is probably between 100 and 150. There are a couple of private

owners who own several books, but it is a rarity to find fwo or

three books on the same property. Here in Elverum, we previ-

ously knew of only fwo other Black Books, one from Stenham-

mer and one from Findstad.

SvartebskaMany have heard about Svartebska, or the Black Book, but few

have held one in their hands. The name alone gives many peo-

ple chills up the back. I know one owner of such a book who dares

not sleep in the room where it is kept. Not everyone can overlook

completely that special texts or rituals can free dark powers.

One of the myrhs surrounding the Black Book was that it was

written in blood, as a link in an agreement with the devil. But

after the witch-burning era, this idea was toned down, and the

books we know of from Norway were written with pen and ink'

ro{lg uro;; dlanrtcadse; s{ooq o,lu teql Buruorluaru quo^r JaAO

-^\oq sr ll 'lpuelpu eqlJo uollelueserd relndod B ur BurlsaJelurund1an1le1a.r q s1qt lnq 'tuaql uae^i$eq uollJauuoJ reep e aas sdeq-.rad prvr laqlleoseJ aug 'ur8r.ro uoturuoJ e ol lurod d1"rea1c leqtsellrJelrurs rlllr\{ s{ooq oslp ere eJaql 'slualuoJ luolaJJrp .,{Fee1c

II1rl\{ s{ooq pnpwpu! Jo requnu p uaeq spq llnser eqlJr ua^g'sralard;atul {oog {Jelg s,r{epo1

JoJ ualqord e osle q slql '^\arqeH pue urle1 pu€ {ear9 ul uol-lIJl,\ aJeA\ suolleluecul u8raro; eql uaqfi\ srualqord pasnel d1p1c

-adsa seq ll 'sardoc Surleru ur sertlnJIJJIp pue sJoJJe Burlrrrvr o1

pal e^pq sa8en8uel u8garo; pup spro/yr uallp tnoqp a8palmou4 3o

{rpl e pue dqderSoquo.roo4 '.raqdrrop ot llnrrrnp uaeq o^eq tpql${ooq lno-uJo1v\ pue Supr.rmpueq dddols aq upl uoseeJ .reqlouv

'uorlrpprl leqre^ pue lprol qlr^4 1uaql pesl^Or z(pq311s pup ,uol

-urdo lurol Jo rulpoJ eql uqlll{ lueJlnt uolluau ol lou ,lnJasn

lsou0q1 0q ot paueas leqt suoltptuerur 1no pa1cld f1aa.r; uosrad leqt'{ooq aioq /\ e aqdeur .ro 'leranas Jo 'uolleluef,ur ue Jo ploq 1o3 uos-rad e uor{r!\ ter{t pauaddeq tt 'pro1r,t uanlrd\ eqt qtp{ lalered panrl8qilrl e1el qtnou-Jo-pro /\ uerld\ porrad e u1 papuplro s{ooq aql Jolsolu lpql sr seJuaJeJJIp elqpJaprsuo, eql JoJ uoseeJ roleur aug

'lualuol Olues eql a^pq leql punoJ aJe

$looq orvr1.,{1ac;ecs pup 'uanlJd\pueq aJp s{ooq eql .esel aql louq slqt tng 'rer{toue e{ll sr alduexe euo teqt pue slualuoc rgnads,,fian qtyvr {ooq p lnoqp 3urr1p1 aJe ell\ leql aleleq r{ueur ,alqlg

aql sp z(e,l eures oql q 'etueu rado.rd e spq {ooq eql osnetog'rolplv\ r{tpq eql qll^{

tno ud\orql se,r' ^{qeq aql 'qilru e spll\ Jlasll {ooq aql lprp d\ol^aql q peel dpsea plnol ;eneur pafqns p q)ns e^pq plnot {ooq ou1eq1 uorurdo leraue8 aql pup 'selnuJoJ cl8eur w pale11aq ra8uolou aldoed asnplaq aq plnot srql .aluetsrye

,s{ooq eql porqnopro peruap teqt aldoed .rap1o dueu are/!\ aroql qlno,,{,(ur u1

trtouoil ul QyFnU uro,{ qoog )t)vlg r(D

XXXVl Cbe Bleck Books of€luerum

andlelaya have the most in common with the books from Rus-

tad. However, there are only a few parallels with the other Black

Books from the district.

Ttaditions with magic books are known from as far back as

Babylon and Egzpt. The Black Books' roots possibly come from

Erypt, where in the first hundred years after the birth of christ a

number of books were written that represented mixed compila-

tions of Egrptian and Greek philologz, religion, and mythologr'

together with the Jewish cabala. and Christian superstition'

The tradition was further passed down by the scholars of the

Middle Ages, who in the name of religion and philosophy were

absorbed in classical magic. The study of the secret knowledge

culminated in the 1500s and 1600s, the same titne as the witch

burnings. The Germans were industrious authors of magic liter-

ature, and many of the myths that surround the Black Book are

built up around the theological faculry of the LJniversity of Wit-

tenberg. Both magic books and the witch burnings found their

way into Norway, where foreign and local traditions were blended

together.

The book that has left the most impression on the Norwegian

Black Book tradition is recognized as Danish. It is probably from

1608 and was written by a Lutheran minister and spread both in

Denmark and Norway by the clergz' It was dedicated to the famous

magician Cyprianus, who around the year 500 was the Bishop of

Antioch and a Roman Catholic martyr and saint' Other: known

names that are associated with the book are Albertus Magnus,

Paracelsus, Agrippa of Nettesheim, the German Dr. Faust, and

.The cabala is a system used by the Jews of the late Middle Ages in an endeavor

to interpret and illuminate the Talmud. They were particularly interested in mag-

ical words and the numerical values of letters of the alphabet.

'sraqlo Sqdlaq r(q 8urar1e

opeu tfprcd;o z(1arr1ua oqm 'aldood osuvr o1r(8.ra1c aqt ruo4 'snl-Pls lellos luereJJlp ,{1epuw;o aldoed ,(q pesn a.rall. daq; dem"rog

ur uorlplnlrrJ ur eJaft\ s{ooq peJpunq etuos 'sOOg1 aqt;o Suru

-ufeq eqite'leql parunssp sl 1I 'uortelm;ro ra3;e1 p peq rl o11rl 4 p

raup lng 'aurl leql tp sapuqp Surpea.r Jo {Jel aql Jo asnecaq ,(po

JI '^{oJ ,{q pasn servr s8uruul8aq dFea s11 ur '{oog {relg eql'anylcadsrad ra8rel e ur

8uo1aq petsnu ruor; s{ooq ollr1 oseqt orarllv\ tnoqp eroru lno pulJ

01 qsr^ oq/v\ esoql JoJ uels InJesn p eJp slulelt aeJql eseqJ

'sppleq uraquou luer]up Oql ul pszlu

-8ocar eq um slql 'seun Jlloqlpf, ruo4 eJp ,{aqt ued tsoru aql JoJ

lnq 'uopuauleaq uorJ 3JP se3Jnos Jreql lpql plo os seullotuos eJp

Ioog slJV rpelg ruerrd,.(3 oql ul punoJ aJe lpql suolteluetul oseql:leql Jeqruerueu

'luaruqcred uo uelllJr\{ 'lsaqJ elqJpur elqlv\ p u1 1691 rcataql uI allseJ ua8equedo3 le punoJ raupeJeqt pue 6z9l rear{8requa1

-llla Jo zfirsranrun eql lp uenrr^\ 'Iooq {tplg Iprute arD Jo ,{doc y

7gg1 rcatpuq8ug ul/proJxg tuo{ IIaS sauueqofidoqsrg,{q uo1lpl!\

sem lpqtlsnueudfyar4go z{reununs le Jo/sue {Jplg Jo loog eln{ V

:epeu aJe slulelt aaJrll'pPl-snu uo4 s{ooq aql Jo ouo uI 'alqellor ,(pressacau 8ulaq lnoqlrA\sut8r.ro rraql lnoqe suorleJrpur allF s{oog {telg aqt Jo eruos

'sasow Jo s{oog qlue^espup qxls eqt tuo4 uo{e1 er€ suorletuerul tFeur eql Jo suorlrod

e8rc1rctp urelurcru osle ilrlllr{uew 'wnlJowug pailet {ooq uorlet-ueJul uP Jo sroqlnp eql aq 01 po^arlaq oJe ,{aq1 'snolrouog ado4

IINXXXAvouoll ul QqsnU uro,rJ qoog )pqg aCI

xxxvlll Cbe Bhck Books of €luerum

Sickness flourished in the paths of undernourishment, unclean-

liness, and unscientific reasoning. Skilled medical help was not

to be found. Concerning medical questions, people therefore had

to choose between the usual folk remedies that most people knew

themselves or take the advice that could be gotten from someone

who knew more than just the Lord's Prayer.

The following pages contain the complete incantations of the

Black Books from Rustad. The contents vary from well meant and

innocent folk remedies to the blackest devil conjuring.

The contents of the two books, like many other Black Books,

is a fine blending of Norwegian and foreign folklore. One book

is especially extensive and rich in contents.

The most extraordinary feature about these books is the almost

total lack of advice concerning sicknesses caused by evil spirits,

although Norwegian folklore is usually full of it. The explanation

could bethatthe author lived at a time when the belief that sick-

ness was caused by spirits was beginning to lose its hold. Belief

in the other evil powers was clearly enough.

You are invited on an exciting walk through our forefathers'

ways of thinking and living around two hundred years ago, in adomain that very little is written about in the history books.

-Orran Er,nNsEn

I

dlsnon-ard paranorsrp uaaq a^pq 1pql s{oog {Jplg eql ul lpqrvrauos saIJeA elep slql+

'qJJnqf, JIIoqIPJ ueuou aql uI lulPs pue r,$reur e ff psJo

-uoq relq splvr pup doqslq e aupraq snuepdr{3 ,91ue11suq3 o1 Suprarruoc pue

ssoJl eqt go uF'1s aqt Surrleru ,{q prap aq1 pu€ suouap go sramod oql uo{ JIas

-ulq ea{ 01 alq€ s€^r eH :adtqsron ilAOp pue JaJaJros P se/vl snuelJd.,(f, 'rfiruual

qunoJ er{l ur farlrql ul pa^ll oq { 'qlopuv 3o snueud,{3 snouals,{ur aql 'sloog

Irplg eql go roleufpo pa8alp aqt qlla sleap qllqd\ 'uoudtS lutog paqxlqnd

eH'Lggl ul araql doqslq p aIupJOq eH 'pJoJXO ur a8e11o3 qrrnql $lJqf, lP rel

-spulppoq ralul pue II salrpqJ roJ rolprnr arepd aql se t IIaJ '(sest-gzsi) flasuqof'ueur.{3relJ pup 'raqqlqnd ']oqtnu qsg8ug aqt,(1enpe se/n [aS doqstg.-

'$looq il€-{3Plq roJ eluPu uoluluoJ v*

+zggl ree(puPFug ul

pJoJxo ruorJ ..llos sauuPqo[

doqqg r(q uailrrm sed\ leql

.snuPIJdfJeql Jo rfieururns

etosuv {relg Jo {oog 0p1ll v

'sa8y a1pp11,g oql uorJ spplleg :speleg uraqtJoN.

'uorlp8or8uot oql ot uorures slq Sulre^ilep lldlnd eqlur sr Jelsruur aql uaqr\ eJIAres rlJrnql aql Suunp depun5 e uo

IPIurue aql JeAo uraql peards pue saqse tuJel!\ a)lel plnoqs nof'slulturen Joqlo Jo errl qlrfi\ polseJur sr FruruP Jllseuop P uor.I/v\

"'alqrsuas aJe nodJI:ollow

o q ue,,,u, ,;;f;'5;,;j'ffixTl:n'fi ,11""T, ffi;-uaqlPeq ruo{ sr af,rnos Jreql lPql plo os sorulleluos eJp {ooqsuv {relg luelrdfJ aql ul punoJ ere lpql suolleluetur eseql

:lerll Jaquaueu

'pelJ"ls uoll€ruJoJeU erll eJeqfi\ sI 'fu€ruJet 'StaqualllA Jo dllsranlun eq1-

,,'r{ervr a1q

-rssod rfiazra ul onJl pue ulelJet aq q sHI 'poolq ul!\o fu t{llfi\pue pueq u^\o flu qll^/\ u8ls 1 uodna;aql puv 'u4q Jo pueuluoJ

Jo 'JOpJo '{se I leql\ saop oq;l dlprala [e ]oJ ynos pue ,(poq

rllllvr urlq ot eru saJnsq qq1 'a8pa1d e pue aluernsul se poolq

umo,{ur a43 pm l e8ueqcxa u1'uUJo {se I leqlv\ op pue etu

e^ras lleqs eq pue 'olnr slq q ree^\s I puv 'ssdqe {rep aql Jo

JelnJ 'JeJlrnl ol JPaA4,s ,(1a1a1dUroc l puu dep slql laue nor{ altasro drqsrom leleu lilr\4.I 'otu passelq seq lpql tplds ,{1og aql 'no'{

af,unoueJ I 'ew ep€lu seq leql JarlleJ eql poc 'no.( acunouel L,

:sl{l2{es aslr nor{ uoqA\ Sululoru eql ulplnoqs no,{'1ag ruo{ sleFue eqf aseelal 01luP1v\ no^( uaqfil

'lueurqc.red uo uaupmpue '1saqc elqreu ellq^{ e q 169I rea.{ aql ul allsef, ua8eq

-uado3 le punoJ teqeeJeql pue' 6Z9I reaz{ .'8;aquepllA uI

,(trsranrun eqlle ueilrJrv\ '{ooq silV {relg lenpe oql Jo ,{doc y

"'stueruolo aqt [e qtl^ Suole 'tlrlds,{1og aqt pue 'uog

JeI{lpJ eqr pot qlm'slt.ttds IIAa 'noz( uodn IIPJ pu€ qlaaseq

1 '[aureu] ruorJ uelols spq aq Suqiltana paurntoJ seq eq

eJoJaq quPe slql uo lsoJ e^eq Ja^eu lul14 aq leql 'tulq uo asJnf,

slqt ^{orqlI

snqr '8uplrp rou Surpp '3u1pue1s .rou 8ur41ervr

'3up{1rou 8urills '3u11em rou Surdaals raqttau '1ser ro fiqltnb-uprl uosJad s1qr Arofie lou op nor{ ter{t 'slllap 'nor{ arnfuoc 1

'ule8e aJuo '[aureu] ruo4 ualols seq oql uosJed reqt dots nor{

lPql 'r{lJPa uo pue uo^eaq ul 'sIAOp 'noz{ arnfuoc faureu] I 'lleH

ut se IIaA\ sp qilee uo s;arvrod al€q lpql 'slllap 'nor( ro; IIPf, L,

uelols ffq eq qrIII '\leql urntar ol Jalqt e erroJ ol stglds 11^e eql dn arn[uoc og.

