bk - GlobalSecurity.org · Provides an overview of NLW. b. Provides NLW system description/...

FM 90-40MCRP 3-15.8NWP 3-07.31

USCG PUB 3-07.31

NLWMULTISERVICE PROCEDURES

FOR THETACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF

NONLETHAL WEAPONS

OCTOBER 1998

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approvedfor public release; distribution is unlimited.

ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY

AIR LAND SEAAPPLICATION

CENTER

MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES

MA

RINE CORPSCOM

BAT

DEV

ELOPM ENT COM

MA

ND

FOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respectivecommands and other commands as appropriate.

WILLIAM W. HARTZOGGeneral, USACommanderTraining and Doctrine Command

J. E. RHODESLieutenant General, USMCCommanding GeneralMarine Corps Combat Development Command

G. S. HOLDERRear Admiral, USNCommanderNaval Doctrine Command

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PREFACE

employment of NLW during exercises andcontingencies.

b. The United States (US) Army,Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guardapproved this multiservice publication.

4. Implementation Plan

Participating service command officesof primary responsibility (OPRs) willreview this publication, validate theinformation, and reference and incorporateit in service manuals, regulations, andcurricula as follows:

Army. The Army will incorporate theprocedures in this publication in US Armytraining and doctrinal publications asdirected by the commander, US ArmyTraining and Doctrine Command(TRADOC). Distribution is in accordancewith DA Form 12-11E.

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps willincorporate the procedures in thispublication in US Marine Corps trainingand doctrinal publications as directed bythe commanding general, US Marine CorpsCombat Development Command (MCCDC).Distribution is in accordance with MCPDS.

Navy. The Navy will incorporate theseprocedures in US Navy training anddoctrinal publications as directed by thecommander, Navy Warfare DevelopmentCommand (NWDC). Distribution is inaccordance with MILSTRIP Desk Guideand NAVSOP Publication 409.

Coast Guard. The Coast Guard willincorporate the procedures in thispublication in US Coast Guard doctrinaland training publications as directed by theassistant commandant for operations,Director of Operations Policy, US CoastGuard. Distribution of this publication isin accordance with Coast Guard standingoperating procedures.

1. Scope

This publication describes multiservicetactics, techniques, and procedures (MTTP)for consideration and use during thetactical employment of nonlethal weapons(NLW) in support of warfighting personnelconducting training and tactical operations.This publication—

a. Provides an overview of NLW.

b. Provides NLW system description/interoperability.

c. Describes the capabilities of NLW.

d. Discusses training with the NLWcapability set.

e. Discusses the tactical employmentof NLW.

f. Discusses lessons learned fromprevious NLW use.

2. Purpose

a. This publication provides a single-source, consolidated reference on thetactical employment of NLW andsupporting systems on the nonlinearbattlefield of today. Additionally, it will fillthe void that currently exists about MTTPfor the tactical employment of NLW.

b. This publication is not intended torestrict the authority of the commanderfrom organizing the force and executing themission in a manner deemed appropriate.

3. Application

a. This publication providescommanders and their staffs unclassifiedguidance for NLW employment andplanning. Commanders and staffs can usethis publication to aid in the tactical

Marine Corps: PCN 14300005700

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5. User Information

a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NWDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application (ALSA)Center developed this publication with thejoint participation of the approvingservice commands. ALSA will review andupdate this publication as necessary.

b. We encourage recommendedchanges for improving this publication.Key your comments to the specific page andparagraph and provide a rationale for eachrecommendation. Send comments andrecommendation directly to—

Army

CommanderUS Army Training and Doctrine CommandATTN: ATDO-AFort Monroe VA 2365l-5000DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153

Marine Corps

Commanding GeneralUS Marine Corps Combat Development CommandATTN: C423300 Russell RoadQuantico VA 22134-5021DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234

Navy

Navy Warfare Development CommandATTN: N31540 Gilbert StNorfolk VA 23511-2785DSN 565-0563 COMM (757) 445-0563E-mail: [email protected]

ALSA

ALSA CenterATTN: Director114 Andrews StreetLangley AFB VA 23665-2785DSN 574-5934 COMM (757) 764-5934E-mail : [email protected]

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FM 90-40MCRP 3-15.8NWP 3-07.31

USCG PUB 3-07.31

FM 90-40 US Army Training and Doctrine CommandFort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3-15.8 Marine Corps Combat Development CommandQuantico, Virginia

NWP 3-07.31 Navy Warfare Development CommandNorfolk, Virginia

USCG PUB 3-07.31 US Coast GuardWashington, D.C.

6 October 1998

NLWMultiservice Procedures for the

Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF NONLETHAL WEAPONSBackground ................................................................................................. I-1Definition .................................................................................................... I-1Concept Description .................................................................................. I-1Background on Development and Employment..................................... I-1Relationship of NLW to Deadly Force .................................................... I-2Advantages of Employing NLW ............................................................... I-3Policy Per Office of the Secretary of Defense Instructions on Employment of NLW .............................................................................. I-3

CHAPTER II PURPOSE, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, AND ORGANIZATIONPurpose ...................................................................................................... II-1System Description ................................................................................. II-1Organization ............................................................................................. II-2

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CHAPTER III CAPABILITIES OF NONLETHAL WEAPONSApplicability Across the Range of Military Operations ..................... III-1Core Capabilities .................................................................................... III-1Limitations .............................................................................................. III-3

CHAPTER IV TRAINING WITH THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SETFundamental Concepts and Training Requirements .......................... IV-1Training of Instructors ........................................................................... IV-1Nonlethal Training Topics for Deploying Units .................................. IV-2Unit Training ........................................................................................... IV-4Leader Training ...................................................................................... IV-5Summary .................................................................................................. IV-5

CHAPTER V EMPLOYMENT OF THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITYBackground ................................................................................................ V-1Mission Planning Factors ........................................................................ V-1NLW Tasks ................................................................................................. V-2Staff Planning/Responsibilities .............................................................V-10Tactics .......................................................................................................V-11Employment Objectives .........................................................................V-13Environment ............................................................................................V-14ROE ..........................................................................................................V-14Logistic Considerations Including Maintenance and Transportation ..................................................................................... V-14

CHAPTER VI LESSONS LEARNEDBackground .............................................................................................. VI-1Force Continuum .................................................................................... VI-1Employment............................................................................................. VI-1Publicity and Media ................................................................................ VI-2Capabilities and Impact on Mission Accomplishment ........................ VI-2Knowing Your Adversary ....................................................................... VI-3Summary .................................................................................................. VI-3

APPENDIX A NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SET INDIVIDUAL ...................... A-1

APPENDIX B SPECIALTY IMPACT MUNITIONS ........................................................... B-1

APPENDIX C NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS INSTRUCTOR COURSE .......... C-1

APPENDIX D SAMPLE UNIT TRAINING SCHEDULE ................................................... D-1

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... References-1

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ Glossary-1

INDEX ................................................................................................................................ Index-1

FIGURES V-1 Bands of Employment of Various NLW Systems ..................... V-12B-1 No. 15-"Stinger Team" Grenade ................................................... B-1

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B-2 No. 40F-Foam Rubber Multiple Baton Round ............................ B-2B-3 No. 23BR-Bean Bag Round ........................................................... B-3B-4 No. 23HV-Rubber Pellet Round High Velocity ........................... B-4B-5 No. 23WB-Single Wood Baton Round .......................................... B-5B-6 No. 40B-Stinger Team Round ....................................................... B-6B-7 No. 23RP-Rubber Pellet Round .................................................... B-7B-8 No. 40W-Wood Multiple Baton Round ........................................ B-8B-9 No. 40A-Stinger Team Round ....................................................... B-9B-10 No. 23FB-Diversionary Device .................................................. B-10B-11 No. 23FS-Rubber Fin Stabilized Round ................................... B-11

TABLES IV-1 40mm Foam Baton Round ............................................................ IV-3IV-2 40mm Wood Baton Round ............................................................ IV-3IV-3 40mm Stinger Round (60 Caliber) ............................................... IV-3IV-4 12-ga Bean Bag Round ................................................................. IV-3IV-5 12-ga Wood Baton Round ............................................................. IV-4IV-6 12-ga Rubber Pellet Round .......................................................... IV-4IV-7 Stinger Grenade............................................................................ IV-4V-1 Crowd Control ................................................................................ V-2V-2 Incapacitate Personnel .................................................................. V-4V-3 Deny Area to Personnel ................................................................ V-5V-4 Deny Area to Vehicles ................................................................... V-6V-5 Deny/Neutralize Vehicles, Aircraft, Vessels, and Facilities .... V-7V-6 Seize Personnel .............................................................................. V-8V-7 Clear Facilities of Personnel ....................................................... V-9

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

NLW

Multiservice Procedures for theTactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons

No longer can force be viewed as either on or off (lethal force or no force) becausewhole spectrums of threats are present today. NLWs' options allow force to be viewed asa continuum. Much like a rheostat switch where power can be dialed up or down as desired,NLW provide tools to allow a commander to employ sufficient force to accomplish an objectivewithout requiring the destruction of an enemy or the habitat. The intent of employingNLW is not to add another step in the progression of escalation with an adversary but toadd another tool to use anywhere along that continuum. This publication provides initialguidance for the employment of NLW in a tactical environment.

