Blackberry Tissue Analysis Monitoring Nutritional Status in New Cultivars David H. Hardy for BRC...
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![Page 1: Blackberry Tissue Analysis Monitoring Nutritional Status in New Cultivars David H. Hardy for BRC Plant, Waste and Solution Section NCDA&CS Agronomic Division.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649c885503460f949414be/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Blackberry Tissue Analysis
Monitoring Nutritional Status in New Cultivars
David H. Hardy for BRC
Plant, Waste and Solution Section
NCDA&CS Agronomic Division
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Blackberry Acreage in NC
1999: < 100 acres
2002: about 150 acres
2006: SunnyRidge Farm, Inc., indicated desire to expand production by 5-700 A
Blackberry and raspberry
2009: about 400 acres
Future growth still expected
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Blackberries – Yum!!!
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Blackberry (Rubus)
Perennial root; biennial shoots
Primocane is vegetative; 1st year growth (no flowers or fruit)
Floricane is reproductive; 2nd year growth flowers, fruits then dies and is pruned out
Erect, semi-erect, trailing, semi-trailing
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New Cultivars Erect and semi-erect
Thornless
Different harvest times
Navaho, Ouachita (others include Apache, Chester, Hull, Triple Crown, Arapaho, Chickasaw, Kiowa & Choctaw)
Cultivars suited to NC are currently being developed.
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Cultivar Characteristics Navaho
Erect Univ. Arkansas Thornless Mid-late season Med-high yield Great postharvest
shelf life (PHSL)
Ouachita Erect Univ. Arkansas Thornless High yields Big berries, great
flavor Good PHSL
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NC State University, AG 697-W, 2008
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New Fertilization Practices
Currently, growers are more likely to spoon-feed soluble fertilizer through drip tape in addition to broadcasting or banding fertilizer.
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New Fertilizer Recommendations
For mature blackberries: 60–80 lb N Spring: drip a total of 50 lb N
15 lb N March 1 10 lb N March 15, April 1, and April 15 5 lb N early May
Post harvest: apply remainder of N Fall: no nitrogen; lime and non-
nitrogenous fertilizers as needed
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NCDA&CS Recommendations
Developed primarily for trailing blackberry
Provided micronutrient recommendations
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Current Lime & Fertilizer
Lime to pH 6.0
March: Apply 40 lb N, 40 lb P2O5, 80 lb K20
July: Apply 60–80 lb N
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Current NCDA&CS Sufficiency Ranges for Blackberry
(for trailing blackberry, primocane, mid season)
Nitrogen 3.0–4.0%
Phosphorus 0.2–0.6%
Potassium 2.5–3.5%
Calcium 0.5–1.0%
Magnesium 0.2–0.4%
Sulfur 0.2–0.6%
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Sufficiency Ranges from Clark NABGA (1997)
Developed for newer cultivars
Collected from the primocane in August (or 2 weeks post harvest)
30–60 most recently mature leaves
Nitrogen 2.4–2.9%
Phosphorus >0.15%
Potassium 1.0–2.0%
Calcium >0.5%
Magnesium >0.3%
Sulfur >0.13%
Iron >50 ppm
Manganese >50 ppm
Zinc >20 ppm
Copper >7 ppm
Boron 30–50 ppm
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2006
July, Bramble Production Workshop with SunnyRidge Farm, Inc.
November, Bramble Discussion with Gina Fernandez, David Hardy and Brenda Cleveland
Update recommendations for new cultivars and production practices
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We want big, sweet, berries with great shelf life
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How Should We Start?
Develop a baseline of plant sufficiency ranges
Focus on primocane, post harvest
Stabilized, stored N (Bernadine & Strik, 2008)
Follow with fertilization tests
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Plant Tissue Analysis—2007 & 2008
Canes (2) Growth stage (4) Cultivars (2) Locations (from eastern to western NC) Most recently mature leaves (MRML)
2007 Easter Freeze
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Cane
Primocane is vegetative; 1st year growth (no flowers or fruits)
Floricane is reproductive; 2nd year growth flowers, fruits then dies and is pruned out
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CSIRO Australia by peterb
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Growth Stages
Early (E): pre bloom
Bloom (B): full bloom
Fruit (F): ripe or harvesting fruit
Mature (M): 2 weeks post harvest
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Sample Type
Predictive – monitor nutritional status
Diagnostic – verify if problems are related to poor nutritional status
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LocationsCoastal Plain, east & west Piedmont & Mountain
Cleveland: 2 Commercial Growers
Granville: Oxford Tobacco Research Station
Henderson: 1 Commercial Grower
Lincoln: 4 Commercial Growers
Nash: 1 Commercial Grower
Rowan: Piedmont Research Station
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Cooperating Growers
Soil pH ranged from 6-6.5
Good fertilization practices
Tissue samples collected from healthy canes that were not stressed
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Samples Collected
Navaho Ouachita
Floricane Primocane Floricane Primocane
49 46 49 48
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Tissue Sample Results
Average macronutrients concentrations
(N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S)
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2008 Average Nitrogen
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvestGrowth Stage
% N
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
N>2.4-2.9%Clark 1997
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2008 Average Phosphorus
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvest
Growth Stage
% P
Navaho-P
Ouachita-P
Navaho-F
Ouachita-F
P>0.15%Clark 1997
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2008 Average Potassium
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvestGrowth Stage
% K
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
K>1.0-2.0%Clark 1997
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2008 Average Calcium
0.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
11.11.2
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvestGrowth Stage
% Ca
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
Ca>0.5%Clark 1997
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2008 Average Magnesium
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvest
Growth Stage
% Mg
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
Mg>0.3%Clark 1997
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2008 Average Sulfur
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvest
Growth Stage
% S
Navaho-P
Ouachita-P
Navaho-F
Ouachita-F
S>0.13%Clark 1997
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Summary & Direction
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Range (min/max) of Nutrient Concentrations in the Post Harvest Primocane Samples
Nutrient % concentration (baseline study)
Nitrogen 2.0-3.3
Phosphorus 0.13 – 0.26
Potassium 0.5 – 1.3
Calcium 0.3 – 1.0
Magnesium 0.25 – 0.50
Sulfur 0.13 – 0.20
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Average Nutrient Concentrations in the Post Harvest Primocane Samples
Nutrient % concentration (baseline study)
% concentration (Clark, U. Ark, 1997)
Nitrogen 2.4 – 2.9 2.4 – 2.9
Phosphorus 0.17 – 0.18 >0.15
Potassium 0.77 – 0.84 1.0 – 2.0
Calcium 0.51 – 0.68 >0.5
Magnesium 0.30 – 0.38 >0.3
Sulfur 0.15 – 0.15 >0.13
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In the Future Fertilization research
Develop soil fertility recommendations to optimize yield of new cultivars
Develop new plant tissue sufficiency ranges
continue baseline study (2009)
cultivars differences
which canes/growth stages predict fertilizer needs
fine-tune nutrient management