I'ON

.Kep rcqterueu s,llloo aql q uaddeq fleqs a{euapun no,{ leqt Sult{t

-.&ang 'eueu s,llleo aqt u1 lno oB pue 'JIeLI rnor{ quror 'qseil\

ise,1'arueu s,llleo aql ul passerp la8 'aruBu s,lllao oql ul aslJ

plnoqs nor( 'raycnl J' /ue ^\olloJ

pue aseeloJ IIIIV\ nor( dep aqlTO aJP \e 0g

6

't,(eW uo palPJqelal ueaq asuls spqssoJl aql Jo sselu aqtr 'aulluelsuo:) Joradug er{lJo reqiou ,eualeH ssatdug 3rD.{q,,{rnluar qilnoJ aqt q paralmsrpeJ sp.ry\ ssorc ,(1oq aqt ,pua8el o1 Bulproccy_

"'auop e^eqnot :eqe.(1a1e1paurur1'rerlerds,pJo'I eql ellJal uaql .leoJ Jnof

JOJ OUO pue 'lseolq lno^,{ loJ euo ,peaq Jnof JoJ euo :JIasJno,,{

uo selull aetql ssoJs aqr Jo uSrs aql uJoJJed nof sp spJpr!\{teqsdols ooJql oB 'slurds ilAa aql dn parnfuot lsJrJ aneq nor( uer{M

s114ds Ine aql lorluoJ ol1!\oH

'u31s e nor( 3u4f ere puppueluluoJ rnor{ lno palJJpJ aneq s11-uds IrAO aqllpql aSPssaur

P se slql a{e} 'plog uado ue uo lno are no.,{ ueq1/\ Jre aql ur

I toq pue alquru o1 sur8aq 1l aJarlfi\ eJupqJnlsrp e eJrlou nor(;t

x leeJtlox 3rua6

x qnqeslag

x oJeu

x Iellag x ueueroNx laqcef x rproJx ler{3lu x unapolusv

are deql pue'llaH ul emteqt sl^op lsro^\ aql ruor; dlaq r{tt6 .[arueu] uror;ualols seq eq Surql,ftana qll^{ {teq uosrad sqt peal nor{ teqt

'llaH ul sl^op aqlilp 'noz{ uodn IIpr I .uos req roJ [asroq e rol]

llq pue u^4,oJf, p apsu peq aqs ,ssoJJ aql ruo4lleu pup ssoJf,slql tuo4 pue *'eualag ssardurg eql r{q ule8e punoJ servr r{trq,ll

lPql 'pel?u sp^/\ Jnor^es eql qtrql\ uo ,r{rerr1e3 Jo ulplunou

eql uo pools leql ssort,{1oq no1 iqo .nor( dlaq pqs uotuolos

pue qocef pup 'rpesl 'rupqe]qv .spoo8 uolols aql ouroqsuJnloJ eq eJoJaq lsar ,{ue eAIeJeJ Jalql leql lol la^eu nor( leqt...

II

'aulslpau u luarpalSur JrFerup sp pesn eq plnoJ peeq s,l!ro[u.r\s p eprsul sauols eql lpql 1q3noq1 sp.r ]I..

'raqln'I ulupw dq uallurvr servr uru,{q sq1.

""eulJnu \o Jno^,{Jo ITUOOdS e pue '{Fu FeeJq s,uetuo^{ pJo Iryuoods

e 'pe^Im ,(puacar seq l€ql ^\or

e uro{ {nu Jo Iryuoods e a{q[

EPruIup s.reqlou€ perlrllAeq seq oqm 8u1aas Jo ile aqJ.

'daa1s touueo ll q sell ro^a-oq { l€ql os paq e ur tr t\oJrll pue A{ollelrrs E tuo4 a.{a aqt ar1el

sseussaldaels esn€J oI

'nor{ qtpn sluerpar8uresaql tfirct pue.{rnrrelu Jo quolr/r s8urgqs o^4l pue ptetfatvt? e

ruoJJ ql.rpe a{% 'ppeq sll uI Ouols e sr oJeql ...^4.ollp1!\s e e{q[

(3uo4s) prpq Jlasrnou( arleur og.

*"'po9 Jno sl ssorlJoJ rfiqSlu y,, :urudq qql Fuls toUV

,l.ualuv'{rlds i{1og aql pue ,uos leqleg erllJo orueu oqt q .ruo{

aurec no'( ereld erues eql q uJnlal 01 SJO^{OIIoJ rnor{ 1e qlrrvr

leJIJn-I 'no'{ uodn 1ec 1 'uodn puels 1leLqeceld qqt ssalq IIII!\aq leql po0 01r(erd aro;aroq1 1 'r{e6 prvr srnor{ puu nor( eJeq l

ss^{qe eql q pre au^top tues aq eroJeJaql gm no^( ,pnba srqeq ot p01up1v\ pup pog lsureSe Ieqor plp sraqlorq rnor{ pue no,{

osnereg 'urc8e areqt {Jeq pel eq pqs r{aqt teqt pueruruor arueus,usles q IIaH ruo4 sll ap asaqt pospeleJ spq elueu osoq.rv\ L,

:8ulmoiloJ aql fes'sHt"'

91

.sr{em1e ,nor( qlpr srqt r{.rreJ

,,'snuarop c lenuelug J splseupH ouod,,:spJofi\ Surrvroyo; aqt reded;o acord ? uo elrJ^\

peqrllaeq 8ulaq lsule8e uolpelord

'Aeilre ue{el aleqloot pue ar(a aql Ipun daals uaqt IIr^r esnoq teql q aldoad aq;

'Joop JolJpd aql rano ulaqt Sueq pue qlool s,uetu peap p pupslPolJ leql euo eql e{ql '{uls IIr^\ raqlo aql lnq 'leolJ IIr^{ euo'Jelell/\ ur uoql u{e1 pue I/!\o up Jo ppeq aql luoJJ sa,,{a eq1 aqql

daals 11€qs asnoq e u1 auofrela uaqll

'srnor{ rno;-,(luarq ro3 daals ueql IIr^{ aH qullp 01 rooq JosselF e u1 'daa1s ot qsr^\ nod uos;ed eql q t1 a43 uaql .raprvrod

p 01 ulseJ eql qsnJJ pue ,fip 'aa.Il auld e tuo{ ursoJ eql e{ql

sJnoq rno;-u$uerrrl daals ol euoaruos JoJ qsl4t noz( uaq6

'e^eel ol ulq luem nor{ uar{M 1no z(ervr aqlulrl

^4,oqs ^,{1uo :rurq ot tl o^l3 tou op lng '{uFp ol Surqlauros

Jo pooJ &1es raqlra JoJ {sp pup qill^d. e Jo Jete)tos e ouoJ III/V\erarll rnorl euo raUV 'elqul er{t uo sse13 aqt eceld pue roped

eql olul {lel!\ ueql ,,'plJolv\ slq q qnqasleg JeAo salnJ ^.ou

oq req ueql og, :serull oeJr{l slql des 'arn1xltu eql Sunaular JeUV

,,'PFng elserq el?soH,,:uaop Sullrs a;e nod alq a 'serull

aeJrll spJolr,l asoql z{es uaql 'lqSrurano deaq arnueu e q u^\opll rfinq pue sse13 p ur arnlxllu eql1n4 :aqla8ot ueql puolg...

gI

'pepetord oq ot Sop orll roJ rapro ul Sop eqt ol lseJ punoqaq lsnru spJo1r4, aues oql :Jequouer lng 'lsJU 8op e uo lr r{.rl '8ur-{ro^{ slql lnoqe slqnop aneq nor{;I 'no.{ qlvrt Surlrrvr qql da4l,,'UflO sule IauV,, :SpJo^/vt Fuprollo; aql JOdPd;o acald e uo aIIJA\

;oord1a11nq aq oI

'nor{ anlacap 01 alqe eq ruAl auo oN ,(auour rnor( qllmSuop as;nd tnor{ ur 1l tnd pue (p.r1fl tlmaad p Jo peer{ eql q€I

Sulperl ueq r ulllr oI

'uaql nod M 'lteq uec 8op oN 'nor{ qtl^/\ JIol!\ e go ada ar{t ro ilee\ eql raqlla [,xe)

not fe {req t.uo1n sFop rcqt os

'nor( qlrll' spJolv\ esaql ftrcX,,'snuPalseJ lotuPlqoJ PIodL

uaour€ ta uapn rwn) IpJIIp Ieuo eqerv,,:raded go arard e uo spJon,\ eseql atlJ A

s1v\oJJe ruory uollJelotd

'p0ls4lla.r\ ueeq sPq lerll ernl-4tu e q s1ql 'un8 aqt ur ;apmodun8 Jo puelq srql esn .;apmod

-un8 u1 tl puelq pue 'rop^4,od ot ll qsnrt 'auoq upunq p e{q[

3u11ooqs ueqa sslru l.uolv\ nof og

noz{ qlvr,r, sderrle qqt rfiref,'":JJJ serle :J :n :q :q e1eile pge,{J olp-I gg,,

:oded 3o ecold e uo spro^\ asaql ellr6

re.&r q parnlder 3u1aq lsule8e uolpelord

LI

'a{pus p 01 ua^rF aruPu{rp plo up q uuerulaSully uol.-'uollstupJul aqt Fullep ol alnqlruol dlaq ueo qrrqrr,r'f8rnlq

lloqteJ uorJ uallel oq 01 suees ..tlJIdS r(1og pue 'uos :oqlpJ,, pauolsrp srql*

,,(lalegparuul tno tnd oq IIIr\{ ezelqeq1. ,gluUl flog eql Jo erueu

eql q sHl oO 'oru oI{1 rano s33e lelJads oseql Jo eerql morl{I '1or

ro^eu z(epsrnql,{puney11p uo plel eletetp,ua{rlql p uorJ s33a aq;

aJU l€lueplJlp ue Jo erusu "

lno lnd oI

'sotull eoJr.Il JOdeJd s,ptoT eql elltou

,,'r{qu1tr1 dlog aql Jo erueu oql q , ,{puelsur papeq aq leqs no,{

pue dn puets, 'pps snsa['ueu ppap aqt palldar ,'oru paqqels

seq **uueru1a8u1ry uo[, 'pps snsa[ ,ino,l. peru{ seq leq6, 'uetu

pPOp e lau r{aqt arar{I 'peore u^\op pe{lP1r,\ ralad 'ls pue snsa[,,

a{eus "

ruor; uoslod aql ua{ee,r. oI

'8up;oru r(epsrnq; e uo elner aqt ot pelps s1qt o^l9 'sacard

[plus olul lueql qsnr] 'rPeq pue JIo^4 3 Jo souoq aql a{q[

enleJ ilnq louu€f, sJsaq pue saalollr leql os

'not N aJIJ louueJ sun8 'femsqt se[ pos aql se 3uo1 sV 'u^/rop aprs uaar8 aqt Aelpup 1r urr[

toog tq8p rno,( rapun pos eql dn lnd 'a;gun8 reaq nor{ ueq6

slafinq pIoA€ oJ.