Overview of NLW

Chapter I describes the concept of NLW and provides the background on developmentand employment of NLW. The chapter goes on to explain the relationship of NLW todeadly force capabilities. The final portion of the chapter reviews policy per Office of theSecretary of Defense instructions on employment of NLW.

Purpose, System Description, and Organization

Chapter II describes the purpose of NLW and gives a brief description of the currentlyavailable commercial or government off-the-shelf (COTS/GOTS) equipment and munitions.The chapter goes on to explain the currently anticipated distribution of nonlethalequipment for the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force units. The final portionof the chapter addresses personnel requirements, organizational structure requirements,and mission requirements/tactical structure.

Capabilities of NLW

Chapter III describes capabilities of NLW and missions across the range of militaryoperations. Additionally, a detailed discussion of munitions and nonmunitions capabilitiesis presented.

Training With the NLW Capability Set

Chapter IV describes training requirements, methods, locations, and a program ofinstruction currently available for NLW options.

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Employment of NLW Capability

Chapter V describes employment prerequisites, mission-planning factors, andpersonnel requirements needed to employ NLW options. The chapter also discussesemploying NLW as augmentation to lethal weapons and provides logistic and safetyconsiderations.

Lessons Learned

Chapter VI focuses on lessons learned from recent operations. The chapter discusseshow nonlethal technology has changed the way we look at our adversary, the forcecontinuum, mission accomplishment, and media interaction.

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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following commands and agencies participated in the development of this publication:

Joint

US Atlantic Command, J35/J75, JTASC, Suffolk, VAUS European Command, J3/J5, APO AEUS Pacific Command, J3832, Camp H. M. Smith, HIUS Central Command, J3, MacDill Air Force Base, FLUS Southern Command, SCJ5-PS, Miami, FLUS Space Command, SPJ5X, Peterson AFB, COUS Special Operations Command, JSOFI, SOFI-D, Fort Bragg, NCJoint Nonlethal Weapons Directorate, Quantico, VA

Army

Headquarters, Department of the Army, ODCSOPS (DAMO-FDT), Pentagon, Washington, D.C.US Army Training and Doctrine Command, DCSDOC (ATDO-A), Fort Monroe, VAUS Army Training and Doctrine Command, DCSCD (ATDO-MM), Fort Monroe, VAUS Army Infantry Center, DCD, Fort Benning, GAUS Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZN-MP-CBI, Fort McClellan, ALManuever Support Battle Lab, Bldg 3200, USAEC, Fort Leonard Wood, MOHeadquarters, 7th Army Training Center, APO AE 09114

Marine Corps

Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Joint Doctrine Branch (C427), Quantico, VAMarine Corps Detachment Military Police and Chemical School, Fort McClellan, ALSpecial Operations Training Group (G-7), I Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Pendleton, CA

Navy

Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command, Norfolk Naval Base, Norfolk, VA

Air Force

Detachment, Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center, Langley Air Force Base, VAHeadquarters Air Combat Command (SFXR), Langley Air Force Base, VAHeadquarters Air Force Special Operations Command (DOXT), Hurlburt Field, FLHuman Systems Center, Brooks Air Force Base, TX

Coast Guard

Commandant, US Coast Guard, (G-OPD), Washington, D.C.

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Chapter I

OVERVIEW OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS

1. Background

a. Today in an operational environ-ment, United States (US) forces regularlyperform missions that were almostinconceivable a few decades ago. In thisnew environment, firepower or the threatof its use may no longer be the defaultsolution to all crises or problems. Seniorleaders face a new level of publicsensitivity and scrutiny concerning theproper role of the military as an instrumentof national power. Field commanders mustunderstand these sensitivities and attemptto achieve measured military force. Juniorleaders must apply the resulting decisionswisely, often in situations filled withuncertainty and danger.

b. Throughout history, changes inculture and technology influenced thecharacter of military force and the mannerin which it is employed. These changes arean attempt to maximize the utility ofmilitary force in a new operational regime.Promising new nonlethal weapons (NLW)proposals represent advances intechnology. In the complex and changingpolitical and social domain of the modernworld, nonlethal capabilities may offer theopportunity to increase the utility of themilitary as an instrument of nationalpower.

2. Definition

NLW are defined as weapons that areexplicitly designed and primarilyemployed, at a minimum, to discourage orat most, incapacitate personnel or materielwhile minimizing fatalities and undesireddamage to property and the environment.NLW achieve these benefits by employingmeans other than catastrophic physical

destruction to incapacitate their targets.The term “nonlethal” should be understoodas a function of intent; zero mortality orpermanent damage are goals notguarantees of these weapons. NLW addflexibility to combat operations andenhance force protection by providing anenvironment in which friendly troops canengage threatening targets with limitedrisk of noncombatant casualties andcollateral damage.

3. Concept Description

Nonlethal capabilities may providearmed forces with the necessary means tocontrol the flow of refugees, enforcemandates, and protect themselves inconsonance with the specified rules ofengagement (ROE) for a specific operation.The food relief effort in Somalia is a superbexample where use of lethal weapons, withthe exception of force protection, wasinconsistent with the mission.

4. Background on Development andEmployment

a. Military forces have long usednonlethal force to influence behavior ofpeople and nations, defeat adversaries withminimum use of lethal capabilities, andweaken adversaries to defeat them withconventional arms. Examples of classicnonlethal means include a show of force;physical obstacles; noise to create orenhance psychological effects; smoke andobscurants to mask operations or defeathoming and guidance mechanisms; and lightused to disorient combatants. These classicnonlethal means will remain relevant infuture operations and are a part of anevolutionary process of weaponsdevelopment.

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b. Increased interaction between USforces and civilian populations has becomea feature of the contemporary operationallandscape that is likely to remain the casefor the foreseeable future. Two factorsaccount for this forecast:

(1) Worldwide patterns of popula-tion growth and migration have resulted inan expansion of urban culture within theestablished industrialized nations and alsoin many preindustrial and emerging ThirdWorld societies. The prevalence ofurbanization in many crisis-prone regionsof the world creates the potential for large,vulnerable groups of noncombatants to becaught up in volatile confrontationsinvolving the deployment of military forces.

(2) US forces increasingly operate inthe challenging environment known as“military operations other than war”(MOOTW); a category that includes suchmissions as humanitarian assistance,disaster relief, noncombatant evacuations,and the various types of peace operations.These operations commonly involve closeand continual interaction between US forcesand noncombatant civilians. Some MOOTWscenarios include the presence ofparamilitary forces, armed factions, orrogue elements that present a constant butuncertain threat to our forces. In thesesituations, the mission of military forcesincludes preventive tasks. In other words,US forces enhance mission accomplishmentby preventing individuals or factions fromcarrying out specified undesirableactivities, such as rioting, looting,attacking, harassing, or threatening.Sometimes, the adversary blends in withthe local population of innocent citizens.Other times, sectors of the local populationmay rise against our forces and becomeactive participants in acts of violence.Factional alignments, the level of violence,and the threat to mission accomplishmentmay change frequently and with little or nowarning. Under such circumstances, theidentity of our adversaries is uncertain andthe use of deadly force for purposes other

than self-defense may be constrained byROE or the judgment of the on-scenecommander.

5. Relationship of NLW to Deadly Force

a. The commitment of military power toresolve crises has traditionally involved theuse of deadly force or the implicit or explicitthreat of the use of deadly force. Militaryunits are trained, organized, and equippedfor this purpose. A force armed only withtraditional military weapons normally hastwo options for enforcing compliance:threats of deadly force and application ofdeadly force. This limitation creates acritical vulnerability that belligerents mayquickly discern and use to their advantage.

b. Nonlethal capabilities provide awider range of options that augment but donot replace traditional means of deadlyforce. The option to resort to deadly forcemust always remain available when thecommander believes it is appropriate to themission. The Department of DefenseDirective (DODD) 3000.3, “Policy forNonlethal Weapons,” 9 July 1996, statesthat “the availability of NLW will not limita Commander’s inherent authority andobligation to use all necessary meansavailable and to take all appropriate actionin self-defense.” The existence of nonlethalcapabilities does not represent thepotential for “nonlethal war,” andunrealistic expectations to that effect mustbe vigorously avoided. Noncombatantcasualties, to include serious injuries andfatalities, will continue to be a regrettablebut often unavoidable outcome whenmilitary power is employed, regardless ofNLW availability. This principle, “augmentdeadly force,” is fundamental to theplanning and execution of any operationwhere the employment of nonlethalcapabilities is contemplated.

c. ROE must be clearly articulated andunderstood to establish the role of NLW asan additional means of employing force forthe particular purpose of limiting the

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probability of death or serious injury tononcombatants or belligerents. Use ofdeadly force must always remain aninherent right of individuals in instanceswhen they, their fellow servicemen, orpersonnel in their charge are threatenedwith death or serious bodily harm. NLWadd flexibility to combat operations andenhance force protection by providing anenvironment where US forces canpermissively engage threatening targetswith limited risk of noncombatantcasualties and collateral damage.

d. Commanders and public affairsofficers must prepare personnel to addressmedia questions and concerns regarding therole of NLW. Operational experienceindicates that novel capabilities give riseto significant media interest. Personnelparticipating in interviews or briefingsmust be prepared to address the role ofNLW. They must make it clear that thepresence of NLW in no way indicatesabandoning the option to employ deadlyforce in appropriate circumstances.

6. Advantages of Employing NLW

NLW provide commanders theflexibility to influence the situationfavorably with reduced risk ofnoncombatant fatalities and collateraldamage. Some advantages follow:

a. They can be more humane andconsistent with the political and socialimplications implicit in humanitarian andpeacekeeping missions.

b. The force that properly employsnonlethal options gains advantages overthose who rely on lethal options alone,because the degree of provocation requiredto employ these options is substantiallyless. This advantage results in a moreproactive posture and quicker response aswell as a diminished likelihood of having asituation escalate to a point where deadlyforce is required to resolve the conflict.

c. NLW options are less likely toprovoke others; however, the use of NLWmay, in fact, provoke a negative response.

d. Demonstrated restraint greatlydiminishes feelings of anger and remorsewhen deadly force is required afternonlethal options fail.

e. NLW can facilitate postincidentstabilization by reducing populacealienation and collateral damage.

7. Policy Per Office of the Secretary ofDefense Instructions on Employmentof NLW

a. By Department of Defense (DOD)policy, all developmental weapon systemsmust be submitted for legal review andmust receive favorable findings before theycan be incorporated into the force. Thisreview includes examination forconsistency with applicable internationaland domestic laws, including the laws ofwar, various arms control treaties, andprotocols. US forces can be assured thatany NLW they are given have passed thiscritical test. Any legal restrictions onemployment will also be incorporated intoapplicable ROE.

b. Some capabilities, although designedto minimize fatalities and serious injuries,may have effects that could actuallydiscourage their use. Those based on thecontrolled use of pain, for example, couldprove distasteful to the troops employingthem, particularly when the target areaincludes children, the elderly, thehandicapped, or others subject to specialprotection within the context of ourcultural heritage. This concept of socialacceptability also extends to the domesticand international public. Just as the basicdecision to employ military force in defenseof national interests is usually a matter ofintense public concern, the manner inwhich that force is exercised is alsosubjected to the same scrutiny. Speculation

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as to the employment (or nonemployment)of NLW creates a geometrically expandingmatrix of options. As with all weapons theUS military uses, the effects of NLW mustbe generally acceptable to our society. Insome cases, the same considerations willextend to the larger internationalcommunity. For example, some NLWeffects could prove offensive to certainallies for religious or cultural reasons.

c. Neither the presence nor thepotential effect of NLW shall constitute anobligation for their employment or a higherstandard for employment of force thanprovided for by applicable law. In all cases,the US retains the option for immediate useof lethal weapons, when the on-scenecommander deems it appropriate,consistent with international law.

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Chapter II

PURPOSE, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, AND ORGANIZATION

1. Purpose

The purpose of NLW is to enhance theabilities of military commanders to conductmissions across the range of militaryoperations. Over the past several years,military operations have gravitatedtowards the lower end of this spectrum andhave involved US forces in missions, suchas peacekeeping and peace enforcement,where the ROE are inherently restrictive.NLW are designed to address the specialrequirements of this low-intensityenvironment. They provide tools thatenable the individual, team, or unit toanticipate and/or respond to provocationwith more appropriate means than throughthe use of deadly force. Essentially, NLWprovide US forces with a near-termcapability for effectively controlling thenontraditional battlefield, within theconstraints levied by ROE, by mitigatingcasualties and minimizing collateraldamage.

2. System Description

The services are procuring versatilepackages of NLW comprised of commercialoff-the-shelf (COTS) and government off-the-shelf (GOTS) equipment and munitions.Advanced developmental technologies arealso being explored for future pro-curements. In addition to addressingcontingency requirements, the services’NLW capability sets address trainingrequirements by providing limited sustain-ment training ammunition and appropriatesustainment training equipment.

The generic NLW capability setscomponents (Appendix A) can be dividedinto four distinct categories: personnelprotectors; personnel effectors; missionenhancers; and training devices. Personneleffectors are the NLW in the set.

•Personnel Protectors. Personnel pro-tectors include items such as faceshields and riot shields that protectthe individual from blunt traumainjuries inflicted by thrown objects,clubs, etc.

•Personnel Effectors. Personneleffectors include items such as riotbatons, stingball grenades, peppersprays, and kinetic rounds, designed to,at a minimum, discourage, or at most,incapacitate individuals or groups.

•Mission Enhancers. Mission enhancersinclude items such as bullhorns, combatoptics, spotlights, and caltrops. Theseitems are designed to facilitate targetidentification and crowd control.Additionally, these items provide alimited ability to affect vehicularmovement.

•Training Devices. Training devicesinclude items such as training suits,training batons, and inert peppersprays. They are designed to facilitaterealistic hands-on scenario training inpreparation for operations.

a. System Relationships and Inter/Intraoperability. The generic NLW cap-ability set is designed to provide aninfantry battalion-sized element withlimited, tactically deployable NLW.Fielding of this capability set enhances theoperation of systems and equipmentalready fielded and planned within thejoint community. The generic NLWcapability set components are compatiblewith military equipment that is alreadyfielded or planned for future use.Capability set munitions are either hand-thrown or can be fired from 12-gauge (ga)shotguns or 40 millimeter (mm) grenade

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launchers. Other items in the generic NLWcapability set comprise personal protectivegear and support equipment, such as gaslaunch adapters for the 12-ga shotgun. Inall instances, the components of thecapability set are technically unsophis-ticated and supportable with currentmilitary logistic capabilities.

b. Equipment Replaced. No equipmentis replaced by the generic NLW capabilityset. The operational intent of the capabilityset is to augment a battalion-sized unit withthe required NLW munitions andequipment to enhance its force projectioncapability. The NLW capability set isadditional equipment that will requireincorporation into lift and load planning.

c. Capability Increase. With the excep-tion of limited capability within militarypolice units, the services do not possess anorganic NLW capability. When fielded, theNLW capability set will provide US forceswith the appropriate weapons, munitions,and equipment to employ a range ofnonlethal options. NLW capability sets willaugment existing lethal capabilities. Theroles, missions, and quantities of existinglethal weapons systems are not replaced bynonlethal capabilities.