'qsluP^ ilrl!\ epPru r(lasrrvrun an,noz{

sospuord palupl\4,un asoql uaql 'nor( qlrrr.raded qqt rfireJ

*,,'alf,ups 'snltrds 'snl1g 'slr€d 'xeurn 'xpqd 'xe141,, :spJolr

esaqt Sop r1ce1q p Jo poolq oql qll^\.raded 3o acard p uo ellr A

apetu flaqmun an,nor( saqruord ruor; JlasJnof aar; o;

6I

'sIIri{J aqlqll^A ue8aq 1€ql sossou{3rs re^al IIp 01 ue^r8 olupu € splr{ le^eJ-plol ro €llof,.

snJod snxe ISeN

'la{Jod oprs rnod ur sfppuns eerqlqJrnqr 01 nof qtl^r tl e{e1 pup elSee up Jo an8uol eqt alouog

s8ulpaacord 1e1r1pn[ u1 upr o1

,,'snJod snxe Is€N, tale spJoa aql'ur^\ ueql ruA{ no 'pueq;nor( u1 spJPl

eql e{el 'poolq ulro ;nor{ qlF{ pupq;nor{ uo spJoM esaql ollJ A

sarueF eJIp pue pmJ le ulllr oJ.

'auo8 eq ill^{ ra^al ar{t 'srqt Burop reUV

x3'xoJ'xloJ'x eloJ 'x ueloJ 'x atueloJ 'x raruelo3 'x lJeruploJ 'x slJetuelo3

'x 3 sl rlJlq ^

'acald lspl aqlurnq fep qlulu eql uo pue .,{ep qcea arard e,(1ec1g1cads 's,(ep

t{31a .rog luaned eql q 11 a43 pup peerq go acard e uo slql etlr {

-(e11or) raleJ € erno oI

ur glas;noz( pu1; feur nof 'arg oql uo peel aql ^rr';tir'lr?J lou eJe nor{;r esneJeq 'arrJ oql uo 11 1v\oJql 01 olqp a;e nor( Jr eos

01 p€el eql sp erues aqt sqFlam leql auols e qll^r tsrlJ f{t :aloN

,,'ueleN 'uPauPlug 'ule3ouy,, :eJe sptolv\ eql 'oJIJ aql uoppel aq1

^\orr{t pup ppol;o acerd e uo sprolta Surmolo; aql ellJM

etJe lno lnd ol tleueqtouv

IZ

'qsu Jo sepltupnb a8rel dlrelnrrlredare.ry\ aJeqt eiaq.,rr ruonoq elqnop p qll^/\ puod e peq Japlnq e teql rq8noqt e1d

-oad 'llPl P pPq aqs lnq 'lnJllneoq ,fian sem aq5 ,{4e3 poIJI^\ P se,/!t raplnq v*

'Je,,(eJd s,pJo'I oID fes uoql ,,'ltllul.l1flog aqt Jo eueu aql uI ,'[a^{ safo raq op?u nof lreqtou

poo8 Jnod sP ilaft\ se sefa r{ru arleyg, :pIPs uelu eql 'uelu

pu[q e laur r(aqt aJaql 'peoJ e ufi\op po{lP^/\ relad ls pue snsa[,,

uollJeJul afa ue l€aq oJ.

'selllluenb q qslJ qtlPr 111m no.{

lpql reuv 'ralel!\ eql q punore p.redone.rS P ruo4 rrlp aql apupdS

.puod s.replnq "

uI qsu oI

,,'uatuv eue8os {oJpeH uorlpJglilow pue uoll-ys8eg rlceq elsn8nv Jo orueu eqt uI 'oSeluenpe oql e^eq ileqs

I pue a8quenpesrp oqt a^pq ileqs no1'qlnoru pue spueq rno.,{

pulq Wqs sureqr s,reJlrn1 'rleeds rcqs I 'tue1s eq fieqs no1'o.{41

s,llleq eql pue 'orr,rl.rnoz( 'odq fW 'ser{e xs qlrrvr no.,( ees [,,

glas.rnod 01 spJoll osaql r{es 'druaua ;nod le,{lsnoalq8yr 3uyr1oo1 e11tl A 'prp^\ur tueq qunql rnor{ qtpu pueq

1q31r.rno,{ ur 8er eql ploq 'unof, orll oroJeq puels nod uaq44

,,'lqoePlsv aluoN,,

:fes pue 'setult aeJr{t 1l uo tlds '8er gerus e qlF/\ roop s,.{rueuo

rnof, ot oF 'sasp uns eqt eJoJaq '8uluoru aql ul SuHr lsrg eql

olllo

gz

'dsdapda sl sseu{rls 3u11eg..'eJeq pellluo 0q lou lsnu ,,lou,, pro,ry\ eql.

'r(ervr r{rane ut nod elol JaLI

e{plu III^4, '143 e ss!{ nof ueq/v\ qlnou rnof q ouots poJ eq1

Suyreq dq puV 's1soq8,{q patuneq Suraq ruo4 pales are no,(

pue euo poJ eql 1.J.rcx **'ssou{Jls 8uryeJ oql lo uPIuol\ , r{ue r(q

panrerep 3u1aq .lou luor; aer; oq Jeleu pm nor{ pue {oPIq eql

d;.rec lsmoJJos eleq JOAau g,nor{ pue nod qllll\ auots ellgd\ aql

fl.rc1'por p4qr oql pue '{lelq reqlo er1t 'elII!\{ $ auo 'urv\op

auo8 seq uns eqt rage 1q31u ^,{epsrnql e uo pepelloJ aq ppotls

sauots aql 'lsau sll w sauols ealql seq /!\olle^4,s e leql ples sl lI

seuols /rroilefi\s ulor; cl8eul aqg

'ro^pJ rnor{ u1 oB prt affl aLII 'an8uol rnor{ rapun an8uol

s,.ry\ollel\s e areld 's8ulpeecord p1c1pn[8ulpua11e are nor( uotllA

ilnoJ uI uyvl oI

'do1s pm ra8ue s111 'tul{ ol rleads pue an8uol rnor( Japun

an8uol s,pJlq aqt aceld uoql 'ileaq s,rv\o[e,r\s aql r(eldsrp 'nor{

le At8ue sl euoeuos uoq \ 'il€aq s,A/lolle,l\s aqt r(e1dqp uaql'an8uol rno,( rapun r1 eceld pup

^ .olprr\s erll Jo an8uol oqt a{el

uaqtr '{rlts p uo 1l reads pue ^\o[e^\s

e uorJ ueoq aqt a{q[

raFue rulpJ oI

9Z

'derr,uo61 ur pesn.{paruro; ulor raddoc e sr Bugprls y..'rnos .,(psee plnot pup panrasard dpeq se.t{ raeq palsea,{-Je^o eql s.,(ep pyo u1_

'leql Jeue '{ouour

JoJ {Jpl Je^eu III/1. no1\ ,,.xlleo sseppoS eqlnoz{ 'nof oAIS I g!3 s1q1,, :.,{es pue qlJou eql pJe4{ol ..3ur1r1sP 1[OJql lsnru nof '(depunS lso]alued pue .Jelspg ,seulsrJqJ

'sI lpql) Suruaaa,(ep1oq ^(razra oJoJaq JoUpeJeH .ure8e eloqlJo lno 1l e{el Je^eu pue asrnd rnor{ u1 uroJ eql etpld .JepuoM

e ees [r/\4 no,( pue ure8p osJnd oql elalJleg .s8uruala,,(epsrnql

aarql aroql aI ll lal pue ale.r8 e uo esrnd eql f€l r(1taDa5'esrnd eql lsurp8e peqqnr eq tsnu raueeJarlt la8 nof uro3

tsrrJ aql 'apq aql uro;; asrnd e e{ew .lerres w tm {tplq e ul{S

z(auoru qrlllr {rnl Suyreq pue Suplaf,erJo IIHS aq;.

'qlnous1q ul pa;nod sl oJnlx1u loeq rnos eql Ulun ro s.,(ep aulu

;og daals uoqt ru^{ uos;ad leql 'peoq s,uosrod aql rapun Bunls,eJeq aqr de'I .'Jaaq Jnos pup Ioqotlp rlll,l\ Jeqlo8oi tl ellespue 'll qsnrr 'polrp uoeq seq lP-rlt erer4e woJJ la^rl eql o{ql

sfep aulu ro; daals o1

'sJnoq euru JoJ alqrsr^uraq g,nor{ 'slqt Fur{urJp pup 8ur1ea JOUV .{Uu tea^\s uI lr {oof,

'ler {relq e ;o a,(a oql o{e1 ueqJ 'poolq s,lpq qtrnr;1asrno.,{reerus 'loqcod rnor{ ur uaqt tnd pue leq e go sor{a aql lno o{od

elqlsnul ;lasrnoz( e{eu oI

LZ

.uorlPluElul srql8ur1ep ol alnqlJtuol upl pue salrlJas r{JJnqJ trloqlpf, uor;,{1sno4qo sr srqJ.

'Suruana

z{epstnq; e uo 00:6lp ernxlru slqt qryvl.(1a1a1druoc ssel8eill reeus pue JorJnu e a{e1 uoql .sluo1par8u1 eseql Jo lno

q8nop e a{ew 'pllqr Koqe pere^rlop seq oq^\ ueruo^\ p ruo4

{Iru lseeJq pue .'Jalpd\ z{Ioq 'rue;ofreu ;o selpup] Jalspg pueesuof,ur ar1e1 'noz{ uoq uelols seq oqd\ A4ou{ 01 luel\A nor( 3t

Jelqr P lno tulod oI

:a.,(er4 s,plo'I oql.(ps uaql ,,.,,fi1ugt r{loH oql Jo arupu oqluI 'pog Jo erupu passelq pue z{1oq eql q ,pueq,{ul qrpr spooSasaqt e{el.ry\ou I 'po9 Jo etueu pessolq pue dloq oqt ul spoo8eseql e{el ol a8e;noc r{ur uaqfueJls I 'uos s,r(reyq pue s,poc

sr orl^\ lsnse[ '1oo;,(ru druets I ,slql3u1,{es JaUV .spueq upunqolul euoJ spoo8 aseql lo1 '{ueduroc rnor{ ile qllra aJeq uor;

pedap no t(. pt4'lellag'sne{eJg,snuelDFJO,saqnuy,seuuleg'lqoJplsv 'qnqeslag Ia;rcn1 :eJp oqnr 'sacupd lqfira s,1ag'nor{ goqxe pue leduroc I .pog

Jo pJolv\ oql qlllr{ "ronod aqla^pq I isal'lrrrdg dlog aqt pup ,uos JeqlpC eql :seueu earql

a^pq teqt spueq eerqt qtl^{ ueqt turelt 1 ,a1doad,{q uapprq are

l€qt pue peleaJuol eloq orl teqt spoo8 eseqJ iarupu ,snsof u1,,

spoo8 uapplq palord oI

6Z

's,plo"I aql-'N'N'o.

"'qtnos eqt ro qlrou eql fq 'sauoq qsrJ ro p4q 3u1sn 'saqclmfq peuro;rad uaeq seq Surqclr^\eq JaAaJaq^/\ ol turod I 'ra8

-ulJ s,lsrJqS snsa[ qlrlr/\ pue t{31ur pue rarvrod s,po9 qlr^t spJol\0s0q1 peoJ I 'ruopuelsrJqf, IIe rano z{ep .'N'N'o sl qJlql\ z(epo1,,

:Suluala ,(epsrnqle uo uolleluelq slql uJoJJad 'peqJlllv\aq uaeq sPq oq^{ lo '1sef,

uaaq spq I^e uoql\ uodn uos.rad e o1 uanr8 eq ol sr ol sUI

relelll8u1uuru pup llps relo peeJ eq ol lads y

'lq8nec eq uet pue

ure8e {Jeq euoJ IIrl!\Jelql eql'saturl eoJrlt spJo.{A asaqt allJ6

v-nv_-rnv-eJnv-le

Jnv -eleJnv-

qelpl nv-n qele Jnv-ln qete J nv'pa18rnq seq Jolql

aql qrlqM asnoq eqt Jo roop aql re^o splolv\ 3uyrrro11o1 aql ollrl^

Jelql e uo gads e lnd oI

'punoJ aq uel aq Olaq { pue auPusJelql eql pulJ uoqr ru^/\ noz( pue urc8e lorr[u eqt q o3 uaq;

'slq8ru eeJql JoJ ruooJ {rep e ul JolJItu eql epq 'euop slqJ

'reads e qlll/rq8norqtpocrald e;am

ruPqlqPsv

I

IiII!I ewe-I

ile0qpue aprs

s,lslrqJ snsa{

:slt oqs arn8rJ 3urmo1103 eql s€ 'l! punotespro^\ aseql ellrlK pue rorrltrr eql Jo OlppIIu aql q ileaq p

^\pJo

l?,

'sra^.\od

[^e eq1 ,{q toqs s^roJJp 01 anp araa suolpaJur cmraprda tq8noqt a1doa4.-

('c1e 'sqearq 'surcrds) saunfur auoq pue tulo[go spul{ 11u sueeu araq ,,'fin[u1,,-

"'puP

qslJ ? sP role^A aql Jo lno dn eluPr lPql 3u1oq olqrrr4 P lau,{aqt e.raq; 'JaArJ aIIl Suole ul/rop pue dn pe{lefi\ 'soldllslp raqto

eql qrld\ Suop ^\erpuv

'ls pue ralad 'ls pue snsef pro'I rno,

..suollJeJul Jlruaplda auJoqJIP JoJ

'pue eql ol Jafpld s,pro'I aql allJeJ uaq; ,,'filuul eql

Jo alueu eql ul pauroJred 8ulaq qq1 'u1e3u tulof lelu 1u1o[pue'ulp8€ leru seuoq looJ pue 3a1aq1 ,{rn[u1 ue pepeq pu€ u1v\op

tlaurl pue sluds I^o aqt fq parlpm snsof 'sturds {rep II^a eqla.ram qled aql uo 3u11qerr aJeql 'a8puq daals e lalo apoJ snsa[,,