3. Organization

Organizational structure is not antici-pated to change as a result of NLWcapability sets being added to the inventory.

a. System Location/Distribution. Thegeneric capability set is intended toprovide an interim NLW capability to theUS forces for training and contingencyoperations. The locations and distributionprocedures for NLW capability sets havebeen planned for US Marine Corps(USMC), US Army (USA), and US Air Force(USAF) procurements but not for US Navy(USN) systems. The USMC will distribute14 NLW capability sets to the groundcombat elements (GCE) of the three Marineexpeditionary forces (MEFs). The USAplans to field company NLW capability setsto the active divisions and retain a limitednumber of sets as contingency stock. The

USAF is modernizing sets for security forceunits.

b. NLW Capability Set Composition.The USMC NLW capability set is comprisedof 33 components (Appendix A). Thirteenitems can be classified as ammunition oritems that have special storagerequirements and will be maintained atammunition storage facilities. Five itemsare classified as either serialized weapons,SL-3 components to weapons, or itemsinherently dangerous to others and will bemaintained in organizational armories.(Note: SL-3 is a USMC term to describeequipment that is secondary to the mainequipment, such as cleaning equipment,tripods, etc. The equivalent term used bythe US Army is basic-issue items list[BIIL]). Sixteen items are equipment-related items and will be maintained inunit supply warehouses. In all instances,these items will remain in appropriatestorage facilities unless issued for trainingor contingency operations. The sameprocedures remain true for units deployedaboard amphibious ready group shipping.Ammunition storage will be dividedbetween designated landing forceoperational reserve material (LFORM) andtraining ammunition storage compart-ments. Specific unit table of equipment(T/E) to be affected will be determined byMEF commanders.

c. Personnel Requirements. To date nochange or increase in military occupationalspecialty (MOS) codes has been determinedin order to field, operate, and maintain theNLW capability set. However, MEF specialoperations training groups (SOTGs) willpossibly require up to three additionalindividuals each to conduct appropriatetraining for Marine expeditionary unit(MEU) special operations capable (SOC)units rotating through the unit deploymentcycle. If these additions occur, con-sideration should be given to thedevelopment of another secondary MOS toaccommodate individuals who specialize inthe NLW area. Additionally because unitsother than MEUs are anticipated to train

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with and potentially employ NLW,individuals within other MEF organizationsmay also be identified as trainers. Thisaction may require an increase of manpowerwithin other structures, or it may lead tothe appointing of secondary NLW MOSs.Secondary NLW MOS instructor trainer isrecommended in the program of instruction(POI) for the NLW instructor course foundin Appendix C of this document. The USAwill not create any new MOSs but mayassign it as an additional skill identifier(ASI). The USAF will not create any newAir Force specialty codes (AFSCs) or specialidentifiers.

d. Mission Requirements/Tactical Struc-ture.

(1) The mission requirements andtactical structure pertinent to the employ-ment of the NLW capability set componentswill vary depending upon the type ofcontingency and subsequent task organ-ization of the employing unit. Missionrequirements, derived from commander’sguidance, should be satisfied through the

appropriate combination of lethal andnonlethal capabilities.

(2) NLW provide US forces with ameans of shaping their area of operationbeyond traditional verbal threats, “showsof force,” or risky riot control formations,and short of employing deadly force.However, it is imperative that US forcesretain the means and are ready to employlethal force in the event that nonlethalforce fails to achieve desired outcomes. Forexample, NLW employment may provoke alethal response from the adversary.Without the imminent threat of lethalforce, nonlethal munitions will prove to beless effective and possibly evencounterproductive. More importantly,denying US forces a lethal capability wouldplace them at unacceptable risk. Ifnonlethal force is employed without thethreat of lethal force, then the belligerentmay opt to exploit a perceived vulnerability.The use of NLW then becomes counter-productive, because it serves only toaggravate the threat and causes thesituation to deteriorate.

III-1

Chapter III

CAPABILITIES OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS

1. Applicability Across the Range ofMilitary Operations

The range of military operations hasvarious levels of combat “intensity,” andNLW provide one more option to deal withthe varying intensity. MOOTW may befound across the range of militaryoperations and often include situationswhere noncombatants are mingled with theadversaries or involved in acts of violence,such as rioting or looting. In suchcircumstances, NLW provide commandersthe flexibility to influence the situationfavorably with reduced risk ofnoncombatant fatalities and collateraldamage. NLW also provide a means bywhich to ascertain the intent of individuals/belligerents.

a. The need to reduce the risks ofserious injury to personnel is not limitedto crowd control scenarios. In militaryoperations on urbanized terrain (MOUT),some of the local civilian populace mayremain in an urban area in the midst ofbattle. The traditional solution to suchchallenges has been the implementation ofrestrictive ROE. Nonlethal capabilitiesmay provide commanders the flexibility toadapt a fluid approach to MOUT, whichallows their subordinates the freedom ofaction to employ appropriate levels ofmeasured military force to accomplish theirmission.

b. Another example of NLWapplications in MOOTW is in peaceenforcement. In these operations, NLW areused in an area denial role to separatebelligerents without resorting to deadlyforce. They are also used to supporthumanitarian relief organizations in

protecting food and medical distributionsites.

c. Current NLW provide a limitedcapability to address the range of militaryoperations. Ultimately, NLW will evolveto encompass other, more advancedtechnologies that will improve theiroperational effectiveness and expand theirapplications. For example, directed energyand acoustic NLW that are currently underdevelopment may provide the means toachieve this ultimate capability.

2. Core Capabilities

Core capabilities are those fundamentalcompetencies that enable us to achievedesired operational outcomes. In the caseof NLW, this equates to providing a flexiblemeans of response in order to protectfriendly forces and/or influence the actionsof potential adversaries and non-combatants. These goals can be achievedwithout resorting to lethal force and in amanner that will minimize collateraldamage. The core capabilities associatedwith nonlethal effects fall into two majorcategories: counterpersonnel andcountermateriel.

a. Counterpersonnel Capabilities.

(1) Nonlethal counterpersonnelcapabilities enable the application ofmilitary force with reduced risk of fatalitiesor serious casualties among noncombatantsor even, in some instances, among enemyforces. There are several specific nonlethalcounterpersonnel capabilities to beexplored. These include the means toinfluence the behavior and activities of apotentially hostile crowd, as well as the

III-2

capability to bring a mob engaged in a riotunder control. While there are manysimilarities in these two scenarios, eachinvolves unique challenges, which mayrequire radically different solutions.

(2) US forces require the capabilityto incapacitate personnel. For thepurposes of this document, “incapacitation”is achieved when weapons effects result inphysical inability (real or perceived) ormental disinclination to act in a hostile orthreatening manner. In keeping with theguiding principles for NLW, thisincapacitation should be readily reversible,preferably, self-reversing through thepassage of time. While the focus, at leastinitially, will be on capabilities that affectgroups of people, NLW will also providecapabilities to incapacitate individualswithout affecting those nearby.

(3) US forces require a nonlethalcapability to deny personnel access to anarea. This capability can include the use ofphysical barriers or systems that producephysical or mental discomfort to those whoenter the denied area. Nonexplosivenonlethal area denial technologies wouldlikely be exempt from the restrictionsapplied to conventional land mines. Thus,they can provide new possibilities forbarrier planning in any type of militaryoperation.

(4) US forces require a nonlethalcapability to seize personnel. This mayinclude some combination of technologiesinherent in other core capabilities.Incapacitation methods or the use ofentangling devices, such as those designedfor area denial, may aid in seizingpersonnel. This capability is intended toaugment lethal means used to capturespecified individuals, such as enemycombatants or persons who are inciting amob or crowd to violence.

(5) US forces require a nonlethalcapability to clear facilities and structuresof personnel. This application will

facilitate MOUT by reducing the risks ofnoncombatant casualties and collateraldamage while simultaneously minimizingthe advantages to an enemy who isdefending in a built-up area.

b. Countermateriel Capabilities.

(1) Nonlethal countermaterielcapabilities would enhance operations byrendering equipment and facilitiesunusable without complete destruction. Anonlethal countermateriel capability willenable the employment of military force todefuse potentially volatile situations undercircumstances in where more destructiveconventional military means might provecounterproductive. For example, pre-emptive strikes against troublesome,aggressive nations may be politicallyunacceptable when only conventionalweapons, with their attendant high risk ofpersonnel casualties, are involved. Withnonlethal countermateriel capabilities,however, an enemy’s ability to threaten itsneighbors could be curtailed with far lesspolitical risk by attacking only weapons ofwar and their supporting infrastructure.

(2) The joint NLW approach willfocus on three specific countermaterielcapabilities. US Forces require a nonlethalcapability to deny vehicles to air, land, andsea areas. This requirement applies towheeled, tracked, and surface effectsvehicles, as well as aircraft on the ground.Physical barriers or systems that artificiallyreduce the trafficability of terrain may beincluded in this requirement.

(3) US forces require the ability todisable ships and other maritime vesselsor deny their entry into targeted areas. USforces also require an enhanced ability todisarm personnel or disable maritimevessels to facilitate boarding.

(4) US forces require a nonlethalcapability to disable or neutralizeequipment and facilities. This capabilityencompasses a wide range of subcategories

III-3

limited only by the variety of the types ofequipment to be targeted. Some examplesare systems that alter combustionproperties of fuels or the viscosity oflubricants and systems that cause theembrittlement or decay of materiels. Inaddition, substances that attack rubbertires, gaskets, or hoses and those that actas adhesives or fusing metal parts are alsorequired.

3. Limitations

The limitations of NLW are conceptual,physical, and tactical. The conceptuallimitation is that political leadership andmedia personnel may misunderstand theappropriate applications of NLW across therange of military operations. The incorrectperception that NLW will allow wars andMOOTW to be prosecuted withoutcasualties may lead to conflicting

expectations between political and militaryleaders. These conflicts could result in USforces being vulnerable to misplaced orinconsistent ROE. All leaders, political andmilitary, involved in planning and executingmilitary missions must understand thatthere is no such thing as “nonlethaloperations.”

The physical limitations of currentNLW are their short range, brief effects,and the relative ease by which experiencedcombatants or belligerents can countertheir effects. The current NLW capabilityset can also be lethal if improperly applied.Tactical limitations include the loss ofmomentum or tempo that may occur duringthe transition from nonlethal to lethalforce. These types of limitations must beovercome by continual training andoperational experience, which will alsoinstill confidence in using NLW systems.

IV-1

Chapter IV

TRAINING WITH THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SET

1. Fundamental Concepts and TrainingRequirements

The successful accomplishment of anyoperation in which nonlethal measures areemployed requires extensive preparation,of which individual, unit, medical supportpersonnel, and team training are vitalparts. Training should be designed to giveindividuals an understanding of the entiresubject area and enable them to functionefficiently, individually, and as members ofa unit. This training must be intensive andrealistic. Training with the NLW capabilityset is critical if these weapons are to beemployed with confidence. The trainingflow should be—train instructors–trainstaff–train unit–exercise.

Initial unit training should not beconducted without qualified instructors.All nontype classified and COTS nonlethalmunitions cannot be fired without ArmyMateriel Command (AMC), Crane NavalWeapons, or Air Force Munitions Centerapproving the training course. Unitsustainment training should be conductedat a minimum annually.

2. Training of Instructors

Verbal communication skills, open-hand control techniques, riot controlagents, effects of impact weapons, and civildisturbance tactics, techniques, andprocedures (TTP) are areas trained tostandard at the Military Police School, FortMcClellan, Alabama. The Marine Corpsand the Army developed a Program ofInstruction (POI) for a Nonlethal IndividualWeapons Instructor Course (NIWIC). Thisis the only formal DOD nonlethal trainingcourse. The training requirements outlined

in the NIWIC represent the minimumtraining standards to be considered forinclusion in the development of NLWinstructors. Additionally, the US ArmyMilitary Police School is developing atraining support package that includes TTPfor small units, company level and below,in the use of NLW in riot/mob control.

a. The NIWIC is offered as a 14-dayresident course at Fort McClellan and as anonresident course instructed by a mobiletraining team (MTT). The NIWIC is a “trainthe trainer” program designed to providecommanders nonlethal instructors withintheir command. The commander can thentailor the nonlethal instruction to fitmission needs. The establishment of theservice-level NIWIC serves as an assurancemeasure giving the commander aquantifiable method of certifying nonlethalinstructors. Upon completing the course,graduates are qualified instructors withcertifications in communication skills,oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray, impactweapons, and internationally recognizedopen-hand control techniques. The USArmy will award an additional skillidentifier upon successful completion ofthis course.

b. NIWIC Program of Instruction.Appendix C is an extract from acomprehensive POI developed fromlessons learned during recent deploy-ments. Each annex within Appendix C hasa lesson plan complete with handouts andtraining aids. The intent of this POI is toproduce competent instructors, who willreturn to their unit with all the trainingmaterials and training aids needed to meetdifferent NLW training requirements.

IV-2

3. Nonlethal Training Topics forDeploying Units

The following 11 topics have beenidentified as essential training for unitsdeploying with nonlethal capabilities andare part of the NIWIC curriculum:

a. Force Continuum. The subcourse isan introduction to the federal forcecontinuum model as outlined by MarineCorps Order (MCO) 5500.6F, Arming of LawEnforcement and Security Personnel and theUse of Deadly Force (or other serviceorders). Levels of resistance, identifyingthe proper levels of force, and hownonlethal technologies affect forcecontinuum are the minimum topics thatshould be covered.

b. Crowd Dynamics/Crowd Control.The subcourse, an introduction to thedifferences between crowds, mobs, andriots, teaches the student basic crowdcontrol techniques that will be easilyapplied to various situations. The studentshould be familiarized with tactics andtechniques (as found in Field Manual [FM]19-15, Fleet Marine Force Manual[FMFM]1-3, FMFM 6, and TrainingCircular [TC] 90-1) but will also considernontraditional and small unit application.

c. Communication Skills. The sub-course is an introduction to the stages ofconflict management, verbal aggression,nonverbal communication, physicalaggression, physiological diversions, andproper mental conditioning. The first NLWskill an individual must have is the abilityto communicate. General A. M. Gray, formerCommandant of the Marine Corps, said, “Awarrior’s most formidable weapon is hismind.” The results of an individual’s mentalprocesses are evident through actions andwords, and the words and communicationskills in dealing with people are truly thefirst line of nonlethal options.

d. Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Train-ing. The subcourse is an introduction to theuses of OC/pepper spray and other riotcontrol agents. The student should have

an appreciation for decontaminationrequirements, storage, and shelf life of OC.Legal and tactical considerations will alsobe taught. All OC training should becertified by existing training programs thatinclude live agent training.

e. Open-Hand Control. The subcourseis an introduction to pressure-pointcontrol techniques, unarmed self-defensemeasures, weapon retention techniques,and other submission/restraint/searchtechniques. Handcuffing/flexcuffing shouldbe covered for contact team members.

f. Impact Weapons. In this subcourse,students are taught how to use the rigidstraight baton, collapsible straight batons,side handle batons, or riot control batons.

g. Introduction to Military WorkingDogs. The subcourse is an introduction tothe role of military working dogs and thepotential support available to forcesrequiring nonlethal force options (FM19-10, AFM 31-202).

h. ROE, Law of War, ConstitutionalSeizure. The subcourse is an introductionto the ROE, law of war, constitutionalseizure, and their relationships (DODD5100.77, FM 27-10, NWP 1-14M/MCWP5-2.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, and DAPamphlet 27-1).

i. Nonlethal Munitions and Employ-ment. The subcourse is an introduction tothe capabilities and employment ofavailable nonlethal weapons. When firingnonlethal munitions, transition to lethalmunitions for familiarization will follow.Students participate in live-fire exercisesas outlined in Tables IV-1 through IV-7.

j. Barriers/Physical Security Measures.The subcourse is an introduction to barriersand physical security measures available totactical forces. These measures comple-ment the use of nonlethal force or mitigatethe need for deadly force. An under-standing of proper emplacement of caltropand foam are recommended.