.r{rn[u1ue I"eq oI

'saull aarql rar{e;d s,pJo'I oql ueql ,,'uotuv'Jelelv\ 8u1uuru aqt JoJ lles se sprol\ asaql o1;1es.rnor( l1uoJ

[eqs no1 {ttut.tt oqt Jo erueu oql ul l{31ru pue ;amod 1saq31q

aqlq1l4/\ slqt des 1 'uos;ad,'{ue ol uJeq eJoru op Je^eu Ipqs no'slooJ s,ileeq pasJnl ;nod pue laeJ pue spupq rnor( 'an8uol pue

ilpeq rno,{ 's8unl pup re^ll.lnor{ r(epol ploq I '3u41tp .ro 3u1p1r

'3u{1ro Surnrs '{ulJp ur Jo pooJ ul 'eplslno.ro ur 'luoplcce r{q

;o esodrnd uo 'algrds ralel\ Jo ulu1unoru ^,{q ro gos ,,{q 'pul1!\"'

2t

'euo Ina eql-epe'I-

''JO SISTSUOf, 'pesn UaUO Sr qrrql\A '{3lrl SIqI

sleulue Jo

sprlq pl1,t\ tp fleletntte 3u11ooqs alqnort Fu4eq are noz(gI

>? ,,'ratleJduolDalo.rd,, e pelpr q slqJrer{er4 s,pJo'I eql seull eeJql ueql puv ,,'r{lluul aql Jo otuPu

eql uI ,'laal pesJnc rno,( uI pup ileeq rnor(go sloo.r rfian aql

ur lsrnq [eqs no '{oo]q slql JaAo '8eq elqtrroq no,'( ,{erre oB

leqs no,{, 'ples snse{ ,'oN, ,'uoltereue8 qlqu eql q alDeJ pue

sesJoq 'daaqs pue sleo8 'aldoad a.rn[u1 pue rutpJ e o1 3ulo8 ru,1,

'pe{se snsaf ,iSuro8 nor( are aJaqlA, .'apaT 'q]llr!,r. aqt tau daql

erer.{I 'e8ppq opLv\ p.ro^o pa{lprvr rfiew up.r6 eqt pup snse[,,

seqJ4/v\ tsule8e uollrelord ro; raz(erd y

'selurl aarql rar{erd s,pJoT ellJOJ ueqJ.

,,'eorql aql Jo elueu aql uI ,'sl eJaql {ldaplsalear8 aql 01 pue 'ure8e JeArJ eql ur ulv\op 'lno nor{ lal alpq

oq^/\ ueql ol {Jeq uJu IIPqs no , 'pps snsaf ,'1ou leqs nor(

ioN, ,'{ulJp ol poolq pue 'lPe ollPatu '{eaJq 01 seuoq eJeI{I'daaqs pue 's1eo8 'aul&\s 'sas:oq tuJpq ol uJeJ leuruu] of oB

Ilpqs L :paJal{sue 1p1ds ilAa oql ,io8 nor{ [eqs oJeq6, :po{se

pup uer oql r{q rl paqqe;8 snse[ 'dn uaqt ^\o[P1v\s

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It

leqlluprdpuorr,,,,1ilTil^:;";:;";)'fr;:lgilJT:il,lr,Tn:l$i:'uollarsas Jleql puE re^eaq aql uorJ spwF lPeulJed pstJp Jo slslsuoJ

leql aJuqsqns u.roJq-a8u€Jo ,{rueaJr '8q11aus-8uors :e1rq e sI uneJolsp3*

""ran\sue lou op 'dnor8 Jeqloup Iuo]J

euo,(ue Jo dnoJ8 euo ruo4 Jeqlle 'nod ot s{lel auofuu JI 'peqsl

-urJ uaaq seq sserord aqt gtun 8up eqt ur puets 'lq8gupru 71

raUV ,,'uoruv 'llJIdS z(1og aqt pup 'uos :aqtpJ aql Jo au€u eqlul 'a;aq puels I arueu ,snsaf uL, :r{es 'punote dyvtols 8up aqf

.r,rerp nor{ aull elues eqlrc pue '{rlls P qll^/\ nod punore Fuue e{pw'{ooq qlrnqJ plo ue uror; a8ed e pue 'lpru pue ure;8

..'lalps1ar(p *'runeJolsec nor{ qlln{ enpq pup qtJnqt p eprslno

puels '8uluana aql ul qoJnrlr e ul punore {le,l seqrllv\ ees olelqrssod sl lI 'tq8lu s,Jetutunsplw eql uo pue 'lsoJelued lalseg

'sPrulslJq] 1e ,{larueu :r{rJnqr eql q -readde o1;amod aqlenpq saqllmr fear{ e s1q31u JnoJ 'ele1s 1?q1 solsl plo eJp aJOqI

saqJll/r4, eas ol qspr nou( I

'11 qllzlt

prurup aqllp looqs uaql 'un8 eqt q uaqt tnd pue 'araqrvr,{ue

acelda.rg e uo;; ro 'uoqrtl{ eql ul acelda.rr; aql ruo4 sauols loqe{el osp upr no 'un8 aqt uo Jo le[nq eql uo sso]f, e Sur1nc"'

L'

"'relo uroql UIs pup sroqlua alil SupvtolS er1q1

frelSrnq e tnopalrrPf, s€q eq reue uH pulqeq pru slq se^?el Jelqr P JI

'pua aql o1.rar{erd s,pJoT

aql ,{es uaqJ. ,, ,'dtlul,trI, olp Jo eueu aqt uI 'lq8tut s,po9 qllM

Jarvrod s,pog lo dlaq eql qtp\ luas qsg 1o dtuald qttet ru^{ pue

qrlpr I 'ozrs ilerus pue 31q Jol4ue) ^\ou ileqs no,,{ qs1; q8noug,:prcs snsaf 'JOleA{ eql uo lno spl/r leoq aq1. 'pe{sp sell aq teql\plp reted 'teoq p pulJ or reted perlse 'pupl uo Surpuels 'snse[,,

rcdetdFulqsg aq1

'luoJ P qJns seq

qrrnr.lJ ar1l JI 'r{JrnqJ orp ur uolnalo.rd tsaq eql q tuoJ lplusll-deqe r{q Sulpuas tng '8urr aqt ur puets 01 paeu 1,uop no,{

pue 'nor{ qlr^\ uorpalord.raqlo ou aAPq paau no 'qJJnqs al{l

eprslno Jo aprsq pupts uer no1 'peaq rnod uo paceld sr dunlcpos eql Jl rlslr nor( a;eq.vr Puels 01 alqe aq [,no 'uoseas 1q3lr

eql q sl tl Jl ,,(1uo 1nq 'prer{ qcrnqr e IuoU pos Jo durnlc e trr)

saqrtllv\ Suluasqo agq r uollcatord ro; dem reqlouv

'qlael rleql qll^\ s[eq oql uo mBuS

or a{[ r{aql asneraq aJeql pe^Jesqo oq ueJ sor{Jlr/!\ teqt r{1ar1q

,fion sr 1l eJurs 's[eq q]JnqJ aql fq pupls osl€ upr no1 :aloN"'

6'

'OroJaq pesn uoaq JaAOu O^eq leql sOAIu{

fi\eu qlw\ sr{ervrle 'sSulurour ,{epun5 olvu uo Alaue lnJ oq lsnlu

{JI$ aq;. 'dn souroc uns oql aJoJeq s^{emp pue ,{ep s,Jetutuns

-PIW uo pue ,{epunsllq^/\'deq uotsuacsy ,{epun5 ralseg ,(ep

-lu poo9 uo tnr eq lsnlu por 3u1uyr1p aqt :{tlls peuoltueu eql

por Suluplp € e{etu oI

(,,'alu ruo{ uelols

aneq nor{ asnpleq 'nor( ol pues I IIAO0 aqJ.,) 'ued lslu aql uI

pelels ale leq), spJolv\ eues eql ,{es 'a;g eql q adld aql ,{e1 nor{

uarl A 'aJII slq rele^\oq a;eds lnq 'slleJ Jelql eql p1, ,{po 'eroql

all adld eqt tol uec nor{.ra8uo1 aqt :eqt eql orurol o1 qsmt nod

orolu aql 'so 'erlJ eql ul adrd 1a1snu oql Jo pua auo aceld uaql'srtep euos sluouJal pue seslJ eJruxlru aql os luouuoJlAueue u! prru eql aceld pue q8noprnos ro lsear{ ar1el 'ad1d tarl

-snu plo up ul 1l JJrus 'pulqeq ual ueeq seq lPql prru aqr e{ql

euo Jaqlouv

,,'eru ruo{ uelols eneq nor{ osneloq 'nod ol pues I

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pue IIeJuArop s,ilneo eql 'sililetu eql 'sla8ue eql qtllr'p.rorlrz(1oq qg '1adso8.(1oq s,pog qll1^ 'papuputuol are nor{ ueq \

Sullool enultuoJ 'slplotu Jo slpleuru Joqlo due lou pue 'ueur r{q

ueppq ere qrrqr\ sarnseel plo tno tulod ouole nor( teqt '{t!ls'noz{ qcaasaq I 'alqrunq lsoru tueql epetu pue slurds IAa ilp pue

IAaO oql paranbuoo snsaf se romod pue 1q31u rnor{ qtr.r'r '{JIls'noz( qlaasoq I 'Jor^€s s,pulTueu [p sl pue suls s.ueu JoJ palpuos s{pog sp enJl pup urzuel os pup 'pog Jo uos 0q1 q FIJrlf,

se OnD pup ursilOJ os .'tspqJ Jo qlrlq eql reue pup aroJaq

'u13r4 arnd e sezlt.,fieyl ufrn aql se erul se ag 'qilee eqlq ueppq sr pup spupq uelunq r(q aperu uoeq seq qtlq^\ ,{auour

ro lozrls 'p1o8 sr eJaqt elarl^{ ereld aqt ol etu epln8 pue 'lnotulod 'aru rvroqs z{1ryqlrut nor( teqt '1p1d5 ,(1og aqt pue 'uos aqlleqled aql Jo eueu aql q '{rrls elqou 'nor{ qlaesaq 'faureu] '1,,

por 3u1u4lp P relo Fupeamg

2b

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uorlnlos eql llun prlp trJlru qlll\ JoqlaSol looc .1nu 1eF e 1e1

srnoq rnoJ-z(1uaml roJ s1se1z(po qtlq^\ {u! e{plu oI

'qooq Sursn uar{A slaS;q lp looqs lalau lng .spJlq Jo slptu-lue le r{pce;roc Surlooqs sruelqo.rd a^eq Je^au plnoqs nor{ ,s1ql

3ulop raUV 'loqs eql pue rep^\od aql uearueq ro ,uodeervr aql

Jo reppol-elzznw eql Jo iled lsourralno oql uo {ooq aql eteld'pesn uoeq lou e^eq lpql s{ooq esn [eA{ uec nor{ lnq ,lseq

are r{eq1 'saqlolJ s,uetuor\ p tuo4 {ooq Iaels e laJles ul a{ql

z(lparrotul looqs IUr!\ Jaaeu nof leqt os

,:H :C :g .[ .erqurocqef prqoJ urJll€g:JeFlaJ,, :nor( qlprr ueql filpJ pue spJorr{ 8uyvro11o; oql elp4\

furoq ;1asrno,r( e{eu oI

'uetuv &Utffaql Jo Orupu Oql ul polrJeJ 0q lsntu sul IIP puv ,,.paluEu e^pq

I sernspoll aql otu 1v\oqs ileqs pup '{JIls eugnue8 ,aup.rp nor{

leql onJl pue urelJac os ,(lenbo 'sr!\olloJ lueurSpnf e lpql pu?'erlJ rl1l1r4 qq;ad fleqs qlrea pue ue^eor{ e{[ rpqt sHl sl enrlpu€ uleuet os puv '\lrce eql uo ueaq e^eq lpql soJrueaJJ...

th

isnoJeSupp dran-a1eg1ns raddo3.-

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'erlml ro eJuo Ioqorlp qlr^\ tseelq lreppn eql qse a

ueuo/lr P Jo 1tloJ e Jo Jeppn eql ruo{ {uur acJoJ oI

'seullsalu! eul^rs qseu llaus Orelu aql le-I

IsoJ sll ol qulq anf leqs eteut e teql os

,{puo4s serroJ Ior{orle qluory Jo {ulJp p ur paxrru uoUJeS

auo Jerllouv

'elne) pue oldoad uo{ srueJ e lodxa osle uet tuneJolspJ 8uorls

auo Jerllouv

'uoqe u0q1 ill^,t aqs 'selurl IpJeAes lr Jo 8ur{urJo .lspt sr

**Jolof, ouols onlq e uloJeq^\ dnos srql;o sdnc {ulJp plnoqs eqs

.sqluou e^g lsru eql uI sl rI JI ,uaprnq raq

Jo plr aq ueJ eqs lpql os pp p ol e^lF ol ro snleJ € ladxe oI

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Ioqorle tuplupp dn anp 11eqs re{ulrp p tpql os

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nof mo11og pue noz( e^ol il€qs 143 e leql os

'lsealq oql q spJo/v\ eseql pqg :aloN ,,'uaruv :e{ps s8ulJeJJns

s,tslrq3 snsaf pue luaur8pnlslq fg :p1rom errlue eqt pue queapuP ue^Par{ peleaJJ lpqi aH JoJ 'e{es slH JoJ IIIIS puels ,1a[n9,,

reilnq e aJnpua oI

(:a1e1arec rraql 011oeq z{em rleql puu mou '{gsea

plnorls s^,rol

erll 'ueql Jo arpJ soqel oqd\ ueuo^\ Oql Jo luels eql spq tlesarll 'tea ot lps eql uanr8 ere s^AoJ oql tpql ereq pools.rapun sr u)

,,'uotuv snpues snlurd5 p e\tled sneq lultuoq uul,:spro^\ esaql8up(es ellq^{,(poq parleu eql pue tuaure8rapun

eslueqr erlt ueemtaq saurl aorqt ll sse4 .8er p ur lles o{q[

lq4u 13 saales-ueql fq rauruns eql Sugnp auoq auoc g/vr sfiroJ leql os

6b

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nof uo e^lrql lou fleqs erll l€ql os

,{ervre seo8 filensn SuIIaeJ peqrlyv\eq

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e^ol olulperlrllaeq tulaq reue uIeSP lPuuou IaaJ q uosrad e rod

'{ulrp ol loqorp q lnd'{ulrp IIAep 'unarolsE]

sueJ req ledxa u€r IrlS € leql os

'auo8 aq uoos 11yvr s8nq eq1. 'orp s8nq aqt oroql!\ {reJJ IIe^\eql q ll les pue (luaurnrlsur orrurol) Ieoq.{ P ruo{ JeAIIs e a{ql

stnqpaq delrre a^Up oJ.