IV-3

Table IV-2. 40mm Wood Baton RoundFAMILIARIZATION TABLE

ROUNDS # TARGET GO/NO GO2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette 15m

1 E-Silhouette 10m

5 5.56mmTransition @ 10m

Table IV-3. 40mm Stinger Round (60 Caliber)

Table IV-4. 12-ga Bean Bag Round

FAMILIARIZATION TABLEROUNDS # TARGET GO/NO GO

2 E-Silhouette20m

2 E-Silhouette15m

1 E-Silhouette10m

55.56mm

Transition @ 10m


2 E-Silhouette 20m

2 E-Silhouette 15m

1 E-Silhouette 10m

512-ga 00 Buck/7 ½ Shot

Transition @ 10m


2 E-Silhouette 20m

2 E-Silhouette 15m

1 E-Silhouette 10m

5 5.56mmTransition @ 10m

Table IV-1. 40mm Foam Baton Round

IV-4

Table IV-6. 12-ga Rubber Pellet Round

Table IV-7. Stinger Grenade


2 E-Silhouette20m

2 E-Silhouette15m

1 E-Silhouette10m

512-ga 7 ½ shot/00 Buck

Transition @ 10m

k. Tactics. The subcourse is an intro-duction to tactics as outlined in Chapter V,paragraph 5. MOUT and tactics trainingrequires close leader involvement. USArmy Training and Doctrine Command isdeveloping training support packages thatwill include company level and below TTP.

See Appendix D for sample 9-day unit-training schedule covering these 11 topics.

5. Unit Training

a. The NIWIC is primarily designed toproduce instructors who will trainindividuals in the use and employment of

NLW. Collective unit tactical training is theunit’s responsibility; however, a 9-day NLWexample schedule based on NIWIC trainingis provided in Appendix D. Units shouldconduct collective training beforedeploying with NLW. Unit standingoperating procedures (SOPs) and tacticsmay need adjusting to allow for theemployment of this new equipment. All unitcollective training should include nonlethaloptions and decision making.

b. Simulation Training. The goal ofsimulation training should be to reinforcecurrent training courses. The Marine CorpsCommandant’s Warfighting Laboratory at


2Hand Thrown

E-Silhouette 20/40m

1Shotgun Launched

E-Silhouette40m

512-ga 7 ½ Shot/00 Buck

Transition @ 40m

Table IV-5. 12-ga Wood Baton RoundFAMILIARIZATION TABLE

ROUNDS # TARGET GO/NO GO2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette 15m

1 E-Silhouette 10m

512-ga 7 ½ shot/00 Buck

Transition @ 10m

IV-5

Quantico, Virginia, has a computer trainingsimulation system designed to train smallunit leaders in the application of nonlethalcapabilities. Given a situation, missionstatement, and ROE, the student will equipand place fire teams to conduct checkpointoperations and react to stimulus/events ina three-dimensional (3-D) representation ofa MOUT site. Currently, there is a similarsimulation system at the Human SystemsCenter at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas,that can be used for tactics development ofdirected energy NLW. Also, the Air Force’sForce Protection Battle Laboratory atLackland Air Force Base, Texas, isestablishing a similar computer simulationfacility. Finally, the DOD is conducting anongoing effort to develop other computersimulation systems.

6. Leader Training

Commanders, unit leaders, and staffmembers also require NLW training beforedeploying. FM 19-15 covers all aspects ofcivil disturbance and is relevant inproviding guidance for the commander andstaff.

a. An understanding of the topicscovered in the NIWIC is recommended.However they should also possess an in-depth understanding of the ROE that mustbe implemented and enforced as well as thepolitics, culture, and demographics of thearea to which they are deploying. Becauseof the international attention that NLWreceive, junior troops as well ascommanders should also receive mediatraining. From the beginning, commandersshould involve their public affairs officersin NLW mission planning. Supply andlogistic staff members also require trainingin NLW maintenance and environmentalissues unique to the equipment beingdeployed.

b. Chapter V outlines seven taskswhere NLW are well suited. During

exercises both units and staffs should focuson six of the seven tasks: crowd control,incapacitating personnel, area denial toboth personnel and vehicles, seizepersonnel, and clear facilities of personnel.Disable/neutralize vehicles/aircraft are noteasily trained tasks during exercises. Thislist is not all-inclusive and should bemodified based on mission, enemy, terrainand weather, troops and support available,time available (METT-T).

c. Whenever NLW are employedduring training, lethal capability mustalways be in place. Troops must always beprepared to protect themselves as requiredwith a lethal response because it isimpossible to accurately predict theresponse of an individual or mob.

d. Leaders, medical personnel, publicaffairs representatives, and personnel fromthe Staff Judge Advocate (SJA) office shouldbe involved in exercises when possible. Thiswill give the medical personnel a betterunderstanding of OC decontamination andthe possible injuries they may encounter asa result of NLW employment. The publicaffairs and SJA specialists also need tounderstand how these new tools areemployed in order to better advise thecommander on media matters and ROE.

7. Summary

In summary, here are some real-worldlessons captured from recent conflicts thatshould never be overlooked or assumedduring training:

a. Never apply a NLW in a situationwhere deadly force is appropriate.

b. Never apply NLW in a situation thatwill place troops in undue danger.

c. Always cover a NLW weapon withdeadly force.

V-1

Chapter V

EMPLOYMENT OF THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY

1. Background

Fundamental to employing NLW is athorough understanding of the forcecontinuum. As stated before, nonlethalcapabilities provide a wider range ofoptions that augment traditional means ofdeadly force but do not replace them.Nonlethal alternatives allow a commanderto increase and decrease the amount offorce applied to accomplish a mission. Theforce continuum is generally continuous andseamless, yet a careful examination revealsfive broad categories listed below:

a. Threats. The force continuumbegins with threats. These can be eitherimplied or expressed. An implied threatmay be manifested through presence byforming into riot control formations, fixingbayonets, or donning gas masks. Anexpressed threat occurs when a commandermakes known the consequences of defiance.

b. Denial Options. Denial options areusually placed in highly visible areas andare often marked with placards. Examplesmay include concertina, caltrops, barbedwire, foams enhanced with OC (pepperspray), or other obstacles.

c. Munitions that Cause PhysicalDiscomfort/Incapacitate. Munitions thatcause physical discomfort but fall short ofinflicting trauma include flashbangs,

tear

gas, and OC. Although the discomfort orinjury may be substantially less thanconcertina,

the employment of these options

require a decision to intervene. Factorssuch as training, discipline, prejudices,emotions and judgment all play a part intheir application and require their use tobe viewed closely and judiciously.

d. Munitions that Inflict Trauma.Munitions that inflict trauma will inflictpainful injuries that may last from severalhours to several days. These munitionsconstitute the upper end of nonlethaloptions within the force continuum.Examples might include batons, stingballs,beanbag, foam and pellet rounds.

e. Lethal Weapons. Lethal weaponsare the highest on the spectrum. Althoughthe particular conditions that merit deadlyforce should be described in the ROE,lethal options should always be regardedas part of the force spectrum and not asa separate option altogether. This avoidsambiguity and confusion as to when lethalweapons are authorized.

Nonlethal methods and capabilitiesmay include the use of common materialsand existing systems that were notdesigned as NLW, but they can achieve thedesired result of minimizing fatalities,permanent injury to personnel, andundesired damage to property and theenvironment. However, this chapter willlimit itself primarily to the use of weaponsand components explicitly designed andprimarily employed under the NLWcapability. This focus is not intended tolimit the commander’s option to usewhatever is available to accomplish themission without lethality.

2. Mission Planning Factors

The fundamental principles of missionplanning are not changed by theincorporation of NLWs into a plan. NLWare intended as an operationalenhancement. The first concern of acommander is the successful completion of

V-2

the mission. ROE are critical in thecommander’s planning to determine theappropriate use of nonlethal and deadlyforce. The availability of NLW does notrelieve the force from its obligation todefend itself; therefore, it must be equippedand trained with both lethal and nonlethalmeans.

3. NLW Tasks

The NLW tasks were derived from thecommander in chief's and service's missionneeds statements. These tasks are—

• Control crowds.• Incapacitate personnel.

Table V-1. Crowd Control

• Deny an area to personnel.• Deny an area to vehicles.• Disable/neutralize vehicles aircraft, vessels, and facilities.• Seize personnel.• Clear facilities of personnel.

These tasks are further addressed in TablesV-1 through V-7. The tables are notintended to be all-inclusive but merely astimulus to planning. The equipmentlisted is taken from the currently availablesystems designed for nonlethal purposes.The user should not limit nonlethal optionsto this specific equipment and should beaware of the existing and emerging systemsto achieve the desired mission end state.

TASKSNLW PLANNING

FACTORS EQUIPMENTEMPLOYMENT

CONSIDERATIONS NOTESCrowdcontrol

Admin/Personnel· SJA/claims

planning· Chaplain affairs· Casualty

notification· Detainee

disposition plan· PAO/media

planning· Information

dissemination

Support Equipmenta. Riot face shieldb. Full length riot

shieldc. Expandable riot

batond. Rifleman’s

combat optice. Portable bull

horn

· Distributed to troopsin advance

· Riot baton should beemployed only afterproper training

· Optic employed withDM to ID mob leaders

· Bull horn used forcommunicating withcrowd and to controlformations

· ROE needsto bestrictlydefined

· NLWoptionsrequirelethal coverfire

Crowdcontrol

Intelligence· IPB· Background on

country andculture

· Route/map recon· Sensor

emplacement foradvancenotification

· Information onmob leaders

· Patrols andLP/OPs

· Determine reasonfor the crowd

Kineticsa. 12 ga bean bag

roundb. 12 ga rubber

bulletc. 12 ga launching

cartridged. 40mm rubber

batone. 40mm wooden

batonf. 40mm stinger

grenadeg. Stun grenadeh. Flash bang

· Do not employ kineticsat less than 20 ft dueto possible fataloutcome

· Target area at 20-40 ftshould be center mass

· Head shots are notacceptable

· Kinetic rounds will notbe skipped fired

· Kinetics effectiveagainst selectedtargets and to disperseindividuals

· M203 and shotgun areNL complementary;M203 has low rate offire, area target;shotgun has high ratefire, point target

V-3

Table V-1. Crowd Control (continued)

TASKSNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESCrowdcontrol

Operations· Tactical

integration ofNLW and lethalfires

· FSE plans toinclude RCA

· Allocation of NLWmunitions

· Integration ofNLW fires andmaneuver

· Engineer barrierplanning

· Understandmission (denyaccess/disperse/monitor)

Riot Control Agentsa. OC dispenserb. Team OC

dispenserc. High volume

dispenser

· Disrupt/dispersecrowds

· Disperse RCAs to faceand eyes for full effect

· Employ snatch teamsto apprehendagitators

Crowdcontrol

Logistics· Distribution of

NLW supplies· Security of rear

area facilities· Resupply of NLW

munitions

Riot Controla. Xenon

searchlightb. Flex cuffsc. RCA markers

· Searchlightsdazzle/disorientindividuals (nightonly)

· Flex cuffs used foragitators

· RCA markers areused to markagitators for future ID

Crowdcontrol

· Procurement ofmedical supplies

· Hospital planning· Medic planning

for tactical units

V-4

Table V-2. Incapacitate Personnel

TASKNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESIncapacitatepersonnel

Admin Personnel· SJA/claims

planning· Media plan

Support Equipmenta. Riot face shieldb. Full length riot shieldc. Expandable riot batond. Rifleman’s combat optic

· Distributed to troops inadvance

· Riot baton should notbe employed to thehead

· Optic employed withDM to ID mob leadersand cover with lethalfire

· Commander needsto define incapacitationmission

· Public dissemina-tion of NLW musttake a balancedapproach socountermeasurescannot be rapidlydeveloped

· NLW options mustbe covered bylethal force

Incapacitatepersonnel

Intelligence· ID types of

insurgents anddemonstrators

· ID causes andfactions

· ID mobringleaders

Kineticsa. 12 ga bean bag roundb. 12 ga rubber bulletc. 12 ga launching

cartridged. 40mm rubber batone. 40mm wooden batonf. 40mm stinger grenadeg. Stun grenadeh. Flash bangi. M203 and shotguns

are NLcomplementary; M203has a low rate of fire,area target; shotgunhas a high rate of fire,point target

· Do not employ kineticsat less than 20 ft due topossible fatal outcome

· Target area at 20-40 ftshould be center mass



· Kinetics effectiveagainst selected targetsand to disperseindividuals

· M203 and shotguns areNL complementary;M203 has a low rate offire, area target;shotgun has a high rateof fire, point target


Operations· Prepare and

confirm ROEfor NLW

· Integration ofNLW anddeadly force

· Allocation ofNLW anddesignated unituse


Riot Control Agentsa. OC dispenserb. Team OC dispenserc. High volume OC

dispenser

· Disrupt/dispersecrowds

· Disperse RCA to faceand eyes for full effect



NLWmunitions

· ID specialstoragerequirements

· Resupply ofNLWmunitions

Riot Controla. Xenon searchlightb. Flex cuffsc. Chem markers

· Searchlights dazzle/disorient individuals(night only)


· RCA markers are usedto mark agitators forincapacitation


Civil Affairs· Collection of

civilian intel· Care of injured

personnel· Detention of

civilianpersonnel

V-5

Table V-3. Deny Area to Personnel

TASKNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESDeny area topersonnel



Support Equipmenta. Area lightsb. Area sensorsc. Night visiond. Access controle. Warning signs

written in hostnation language

· Ensure area is welllighted to includeperimeter

· Night vision devicesare generallyemployed outside theperimeter

· Positively ID accessedpersonnel

· Employ warning signsin native language

· Utilizeappropriatemedia to warncivilians awayfrom deniedarea

Deny area topersonnel

Intelligence· Terrain and map

study· Threat ID· Sensor

emplacementaround area

· IPB

Kinetics



confirm ROE· Integration of

NLW and deadlyforce

· Allocation of NLWand designatedunit use

· Determine scope ofmission.

· Determine accessprocedures

· Duration· Use of area

(friendly or totaldenial)

Riot Control Agents



NLW munitions· ID special storage

requirements· Resupply of NLW

munitions· Security of rear

area facilities.

Riot Control



civilian intel

Entanglementsa. Caltropsb. Tanglefootc. Barbed wired. Foamse. Concertina/razor

tape

· Disrupt/slow intrusionattempts

· Maintain suitablereaction force

· Channel passivetraffic away

· Use foam to covercaltrops

V-6

Table V-4. Deny Area to Vehicles

TASKNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESDeny area tovehicles



Support Equipmenta. Area lightsb. Area sensorsc. Night visiond. Access controle. Warning signs

written in hostnation language

· Ensure area is welllighted to includeperimeter

· Night vision devices aregenerally employedoutside the perimeter

· Positively ID accessedvehicles

· Commanderneeds to definedenial mission

· Utilizeappropriatemedia to warncivilians awayfrom deniedarea

Deny area tovehicles

Intelligence· Terrain and map

study· Threat ID· Sensor

emplacementaround area

· IPB· Traffic analysis

Kinetics



confirm ROE· Allocation of NLW

and designatedunit use

· Determine scope ofmission.