'dn lt {upp"'

ts

'.,{lngssoccns parJl uaeq seq lads aqt tpql supow 'ualoJd-tunlpqoJd-

"''urJo^/vr eqlluo4 snJnu pefeJop ees

,{po no.,( JI 'luoroqof,ur Jo {Jls f1ureJ Jnod q euoeuos sr eJoql

leql sueeu 1l 'ssalJel od s1 urorr eql JI 'lle^\ eJP se^llelal rnofleql suPeu ll fqlpeq puu,{1e41 sl 1l JI 'rurolv\ e aas prvr no'{

auols eql rapun 'sr euols raqlo ou aJeq^\ quee aql uI sa[ lPqlauols e111[ e dn 319 'reuuns eql q paruro;.rad eq dpo uer srr.Il

psap ere {IoJsuI{ pue sa^Ilelerrnor{;1 /!\ou{ 01 luulv\ nod pup z{rlunoc eql Jo lno eJe noz( I

.'unleqoJd'{leep 01 ueleaq

ueaq sPq uJo1r4 e qlulv\ qll^\ ouPJ Jo {Jrls e 8ulsn ur{s eql

Jo {lpq eqt uo satull aarql req 11q r(13u11o[pue r(puepq]uou'leql Jaq l!\ollp nor{ pue lueuSard aq ol ueruorvr ;nod luem nor(;I

pIIqJ qll^r lou q pup esrnorrelul seq z(11ensn oqrvr pI.6 p rog

.'tunlpqord 'qJpruols ,{tdula p uo {urJp ot luarled eql olslqt an13 pue r(1a1e1peuul ueql {oor pup saureq.radpnfreql€C

ueruo.o\ e wor1 snleJ e ladxa og.

t9

'IJeq s,ueu aql 01 /!\olq euo pelro[P sP.t\ uPlu q3eg 'sdlq,t\

qtl^4 panulno sJepllos Jo fu€dulol aloq^r 3 Jo seull olvq uee^Alaq llullt o1

p€q upru e aJeq.ry\ luauqsrund ,tralgu p sp,r lapun€8 aql unr ol-lepunpC-

'un8 rnof uo xeq oqt lnd seq oqlv\

urq alulol ol qsr^\ nor( se 3uo1se un8 aql FulddlqA anulluoJ's8lry raplp rlllr\ un8 aqt dgqm pue erlJ e,{q un8 aqt dn ture^\

ule8e Agtauoc urro;rad un5 paxul[ e aqeul o1

'reu(er6 s,pJo'I aqt ollJOJ ueql ,,'eeJqt eqlJo alueu eql q Jelqtsprs,ll^eo eql plp pJo^4s slq qll^{ Jelod ,'uelu Jou uPluo^4. Jeqlleu

'a;n[ul touupJ daql os 'a8pa pue lurod uraql ruo4 e{el L 'ples

0q ,'Splolv\s u1\{eJp IIV, 'spJo^rs u.ry\PJp aql IIE pallnp aH 'uoll

-lpadxa s,ueurapuo8 e uo 1ua.44. eH 'pJo'I Jno,, :spJo.ry\ esaql peeu

Jelv\ uI druaua rnod;o pJolrls aql ilnp oI

('sdrqm aqt ruo4 s1v\olq aql tsule8u uolnolo.rd

8u1ppe '{ruq eqt ot z{purg {3lls ueql ilI1v\ lens aqfl 'seu1t oarql

ro orq oJrJ aql prPlvrol ur dals ulq e^eq puP 1l qllA\ {cPq s,uelu

aql rpeus pue raqtaSor slqt llew 'lens pue sallq.ry\ 33a .tre"r aqel

.laltune8 eql uru o13u1o8 sl oq^/$. u€Iu € JoJ

,,'alueu S,IIAOO aql ul sselpeeH,, :SpJOlv\ asaql r(es pue

sl\olq pur,4/\ aql ueq^4, Jer.llo qrea lsure8P qnJ seeJl odu eJeI{M

arllarr lrlSlt e ur tr uelspJ pup peeq slq urorJ 4erl ouos tec

erlJep€eq luplsuoc e uosrad € asnef, oI

'p€ep sl ileoq rnof ut

lnoqp lsoru {urql no,,{,,{pue; ;nor( u1 uos;ad eql leql supatu ll"'

99

irNo voog Jo oNlI

'elpJlns uoJr IDLV\ sqIroJS lo sloq eqllPof,

lseJ tno {€erq aldoad uo sq1rtror8 pue sgoq l€q1.

'ute8B luneq l,uo^rv\ uosrad teqlpernssp oq 01 eJP no^ 'pesealop 0q1 qlIA{ uI.JJOl eql ul spaes

-url peards asIA{e{II uel no1 ''(ervre oF uaqt gm lsoq8 s111 'pel[aluo poseoJop eql eleq^/\ uJeJ eql punoJe speosull peardg

qleep reqe stun€q uosrad u 3I

Surpulq 'uo.tls

P seq re^lls :e^lesqo '8ury,qs "*

rr^rrr'il;lSurqtou s,ll JI uola 'uJnqf, Jornq oql olul JaAIIS 3o alerd e

^\oJqJ

JeDnq a{elu l.uo1v\ Suprnqr rnor( uaq^A

'rer{er6 s,pJo'I aqt des uaql ,,'&lul11 aql Jo atu€u

eql uI lernfur louueJ no,\ iezee{ 'pu€q s,lned pue s,lslJqf, qllAA

'ure8B nor( asealar I lllun aru roJ pazflemd a11 ileqs no,( teqt'lnJrarvrod os spJolv\ S,Po9 {ll^rr 'nOf dOtS I 'O{PuS IpUPTUTUOJ

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eleus e dols oI

('dtoq

ol lueetu sellr uollelueJul sqlleqn,t Aululelep o111nc1331p S111)

'earl ueor t11ds ,(1qso4 e q8norqt pre^\{req setull oerql req IInd

euo Jeqlouv

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

69

'sa8v epprweql 01 {Jeq selep flqEqord arr^pe l"rrpau eqJ .f8Jnlu urle'I eql uro{ sluau

-Fer; pagoislp sureluoJ uorlqueJur ssal8uruzaur pup alqrsuaqardurorur srql._'aurJlpeu pue luarpar8ur

rr8eu e se pasn eq ppol peoq s,A\ollp^ls p eprsur seuols aqt tq8noqr sp^r 1*

""nof qlr/v\ uorlpluplq ueDIJ^r qql deell

**'ueruv snluds slners slJlew eu

-luroN ur solnlol IqeJ eleJnes

oIP solsPJes eJPas snuqap

lunJle eruaJJ sedes asresPuPJ

ounJoulnd selurp enps^breues PSPI eluaqql lPqPq eroJ

srseds eJqes Plnlrseo opuelu alos,,'uolleluPtul uv

'sJnoq tnoJ-/qualu JoJ FuoJls aq m/vtno 'lrdlurp ual rnod Jopun s8u1xg aql lnd .,fincraru

Jo quo^\s,z(uuad;pq euo pue prcAeLeJB p uro{ Uos olrq 4, e{el uaql

.'peerl s,.ry\o[e1v\s p ruo{ auols aql a{el ISJIJ .eJru{ JO exe ueruo4 uoJI e{[ '1001s sp pJpq JIOsurIl o{elu ol ueu p JoJ JapJo uI

I9

'slps IeJauru Jo uorlnlos v..'ua^oJd s! ll-lsa lunleqord.

""asaeqr eql 1e0 J0lq1 eql 0q 01

a^e{oq no.,{ leql uosJod eql aAeH 'uetuv Surr{es Jenau '8ur1se;

ellq^\ esoeqt eql JeAo s.,{epung eerql rar{e;d s,pJo'I eql peaJ

ueql 'rele,l\ **runle qlr/v\ eseeqc;o acard p uo spJon4, eseql ellJ A

Jelql € l€e^er oI

'dals.roop oql repun Jpal eqt ,{e1 uaql ,,'rueluerg ruepeg rueollgolg, :ll uo spJon4,8urrro11o; aql etrJl\{ pue Jpel uedse up o{ql

aJu€p esnoq e u1 euodreAe a{etu oI

*'lsa luruPqord

'pewwepelDeJ eq uer uorlPluPlul slql"' Suraq lsureFe uolDelotd rog

,,9

'JI8Pu Jo lrPaql ut aldrourrd luelrodrur ue s€,t. aJnleu lsurc8e enotu oi-esr.,rt{JolJrelunof,..

'XFrn111 ulle'I ruo4 sluoru

-Ferg pagolsrp surcluor uolleluelul ssalSulueaur pup elqlsueqardruorut stql*

"'Je8uol o{el l,uor!\ lI

"'laJeH'rollaSv'leJeH,'salull eArJ spro^/\ osoql.{es pue pueq ual rnod qli^{

**eslA\{solrrolunol repurJS erll uJnl puP JapuuS paas-p.relsnur

e ur ueql r{e1pue sJaqua loq a{ef '8uluoru ^(epuoyg e ug

uelols seq Jalql e leqfi\ {J?q 1e3 q z(em, raqlouv

*,,'eJollopersql lueql Iue alulc oJerie eper^Sxg 'eqn3e51,, :eseeqJ eql uo

sp.ro^/v\ eseql ellJl\ . Jo ,,'xuJlg 'xe4 'xP141,, :0s0ql eJP spJo^{ aql'dn morql ^,(1a1e1paurul ill1r/\ oq ',{.rona1qt Jo,fiUn5 sl eq JI"'

99

"'ileeq rnod [eqs reqlua

slql e{l'L, :fes pue 'looJ 1I{3IJ Jnof qlII\ Iueql uo dels pue

sraqua Sururnq eql a{et uor{I 'ualols seq aq teql spoo8 aqr

urc8e lceq s8ugq aI{ eroJeq Sutu;nq dots ;enau pue urnq ueeq

s,uosrad tpql lll,l\ os 'uJnq sJaqlua aql se puy 'nor{ 01{leqspoo8 aq1 aru8 prvr nod tuor; uelols seq oIUv\ Jolql aql eroJeq

asr^\{oolrJalunor sJaque oqt qll^\ ;epup8 aql Sururnl ueqt"'

&#utr'y*r"f

,' ::::.

&#td,{:

L9

srqr uo aurqs lou op no.,{ leqr 'uoour pu, uns 'r";o';Jxl-tuof, [,, :sIIt fes pue '1q3lu depsrnq; e uo 'qlJou ol qlnos ruo4

8u1uun; sr JOIe,t\ e.rar{A{ o1 oF pue pueq rnor{ ur uroJ e a{q[

{r"q eruor Jalqr "

a{"u ot dern reqlouv

'selurl eaJql

uollelueJul slql peeu ,,'1p1dg r(1og aqt pue 'uog aql pue 'JaqleJ

aql Jo arupu oql uL, '1oo; ,(ru Jopun Jeque sHl a{I 6n[ 'aq"'

69

""paqslnSulxo oq ro^au ver ter4l

Jequa Sulurnq e aTI uJnq ueaq sU lel 'Furuarra ;o Suyuour

'tq31u ro '{ep

,$q11nbue;l ro lser ,(ue aleq Jelql slql lel touop pog 'eru ruo4 uolols seq aq qrlrl\{ teqt oru ot {req s8upq aq

eJoJeq f,trqrnbue.rl :o 'uol1exe1ar '1sar Joqlre JOIr{1 sl{l azn8 louoq,, ('ralervr aql olur uloJ eql^\oJqt uoqr) "'llaH tuo4 IIAO0 eql

arnluor I puv 'sJe.ry\olloJ .rnoz( 1e pue JaJr?n'I 'nof uodn fipc I"'

IL

'aral{ peppe

aq ueJ selulJd uel s,llaH Jo selueu aqJ. ,,'ssfqe s,lleH ul saAII

lpql arueu pepeerp s,llleo aqt ul uoddeq r{11n9 pqs qql'ruo{ ua{el sem 1t aceld

ro lods eqt ol 'eur ruog ualols spq oq spoo8 eql pouJrueJ seq oq

[lun 'q]eoq plllv\ e uo e^e/v\ e se ssallseJ se eq uu lel puv"'

r

ffi

i'-

g,L

"'Sururouf,epung e uo pa8.ro; ueaq seq tpqt lpu .raddoc e a{el uaql

:sAolloJ se '11 punoJe spJolv\ eseql qll^A

elqel p uo arnl4lu slql qll^\ ar{a ue ^4prp

ueql.qFnop p e{ptuol.raqlaSot pualg 'ell^ros qJrnqt aqt Supnp Suyuour z{epung

p uo 'poolq s.uptu pue.{rncraw pup ue{lrqJ € ruo{ lpJ aql o{ql

Jelql e;o afe aql lno tnd oI

9L

"'apls reqlo Oql uo Jele//.qreelq peerds pue ure8edn 111c14 'slrl8lu.{epsrnql oorql ouots ^(neaq e repun aI rl re.I

,,'lnull runa8rle sndrueq unlarupN ype1-:ratJ eJqusols,,:;oded go ecard e uo spto^\ Burmollog oqt allr1v\

tefelir q Jelqr e ,spuapl oL

ere leql s[^ep aql [e pue'werv]qsv .pllag ,qnqrqrrr',l]#Jj:^{es pue Jeruueq aups aql qllfi\ s1r4,olq aeJql e{l4s pue ar{o

umeJp aqt tsule8e ppu eql los ueql .arueu s.lllaq eql u! reru-ueq p uo4 s^\olq eorr.ll qll^l eppu ,dn sao8 uns aqleroJeq...

LL

'roloJ ellqa&:1p e peq xp^r eql pup 'salrqooq 8uno,( tuo4 xp,/v\,{po ,(1ea: sp^\ xplvrsaequprrn 'Dqp DhJ aueu aqt :epun 1s63nry oqt tE plos sprv\ xpmseeq u18r1n_

"'{ulrp req lel pup 'poolq s,1!\ollel!\s eplll e Suippe'up8e dnc aqt [U ueql 'tseol p ]oq 0^r3 pue ,raaq;o dnc e a1q1

u?Iuo1vle ul aAoI ue{€/v\e ol tloH

'a8eun oql urnq ueql 'slnoqearql roJ arpJ sJelql aql oos ueqr III^4 nof pue rale^\ qlr^{

Jef,nes aql lllJ uarlJ 'sJeuroJ lnoJ eql uo *xp1v\seaq uFllr olHl!\qtlm ateld e ot.raded aql uetseg .dn epls ueDIJ^t aql urru ueqt...

r

6L

'eraq sdols lxal lpul8lJo eql-

"'sIlIqll^\ qleep Ieurela luoJJ fllnJllnPaq os dn asor aH 'orerqlua

s,r{rey1 ul selvr snsa[ teqt poFad pup aull posselq e sprv\ tL,

3'u1paa1q dor oI

."'o{el pue -Jo^or!\oq

'spueqeJPq IPIIV\ J0Aeu-lv\OilP1v\S e e\vl pu€ lseu S,1V\OIIPA{S e ol oC

auo o11!o

'8urrro1,,{.ren aq U^\ oqs srqt Sur4urrp JaUV"'

I8

,;uaunJel ew

leu'W erp unqJg L, 4v

:asou erp sprolv\ eql Jlesll qsln8-ullxe ilr^\ erlJ 0r.II 'luels 1r e{pru pue uft\op roop 0q1{eelq

pue Sururnq sl lpql esnoq eql Jo Joop aql uo spJolv\ oseql etltd\

arg Su18etuep P dols oJ.

,,.JeqleJ JnoOJSUOUIU'UOrUy

';omod flq pup tslrqJ snsa[Jo orueu eql q Surpaalq srqtdols 'uregar pue anrt sr slqr tpqt arns eq 01puv 'par os poolq"'

-*

-l

t8

'JafPld s,pro'I aql ellJeJuaql ,,'hpds fyog aqt pup'uos'reqteJ aql] oatqtJo aruuu

aql q 'tulq punoq pue paddert seq snso[ 'lseJpeols spuels leqlIIaH ul uples elqlual aql a{ll'[aureu] Jo poolq aqt ilN puels,,

oDlo

_ r1:rdg f,1og aqt pue ,uo5 TeqleJ aql :d1rur41aqt

Jo arupu aqt ul 'lJ^\o passorc saldrcsrp ual srq pue snsaf a]aq 4

ilrts poots tua.unl arlt o)il 'fauleu] 3o Supealq eqt [!ts ag,,

poolqJo l!\ou B uIeJ oJ.

98

'uad l\au e rllll4 uanplv\ aq plnoqs splol\ esarlJ

,,'eldls urr8edl upa8e[

uua8en uua8egl uue8y,,

:asaw oJP spJol4, aql 'sacerd

raqlo eql qll^\ tq8lu pue Suturou erues eql oo 'eru eql uo

:aded aqr rlds r{palnb '8u1u;oru eqt ul 'pue Suluale eql ur qloolpeq oql uo acagd lstlJ erlt aceld uos.tad r1cls eql a^eH 'sacatd

eerql otq tr lnr uaql '.raded;o acayd e uo spro^L eseql allr A

aqJeqlool 3 JoJ

L8

['u1ed eql plno.{ os legerus 1oB p.rom eql se 'leql sp^4,3u1pue6

-repun o{I 'xx u renal aql urnq '(ep qtup oql uo 'sdep tq31a

JoJ penulluoJ sI sIqJ 'Jeilel ssol auo alurrrr lagea;aqt r{ep ,{rana

ueql 'qloolppq aqt uo.raded oqt aceld pue x snq1epu pro.tt' eql

qll^\ fep lsJu aql uets ';aded uo ueIIJlv\ orP spJo/v\ eseql 'uoll-plueJur snopa;d eql a{l'I 'eqlpqtoot p roJ sI uolleluetul sFII]

tuxxx xxu

'uel q qrlqa lsPI aql urnq,{ep qt6

uo puP 'sr(ep 8 Jo osJnoJ al{l ulpopnpuo3 eq fieqs Suppm qq1

XxX:gNxxuxeu

x leux eleux Islpux leleu

x qryleux nq{eleu

x snq[eleu

olllo

'8op e o1

u^,roJql s1,,e1d1g,, pJoA4, aq1,,'e1d1g ruo;o8a51 urora8af'uoJe8y,,'qlool peq

eqt uo lr aceld uaql ,{euou raded uo spJol\ Suprogog oql allJ A

ODTq

68

,,'leJ 'led '19u,

:spJolv\ eseql alrrlvl puE 30p r1ce1q e

uro4 poolq a4et nodJr sprer te no,{ teeqcn elq€ eq III^\ ouo oN

olilo

'ru;e gal rno,{punore pep eq ol seq pupq eql '3u1,(e1d are nod aure8 erlllr-

nor{ leaq ol elqe aq ruA{ ouo ou 'paSueq se^\ Jorql p qrHA,\ qll^\esoou e ;o acerd € tuo4 pupq e ;lasrnor{ e{pru ol elqe e.re nof ;1

saure8 eJIp pue preo Sulpretau

at

nL{

#

I6

"'ur ileeq Orn l\ es pue

rcqe Jo ilpeq arD ro lec alPlu {lelq e Jo ueoq eql reqlle a{el

olllo

'l1v\o poo^\ e Jo ueaq eql q1rl\4, auop

aq osp uer erues eq1 'sprpJ ro aJIp 3u(e1d ueq^\ {rnl o^eq

uaql [,no1'1rdur;e gal rnor{ Jepun alotu e Jo ileaq eql e]PId

s6

'ul^4,III^4, nof ueqJ. 'uosrod rnof uo ornxllueqr daq pup xpr!\ qll^\ ruoqt xrru pue s33e repueueps a{eJ

olllo

,,'r{llu1.trL or{l Jo erueu eql q 'nor{ lsule8e arue8

eql ul^{ 11,1,, :SUqqrueF al,nod uaq \;lasrno^{ ot ,{palnb ,{es

uoql 'trduue ga1;noz{ ur tr areld '{lls Jo acald uaar8 'lr\eu p"'

fr*;; a!:

;,:i..,.

% #reet&;.'1t,, Hb#,{o.r!"*

96

'peru{ 0q ueJ 11 lPql os ruls puels 1l e{Eru pue IPluIuP ue uleJlser ro rapulq oJ-

"'eql lser pue looJ uel rnof rapunqlJee Jo seqJurd eeJql e{ul 'lseJoJ e qJsoJ no,{ ueqfi\ ,,'eleulw,,:r(es pue pJellqteq {lp^4, loop rnor{ go lno dals 1sl3 nor( uaqru

,ilIls pu€ls slpullue ro sprlq e{elu oI

,,'snJod'snxy'lsaN,, :poolq urvro rnor{ qlrl{ pupq rnor{ uo spJo1t4, eseql ellrd\

olllO

L6

""oB auo prlrp eql tal pue onll looqs 'sleturue eaJrll eJp eJeql JI'oB uroqt la1 'eerql areds lnq 'luel\ nor{ r{ueu s€ looqs 'slerulup

,{ueur eJe eJoql JI ,,'XVA XWIyV o,, :s[Il ,(es pue .ra8ug rno.(qllr!\ ueqlle lurod 'sprulue ro spJrq aas nor{ ueq

^ 'da1s qcea

JoJ slql des pue asL!\{JollJelunot oltJn p ur pJe {{Jeq sdels

aeJql {le^4. uaql ,,'lleH,, :ou4l qrea fes pup saull aalql lsnp"'

66

'qilou Jo uoprarlpoql ur alrl qcrq { 'sJa^\od pla aql o1 Suuag;o ue se palardJalul aq lsnu srql.

"'8ueq pue tq8lerls aq tsntuJaded oql 'Jaded Jo olerd p uo ellJ A ,,'pn[p'I etueilos,, 8up(es

ellq^\ fe1/le 1r ^{oJql

pue JJo looJ ual eql tslr\Al 'looqs no,( prq e

SI ll JI ,,'dlue1;a31s qlul eqeH, :fes pue .qlJou aql pJe1/\ol 1Beu

Jo orerd oqt ^/\orql

'3e1tuor; Uel eql repun ruo4 learu go acard

aplll e lnr pue oJIu{ rnof a{el 'prulue ue Surlooqs rauv"'

IOI

Lg' IuSIUT JLI',2

xetu xp Jo eupu eql uI 1l m{ I lng 'leilnq,{u 1o apls

euo ol enotu ro 'dea1 'unJ ueJ spJrq lo Ieulue oN 'ue1qsv 1ol

-roN uorpN po8 aqr no,t ol reed\s pue arnfuoo [arueu] l)t L h

JI uO uenlJ^4,

Suyvrolo; eql qrll\ 'qcau rnor{ punorc peailry, {lrs peJ e uo"'

t0r

"'r{es pue 'asuuns le uns aql pJelv\ol dn 1r rvrorql 'up3 nor( se

reJ se qlrou aql pre^\ol tl ^{orql

pup plelJ e uo tno oB pue ule8epPaJql0q1 e{el uaql 'asr^qroltlelunot saull a0Jq1punorp

tl uru pue auolspurr8 e Jo elpprur aqt ul tl oleld 'pperql ouo

upql aJou ou s,lr Jr uele 'saqlolJ s,JeUIrp aql Jo acard e a1q1

lcqqp B dots oI

90I

,,'etuPu s,ll^ao eql q ,Otueu

s.llloq eql ul 'aurpu s.ilneo eql q ,peeJrp rcEu slql su^rr4,o

oqlv\ uosJed s1ql uJnlal 'aru eJoJeq InaO nor{ qg,, :unleqoJd'pesnJ

-uoc eJa^\ ar1 JI se urc8e oruof, II,eq uaqJ .satull aoJql srql...

iff

r#&*{#-'*q ,*,ffiuu\ t {. {/""-/.t* , *',ry fr i*t&*w

L0t

""ilPeqlee^\s Jaq se nofa{et ueql [,oqs pue 'ln8 e ssr{ nof ueq^,r qlnou Jno,( q euols

peJ eql lnd fepsJnql p uo ulKop sao8 uns eql Jeue sJnoqollu popallot eq plnoqs sauols aql 'ellq \ euo pup '{lelq auo

'pal euo :lseu sll q sauols aeJql seq d\olle^4,s e leql uenrJ^{ sr lI

nod eAoI ot IrtF € roc

60r

,{sdapda :ssau{lls 8uq1eg-

,(em r{ue ur pps aq JOAeu [,nof pue 'euols alnlfi\ oqltf,ue1.'ssou{tls 3uq1e3 erll tuo4 ooq eq oslp [,nof pue ,ueurorvr

,(ue ,(q peJnpes oq Jelau gzn no,,{ 'euo {Jelq er4l f]reJ nod g...

f.:

71utt.tt#//V "i

g#i'** ;

ttt

'bOtt ur de.m:op 01 palnpoJtul) sr(ep uanala dq read aq1 pe8ueqr teqlJ"puepl uelro8arg aql 01 uolllsupJl aqt s1;eru ^,{e6 s,lauruns ma51 'y1 pdy-

""tetJe Suluroru aql euop

oq lsnlu ll uoql 'feq s,raruuns /v\eN or{1 uo euop lou sl ll JI'8urra;go euo aneq lsnu oH 'poJrJrJlps aq,,{eur ll os 's1v\ol llerus

aqr Jo auo ot lps eArS lou op lng .'deo s.leluruns r\eN uo paJ

uooq aAPq.(aqt aro;aq s^\oJ eql 01 uo^rS pup llps ra^o peer eq

plnoqs srql 'referd s,pro'I aql peer ueql ,,'llrrd5,{1og oql pue

'uos eql laqleJ eql pog :&luu[ eqlJo olueu aql ul 'EIInre["'sAor.(ru ilnq upl tpql Suuilue roJ pue 'pueq s,q]ll^\ aql pu€

'srvrelc Jeaq 'qleel sJlor\Alsure8e peloJd 'pupq u1 ,{ar1 aql qql:oranbuor 'dn aslg 'Joop [els s,JolJIA eql 'eeu{ lseJ€ep s,dJew

ufr4 arp eJoJeq 'arnlsed uaar8 eql 01 tlepol srvroc r(ru o{ut L

sJEaq

pue sellofir lsule8e reaz( slql s/vtoo Jnof JoJ uollJeloJd

Ttttt)'

:, j1,.,"' .'- el

ttI

'u1v\omlun sl apuesal8nJ uauow*

'll q aleleq oql\ asoql JoJ *'epuesapng ualrow r{g'urueqord

'splurue eql Joerpr sarlel leqt uosrad aqr,{q ppeJ aq tsnu uollsluelq sHI"'

9tI

'8ur1urofsrp ro 3u1qo1ar1s ,(q ulpll e aleplnu 01

pauSlsep selvr lI 'seturl l€Aarporu ul pasn lueunJtsul arn1rq e : (afals) Iaeq1\-

"'r\.es puP pJefqJJnqJ e luo4 euoq uPunq P o{ql

nof uo eAIJql JeAeu ru/!\ aJII oS

'Jpodd?srp 111rvr,,{aqt ueql 'oJp slulluJe^ orll elaql\

{JPJI IIe/v\ e Jo IIeA/\ aql q ll les puP .leeqM e uo{ JaAIIS e a{q[

s8nqpeq Aerrre e^Up oI

'loqolp eql {ulrp luorl?d aql lal uaql 'sdep ueel

-rnoJ roJ Ioqotp Jo ilenb %utwe\4t de1 'acnu ,{qeq eo;qt ar1e1

s,ferrr rlloqorle slq aplse lnd q 'JIIoqorIe up roJ

LTT

'snouosrod tlsaty erc daql'suollroqeesnpJ 01 se8y eppllq eql q pesn Snrp u.trourl [a^r e aJelr sorJJeq.radrunf-L

'41€JIns uorr :loull^ **'ov a3ed uo atoulooJ aas.

'IunleqoJd

'8upse; ueeq s€q oqs roUP

ll Jo {urrp pue ilows leq lal 'uoql{oof, r'selrreq rodrunfa{gl

pt! e ruory JalsoJ e ladxa oJ.

'llo ._lolJll^ qllr\{ ureqlleof,

psaq e 01 aruof, u(1p1der aldoed uo sqllllor8 pue suoq leql os

-'sr(epeqerg oqo4l uo auoq e e{st tou op tnq 'seqtolr;nor{ u1 tl"'

6tt

o1vtJ. }Ioog Jo oNlI

'ueuol\ eql ol sselluJeq sI pue s11nsa.r pooS

,{rarr qlrm posn ueaq seq sUI 'uas ,{1p1d?r ueql lll^/\ qillq eq;,'ur pe{oor aram sFFa aql leqt rale^\ oql Jo s1n;uoods pazrs poo8

;o aldnoc e e{e1 'qceruols &dula p uo 'ueuroff\ aql anepl 's33a

peuoq-pr€q;o ,{cualslsuoJ eql 01 {ool lueql1a1 's33a o^u a{q[:JO

'parurequn eq IIIr!\ueuo^\ eql 'qlllqleue eqt ueql puP euof, 1112u dqeq aql uoos

'lea 01 uPruor!\ oql ol ll aAIg '1oo.r.,{pt allqd\ e;o sacatd o^41 e{ql

dplrpb uroq eq pm z(qeq

eqll€ql os loqel llnruJlp e Supreq q oq/v\ u€uo/lt e roJ

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

lzl

lPrD raprsuot o1vl uaqil\ a8uerls os lou sl sul 'sJaueq a41p4rdeseql ol tseJ plaq eldoad uouuot aq; 'crFeul ruro;red ol,(I[qe eqlroJ uJnlar ul Inep aql q lnos rno,{ [as q alqssod se^4,1r rcrq,pue,{racros lnoqp Aleu{ spnplllpul aruos teql peJurluoc r{1daep servr

c11qnd p.reua8 eq11€qt DeJ er+ o1 s1ulod Sulqfrana 'lle Jo tsrrdispuno.6 qJns uo papnuoc uosrad e pF ol ^{sea os 11 semr{ry\rr

,{err'r-roN ro3 3u1r1poo8 e 3u1eq

se .,{rolsrq ,{q uaas asrfi\Jeqlo sr oqll\ ht ueltslry sel aurl lpql1p Lltreuou aql 'rfeu pacrperd oq.rvr eldoad pue saqltr^4, pelleJ

-os 8u11eulruJalxe ut palsaralul ,,{lercedsa sel{ leql fqtJeuotu e Joasnmeq uaaq o^pr{ z(eu qq1 's00gl eql sp \ zftm-rog-r1-rpuuao JoJ

porrad lsro^,r aql 'adorng Jo eloqA\ aqt re^o a{sls eqlrc peurnq

era.l{ seqrllw'ooLI aroJeq 6n[ pue sa8y a1pplw aqt Fupnq'req aroJaq sqtuoru

^\eJ p 6n[ep; Irypearp arues fian leqt poreJJns

peq uos req tpqt uJeel osle elA 'UeJtqaL!\ pue.,{racros roJ e{slseql te uJnq q paruelues splv\ oq^,r ?B/s\O Sroqa8ul tsuyeBel;ressJ p saqrJJsep gzgl teatl.eql ruou lueumop ilnof, r{q]5uat v

',(ouaat1 mo1ncqp4t/b spunot?atll uo fiuo pasvq tlpap 01

pnuailDs Qln[un aJaM oq/vt awu Jaq wo4l'uawoa t(unw atqrtauo aq o1 pauaddotl ln{fuoqaFut 'r,^ty Dtuolg atq p 2p!s r2u10

aqt uo uo{?uuoqt1?tau D uo pa^ll at1g 'QTtuafpusny atq oj roj-snul tm n 'q&toua fiEupsanlu! ?asq7 Froqa?ul 'gzgI u! ayrysaqt p pazunq svtut oqlw aDwolut nfi runocca up st Eutuollo{aq1

gagl u] lv!.r) {rrtrn v

t22 Cbe Black Book d€luerum

the thinking of the enlightened few atthattime-the clergz serv-

ing as royal officials, bailiffs, and sheriffs-did not differ from

that of the general public. Incredible as it might seem, all witches

were judged according to the old Norwegian laws, royal decrees,

and often by "God's own law," the law of Moses.

The maximum punishment under the official law was given

to individuals who had magic skills. Bishops, ministers, bailiffs

and others had a special responsibility to perform these duties.

This law came into effect only eight years before the case against

Ingeborg 6kset.In order to getsome insight into her case, we will

take alook at the most important "evidence" that was submitted

against her.

In the first place, it has been documented that Ingeborg was

turned in by her own sister, Gulluf Krogsti of Lsten. Gulluf was

executed some time before Ingeborg was accused and pronounced

guilty of practicing witchcraft. It was assumed that witches were

in league with one another. In such cases, the accused had to

inform on others whom they knew to be witches. We must remem-

ber here that the accused were tortured in the most beastly ways.

This was all,legalized by statute in 1.677.

Something that proved to be much more serious for Ingeborg

was being "exposed" by her oldest son, Peder Lassesen. He was

condemned to burn at the stake on January 72, 1625. The charges

against him must have been especially grave in the eyes of the

authorities because it was not very usual to condemn a man in

this way. A man's life was viewed as being worth more than a

woman's. And should a man be punished in such a manner, he

was often handled in a more "humane" way. He would often be

beheaded before being burned at the stake, just like Peder

Lassesen. The thought behind burning at the stake was that the

'sill{s rloql Surorperd lnoqe pue tno aro^l saqolllvr

'seulslrql eroJeQ le8tu aqt pup ang sprulslrqJ uo ^(gulradsa'fetql penerleq spl\ lI 'uorssassod raq ut peq Sroqa8ul leql luau-lulo rlSBru p qll^{ u/!\op paqqru ueeq lsru peq slplulup eqr '31d u

3u1pp repad pue rpo8 e Supp Sroqa8ul Talseg eroJeq tq31u aqtelourg 01 raqlaSol uepplr peq ,(aqt r.ll reqtouv 'ru1q ol lenrJueeq s^{emp peq reqlou sH teql peluauuor aH 'rennq Sulurnqreng selulslJtlJ uo reqlou slq ssorJe euoJ ppq aq leqt paletsJapad 'seull lpJenes peJnlJol dltuaredde sBrvr aH 'lprrl s,Jeqlouslq ul paleadar sp/vr roJ pelrl uaeq ppq reped tprlla Jo ued

'ruop8urrl r{panueq eqlJoJ penps eq ueql plnol,r Inos eql 'peJJa SursueelJ e ppq seu€U

uoslollr) ropoor.ll Aqspsloy p4

t\l\.1 I

gZISaqLu;! 1v1.r2 {pr16,{

124 Cbe Bhck Book of €lperum

GMola was the local version of Brocken, the highest peak oftheHarz Mountains in Germany, where it was said that witches

would meet with the devil and hold their revels.

Furthermore, Peder stated that he had used witchcraft attheBAnerud farm, after taking advice from his mother on how todestroy Peder BAnerud's beer in the process of brewing.

Ingeborg had supposedly once interfered in what seems to

have been a small disagreement befween her two daughters-in-

law. Gunnor Ingulsdatter (Peder's wife) came to her mother-in-

law concerning a half pound of goat cheese that was owed her bySigrid Rolfsdatter. Ingeborg was so offended that she threatened

that it would be lean in the future with goat cheese. That verysame year Gunnor had lost all of her goats, an accident that was

supposedly due to Ingeborg's witchcraft.

Another charge that was disclosed against Ingeborg involved

a previous minister, Lawrits Kristensen. The clergyman had

accused her of having bewitched his son, Morten. The minister

died around 1610. The rumors surrounding Ingeborg must have

circulated some time before a public case was put into motion

against her. The minister's son had probably suffered from one

or another physical ailment-or more likely from some mental

defect. It was believed that such problems were due to witchcraft

being used on the afflicted individual.

It appears that Ingeborg's husband, Lasse Gudmundsen, triedto free his wife from these false charges of witchcraft when the

rumors began circulating. He had sent the Swedish-born Oluf VAI

from Amot to Sweden to get truthful evidence from a wise woman.

She was supposed to clarify Ingeborg's innocence. But Oluf came

back with the message that Ingeborg not only knew about the

Black Arts but was in factthe shrewdest of them all. Lasse @xset

was so furious that he took back a brass kettle with copper handles

.Burl aqtol potreJroJ eq Ipqs elplso Ipar pue 's8ur8uolaq ,{tradord raq pue'e{pr aql te 8u1urnq,{q afi roq q1r^r 8up(ed,{q paqsrund aq ilpqs aqs

'JEI paleJ-oMl e aq ol punoJ ueeq spq aqs asnptag 'speap aTlupll-slJqJun pue arre.6 Jaq JoJ Jenppqnull Sroqa8uy e)ueluas dqareq e6

:spPor 1p/s4g ranepslnuy 8toqa8u11surc8e eser

aql ul lueunrop unot eql Jo ged 1se1 eqt uor; ldrrcsuerl y'tgn8 s,Sroqe8ul lnoqp lqnop r{ue peq ueur papadsar IIa^A eseqlJoauou

"(lsnonqo 'ues{lJg sllN 'uelepn$o pup {rptupaH JoJJJIrer{s

s,dlsafew p,{oU s1q pup :apapuelddg ro; ueur,{rn['1lreDIp{S uaqrolltunrallg Jo JJIrar{s uaql 'uraleg p;enpa[ papnlcur tuasatd asoql'uaru ,,peJqlle/!\ pue elqpJnouoq,, oseql 01 uorlrppp uI 'pelsJp^H

lnuy pue ';a8rag uolJow'ra8;ag punupng 'ualag slrN 'uo{o-IsJOpuV ';a8reg aury '1aso[g p.renpa['ua8neg raddag 'pe1sfgwJapad 'ulloH pJoI 'ulnoH sllJne'I 'SuWantJoAIeH tes ,trnf aql uO'gZgI qlrew ul 0I# turpJ uo unoJ aql lp aceld r1oo1 Ielrl aql

'r€ll pateJ

-o^u e pelaqq sp1vl er{s 'stqt poruop JF/rcleqs uoq^{ puv'I^ep eqlqll^{ dlqsuollplar e 1o .&1nB se^{ oqs teqt 8uiles se poo8 se serv\

qql 'o8e arur13uo1 p ueeq per{ 1l teqt pere^tsue S;oqa8q 'il^apeql qll^A s8urleap ppq peq aqs oruls aurr13uo1rfian e uooq peq

1r Jr palsp eg 'uorle8orretq sU qlld\ {tlJt urelret e pprl 'uos{lrgslrN JJrraqs espr srqt ul ';olncasord eqt teqt sreadde osle tI

'raqloue 3u1d1aq qlllr\{ auo Jo espf, e 3u1eq se parrlacred

eq plnoJ II^ep aql ot Inos rloqt plos peq oq^{ uosrad pesnlJ? ue3u1d1ag &UnB aq ot pa8pnf.(pearle se^r pesn]le oql sar(a s,auo-rtrana u1 'd1aq oAIaJeJ ot pasnlJp aql JoJ llnJrJJrp ,(laruerlxa se,lll reql filou{ a^\ '0sl1v\-raqlo 'u1v\ourl lou sr Jlaslr lprJl eql Surrnppa^Pqaq asse'I A/\oH 'etupgodrur rcataJo 8ulaq se pazrseqdrua

dpealc sel\ pue Ielrl eql Surrnp setull IpJeAas pauolluau splr/\

lurod srql 'uepo/r S 01 dgt aqt 8ugr1ut loJ JnlO uanr8 peq aq tpql

9ZI9a9t ul lvl.l) qrrtdi\ v

726 C}'eblack Book of €luerum

En Rddslagning i Kvinne-Foreningen by Theodor Kittelsen

Her last chance for being acquitted was for twelve appointed

"honest, respectable, well-bred" women to take an oath together

with Ingeborg statin g that she was innocent. This was to have

taken place ten weeks later, when the case was scheduled to come

before the court.

The court assembled again on May 19, 1625. None of the named

women (Marit Strand, Sigurd Strand, Gjertrud Strand, Anne Grund-

set, Ase GArder, Anne Skulstad, Anne Hovin, Gro Opsal, Gro Lille-

hov, Oulo Loken, Tiora @sterhaug, and Bodil Skjefstad) were willing

to take the oath with Ingeborg. On the contrary, they emphasized

that they had always heard thatlngeborg was known for her witch-

craft, and this was also well known in Elverum's congregation.

II Yoqap&(g wruaLlg'usNsrs nNrvw-'o8e srear{ 0/t sa^lasruaql punoJ sreqleJoroJ Jno rlJlrl 4, ur sseu{Jep

pnlrnds aql Jo uorlplaner Ipursp e sl tunomp eloq \ slql 'asec due

ul lng ',,(epot auruJalep o1 alqlssodur sr repod uos Jeq pue lrrs\O

Sroqa8ul;o Sunualuas pue slplr1 eqt puqaq arro;8up1rp or{I'euu e se 3u1r1

oqt ot palleJroJ aq plno^{ seylredo.rd aseql 'eupu s,3u11 aql ul

-ele1se [sa] s,rurpJ e Supracuoc rne8req p a{UN ol dlunuoddo aqr

a4os plnol {aqt uaq1v\ ssaura8ea leer8 qlrrvr seseJ qcns a8eueur o1

SJJIIIUq puP sll.lreqs eql JoJ I€nsn rfia,r se.n 1l 'puPq reqlo eql uo'8roqa8u1 lsurc8e sa8;eqc sno

-lJas lsolu aql pelnporlul aH 'uesuelslJy slllnel pueJeleu qq;ed

oq1 q.rel-ur-uos aql se /\ uJol€s prenpaf leql elou ol8ut]saralutosp sr ll 'uorsnlluol snol^qo ue ot etuor sasod.rnd pcynerd IIe JoJ

uef, o/vr 'uto(g;o ralq8nep eql ol palJreu spln orll\4 uos e ppq 'lplroql ul requeu 'lsn[ e oslp se^\ oq^\ 'urelP5 prenpa[ JJIJeqs l€ql

^tou{ am uaq,\\ ('laspurug unfgol pa1r.reu sem aqg)

^apl-u1-re6lss,essp'I sp^\ Jalsrs snl Jr 'peJougg Japad ,{pug puP 1d\el-ul-sJal

-q8nep o,tu s,8roqa8u1 uaqt :raq InJTqBIJ eql 'uos JOr{ selvr lsotu-aJoJ puP lsnJ 'pe^Io^ul are^/\ sJequeru r{lueJ leJe^es leql ees uela.vr,'8;oqa8ul tsule8e eser slql 8u1u.racuo3 i,l11we1 a3rc1 e uFlllr\A

selndsrp eqt ur sloor str aneq Ipopro aloq,t.{ sql plnof, 'ureles

prenpaf ]aue JJrJaqs aql sPlv\ 'laspunrc u-rofg 'JaqloJq s,asse'I'lplr eqrJo atlds ur sgogl aqt Supnp arueuruord str uretar ol pa8e

-uPru /{guq les{o eq; 's.ree,{,(ueu roJ JJpeqs eql uaeq pPq rewPJ

slq lpqt peJ arll,{q palerlsuouep sI eruenlJul s,r(11ureg eqJ 'los{@

'luu.re18rq aqt Jo rau^\o pup neq ppq81.r eqt se/v\ ossp'I pupqsnq

s,Sroqa8ul alrlrlslp eql ul soluurpJ 1n;ramod tsoru eql Jo auo JoJaqueu e lsure8e espf, e rpns pnpuor 01 alqrssod lr servr rvroH

'arlsls eql le pournq oq plno^\ pesncre eq1. 'eruatuas Sulssed ut

eleilsaq lou plp a8pn[eqt 1UnF 11e papap 8;oqa8ul q8noqt uenfl

LZt9z9r u! ly!.rl qrrtA\ V

unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)

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uolpoJul a.,{a ue FOq oI'82puod s,raplnq P q r4stJ oL'LZ

s8ulpaeco.td pplpn[ UIM oL' 9Z

s8ulpaarord pycpn[ul^4, oI '92

soue8 aJIp pue spJeJ le ul^\ oL'bZJaAaJ U err].) oL'rz

eJU e tno lnd oL'zzeJU ? tno tnd oL'IZ

arleus p IuoU uostod aql uarlean4' oL'OZ

alDet ilnq louueJ srPeq pue se^Iolr{ leql os '6Islailnq plo^e oI '8I

saslurord uorJ JlesJnor{ aer; oL'LIgoordlallnq aq oI '9I

Sulperl uaq^\ ul^\ oI 'gIno.( le {Jeq l,uo1r^ sSop og '71

s1r,loJJP luoJJ uollJaloJd 'tI8uo;m loot{s lou oL'zI

rplt\ q parnldec 3u1eq tsup8e uolpetora 'I Ipeqotlr\4.aq 3u1aq lsule8u uolpatord '0I

esnoq e ut daals ol auor{rana JoJ '6

sJnor{ rno;-&uaru daals ol auoeuos JoJ '8

splurue s,Jeqloue paqllyv\aq s€q oq/v\ aas oI '/sseussaldaels esnel oI'g

qt8uarts ro; dleg'9stutds I^a erp 3u1go.t1uo3 '7

Jalql p q)tw ol slt.uds il^e eql ruor; d1ap1 'g

"l:,"fflTiJlliiilHil ;

suorlvluv)ul Io ts77

t30 Cbe Black Book of€luerum

29.To calm anger 23

50. To win in court 23

31. The magic from swallow stones 25

32. Make yourself invisible 25

33. To sleep for nine days 25

34. The skill of receiving and having luck with money 25

35. To protect hidden goods 27

36. To point out a thief 27 , 29

37 . To put a spell on a thief 29

38. Help for someone who is bewitched 29,3139.To heal an injury 3l40. Infections 37,3341. Protection against witches 33

42. To shoot accurately 33, 35

43. To see witches 35

44.Protection while observing witches 35,3745. A fishing prayer 3746. To get even with a thief 37 , 3947. To get even with a thief 39

48. To make a divining rod 3949. Casting a spell over a divining rod 41, 43

50. To be horny 43

51. Help to not shoot incorrectly 43

52. An ink that only lasts twenty-four hours 4353. Abortion 4554. Abortion 45

55. Abortion 4556. For a mare to give birfh 4557 . To start milk production after giving birth 4558. For the cows to come home at night 4759. To survive a bullet 47

t8I818,6L6L

6L ,LL

LL,9L9L,gLIL,69,L9L9'99't999'19I919'6969

99

99

99

99

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9,9

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6V

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3u1paa1q dots oJ,'06

oJIJ P dols oI '68

3u1poo1q dots oI '88

lxat alaldurcoul'L8nor{ anol ol uPtuo^A P JoJ '98

Jalql P Altuept oI '98

Jalql e lsute8e a8ualar aneq oI 't8

{rPq etuor J0lq1e e{PIu oI 't8uolols spr{ JOIqI e tpq^4, rlceq ta8 oL'Zg

Jalql e IPeAar or dtag'I8osnoq e q oruPp auor{rana e{Pru oI'08

pe{Jere 8ulaq tsule8e uoln)etord' 6L

selru{ pue sexe tsure8e qfuens 'sz

sqlvro;8 ro slroq rc1 dpg'11Surluneq uro.r; t14ds s,uostad e dols oL'gL

{rrrD r011nq e{eul oL'9Lsa{eus luou uollla]otd'v L

Sugueau ul\ou{un'tlun8 paxulf e xU oL'ZL

druaua rnor{ 3o pJolv\s oql ilnp oL'l Ltaltune8 aql SutuunJ ueql{ uon)aloJa'oL

eqJepPeq e asnPr oL'69qlFaq s,oArlPIaJ ;nor{;o olels oql A4ou{ oI '89

lueu8ard euoraq ot dpyl'79uoruoqY'99

mrl tuo4 uorpelord '99

a^ol ur peqJlrlv\oq sl oqA\ uos;ad e toJ'v9uoluoqv't9s8nqpag'79

rlloqorle ue roJ 'I9no,( anol ot 1.43 P roJ '09

suorlvtuvrulJo ts13

732 Cbe Black Book of €luerum

9l.To stop bleeding gs

92.Toothache g5

93. Toothache gT

94. Toothache gT

95. To win when playing cards or dice 8996. To win when playing cards or dice I 8997 . To win when playing cards or dice 97

98. To win when playing cards or dice 9I,9599.To win when playing cards or dice 95

100. To win when playing cards or dice 95101. To make birds or animals stand still gS, gT, gg, 101702. To stop a drifter 10J, 105103. For a girl to love you IOT, lO9104. Protection for your cows this summer l7l, 1,1J

105. For an alcoholic I1S106. To drive away bedbugs l1,s707 . So lice will never thrive on you I1S, 717108. For growths and boils llT109. Abortion I1T110. Help for a woman who is having a difficult childbirth 1lg

ttl

6I 'SJeAaJ

II '6 'SuUIoJluoJ 'slIJIds IIAg

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6Il' 'gb'slerulu€ pue aldoad 'squlg

6h' I t' 67' aldoad peqtlln/\ag

tI'uo]lJolord'paqclunag,l' ll'slPlulue paqJllrv\eg

gII'6h's8nqpag

Ig '69'8uraq lsute8e uoucalord 'pa88nur 'peIJenVgI 'uolpalord'smouy

' tll' III' Lb'9h' LI'all^pP IPluluV?,2'wleJ ot JaFUV

9II' 6h'l,t'lusloqollvLII '19 '6h '9h 'uoProqv

sllads Jo xaqul

734

Fire, 17, 19, B1

Fishing, 21,37

Cbe Black Book of€loerum

Gauntlet, running the, 55

Haunting,55Headaches, 53

Hulder,2lHunting, 13

Incomplete text,79Infection, 21, 31, 33

Injuries,3lInvisible, tobe,25Invisible ink,43

Jinxed gun, 53

|udicial proceedings, 19, 21, 25

Lice and other varmints, 3, 49, ll5, llZLove, 47, 77 , 79, 107, 109

Milk, in connection with nursing, 45Money,25

Poison, 17

Pregnanry, help to achieve, 51

Promises, to free yourself from, lT

Relatives, to know their state of health, Sl, Ss

Sexual arcusal,43Shooting, 15,33,35,45Sleep, 11, 13,25

9tl

L9,gr,.tt ,soqrrlM

69 'gI 'I I 'uolpeloJd 'JPM

99 'Sulueelu u^^ou{un

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69'll'ql8uarls99'SsIPUS

s1ad5 Jo xaqul

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