· Determinemilitary policerequirements

· Duration· Use of area

Riot Control Agents



NLW supplies· Be prepared to

evacuate stalledvehicles

Riot Control



civilian intel

Entanglementsa. Caltropsb. Tanglefootc. Barriersd. Organic

equipmente. Barbed wiref. Foams

· Disrupt/slow intrusionattempts

· Maintain suitablereaction force

· Channel passive trafficaway

· Use foam to covercaltrops

V-7

Table V-5. Deny/Neutralize Vehicles, Aircraft, Vessels, and Facilities

TASKNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESDeny/neutralizevehicles,aircraft,vessels,facilities



Support Equipmenta. Sensors to track

approaching vehicles,A/C, and vessels

b. Night vision equipmentc. Materiel handling

equipment d. Portable bullhorn

· Ground and watersensors can beemployed ifrequired

· Employment ofaerial or navalpickets

· Materiel handlingequipment requiredto evacuate vessel

· Commanderneeds to defineneutralizationmission

· Element ofsurprise remainsa critical factor inmissionaccomplishment

· Commanderneeds to developIFF procedures

Deny/neutralizevehicles,aircraft,vessels,facilities

Intelligence· Sensor

emplacement ifrequired

· Threat ID· IPB· Analyze target area

Kinetics



confirm ROE· Integration of NLW

and deadly force· Allocation of NLW

and designated unituse

· Determine scopeof mission


· Determine boardingprocedures (vesselsand aircraft)

· Determineapprehensionprocedures

Riot Control Agentsa. Marking agent

· Marking agents canbe used to mark avessel for laterinterception



NLW munitions· ID special storage


munitions· Determine vessel/

aircraft disposition

Riot Controla. RCAb. Xenon searchlight

· Riot control agentscan be used toincapacitate crewmembers

· Searchlights candisorient personnelor illuminate target


Civil Affairs· Collection of civilian

intel· Handling of

displaced civilianpersonnel

Entanglementsa. Caltropsb. Foamsc. Speed bumpsd. Nets

· Use caltrops todisable vehicle

· Use combination offoam and caltrops topreserve theelement of surprise

· Channel passivetraffic away

· Use nets to foulprops


Medical· Treating injured

civilian personnel

V-8

Table V-6. Seize Personnel

TASKNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESSeizepersonnel

Admin Personnel· SJA/claims planning· PAO media plan

Support Equipmenta. Rifleman’s combat

optic

· Optic employed withDM to ID personnel tobe seized

· Covers personnelemploying NL force

· Commander needs todefine seizure missionand strictly enforceROE

· Element of surprise iscritical for missionaccomplishment

· Speed is critical· Seizing personnel can

be surgical with specops personnel orconducted within acrowd to seize anagitator

Seizepersonnel

Intelligence· Target area analysis· IPB· Analysis of target’s

movement pattern· Deception and

psychologicaloperations planning

Kineticsa. 12 ga bean bag

roundb. 12 ga rubber bulletc. 12 ga launching

cartridged. 40mm rubber batone. 40mm wooden




· Targeted individuals at20-40 ft should becenter mass



· Kinetics effectiveagainst selected targets


Seizepersonnel

Operations· Prepare and confirm

ROE· Integration of NLW

and deadly force· Allocation of NLW and

designated unit use· Integration of NLW

fires and maneuver· Breaching and assault

planning

Riot Control Agentsa. OC dispenserb. CS

· Riot Control agents canbe used to incapacitatepersonnel

· Need to spray into eyesand face for full effect

Seizepersonnel

Logistics· Distribution of NLW

munitions· ID special storage


munitions· Transportation

planning

Riot Controla. Xenon searchlightb. Flex cuffsc. RCA markers

· Searchlights dazzle/disorient individuals

· Flex cuffs used forapprehension

· RCA markers are usedto mark agitators forseizure

Seizepersonnel

Civil Affairs· Collection of civilian

intel· Care of injured

personnel· Detention of civilian

personnel

Seizepersonnel

Medical· Medevac planning

V-9

Table V-7. Clear Facilities of Personnel

TASKS

NLWPLANNINGFACTORS EQUIPMENT

EMPLOYMENTCONSIDERATIONS NOTES

Clearfacilities ofpersonnel

Admin / Personnel· SJA/claims

planning· Chaplain affairs· Casualty

notification· PAO media plan

Support Equipmenta. Riot face shieldb. Full length riot

shieldc. Expandable

riot batond. Rifleman’s

combat optice. Portable bull

horn

· Distributed to troops inadvance

· Riot baton should notbe employed to the head

· Optic employed withDM to ID occupantleaders and providelethal cover fire

· Bullhorn used forcommunicating withoccupants

· Surprise is acritical elementfor missionaccomplishment

· Commandermust strictlydefine ROE

· Due to closequarter tactics,the force must beinstantly readyto utilize deadlyforce if required


Intelligence· IPB· Background on

facility, access,power plant

· Route/map recon· Background info

on buildingoccupants

· Determine anyoutside supportfor buildingoccupants

Kineticsa. 12 ga Bean bag

roundb. 12 ga rubber

bulletc. 12 ga launching

cartridged. 40mm rubber

batone. 40mm wooden




· Targeted personnel at20-40 ft should becenter mass



· Kinetics effectiveagainst selected targetsand to disperseindividuals

· Stun grenade effectscan be amplified inbuildings

· Visibility will bereduced once kineticsare employed


· Use of RCAgreatly reducesvisibility

· Use RCA onnoncombatants


Operations· Tactical

integration ofNLW and lethalfires

· FSE plans toinclude RCA

· Allocation ofNLW munitions


· Determineassault andbreaching plan

· Plan forisolation offacility

Riot Control Agentsa. OC dispenserb. Team OC

dispenserc. High volume

dispenser

· Disrupt/disperse crowds· RCA should be applied

to face and eyes for fulleffect

· Isolate area topreventreinforcements

· Preparedisposition planfor clearedpersonnel

· Consider use offacility

· Prepare securityplan for clearedfacility

V-10

4. Staff Planning/Responsibilities

a. Administration. A staff composed ofthe G-1/S1, public affairs office (PAO), SJA,and others as needed is responsible for thelegal review of NLW employment and ROE.Additionally administrative personnel areresponsible for processing all civiliandetainees and claims that arise from NLWemployment.

b. Intelligence. The G-2/S2 office isresponsible for conducting the intelligencepreparation of the battlefield (IPB) processand providing information on theadversary’s culture, political stability, levelof dedication to the cause, motivations,leadership, capabilities, equipment, andtactics. The G-2/S2 should locate nativelanguage speakers to assist theinterrogator/translator team (ITT). Mapstudy is an important part of preparationfor the mission. Direct coordination withthe chaplain, public and civil affairs officers

Table V-7. Clear Facilities of Personnel (continued)

is required in preparation of a media planthat focuses on the different factions.

c. Operations. The G-3/S3 office isresponsible for unit training, nonlethalcertification of units, mission analysis,maneuver plans, and civil affairs planningwhen required.

d. Logistics. The G-4/S4 office isresponsible for logistics considerations,ship-to-shore movement of weapons andammunition, storage of equipment,resupply, transportation ashore, and othersupport requirements inherent in use ofNLW.

e. Communications Officer. The com-munications officer’s staff is responsible forinstalling, operating, and maintainingcommunication from units confrontingbelligerents to tactical operation center orcombat operations center.

TASKSNLW PLANNING


CONSIDERATIONS NOTESClear facilitiesof personnel


NLW supplies· Resupply of NLW

munitions· Plan for

transportation ofdisplaced civilians

· Plan facilitymaintenance orrepair

Riot Controla. Xenon searchlightb. Flex cuffsc. RCA markers

· Searchlights dazzle/disorient individuals


· RCA markers are usedto mark agitators forfuture ID

Clear facilitiesof personnel


civilian intel· Care of injured

civilians· Coordinate plans

for control ofcivilians

Clear facilitiesof personnel

Medical· Hospital planning· Medic planning for

tactical units· Procurement of

medical supplies

V-11

f. Public Affairs Officer. The PAOprovides liaison with outside media andparticipates in the staff planning process.PAO is also responsible for ensuring theNLW media plan and news releasesconsider the perceptions of the nativemedia and belligerents or adversaries.Public affairs personnel must receivetraining on NLW technologies, employmentand capabilities, acute and long-termeffects, impact on the environment, andlegal approval procedures (as a minimum)so they can respond to media and publicinquiries.

g. Medical. Medical personnel must betrained on NLW technologies and effects,as well as diagnostic and treatmentprocedures and prognosis for differenttypes of possible injuries/NLW effects. Also,they must be prepared to treat localresidents, noncombatants, and adversariesalike. At a minimum, medical personnelshould be trained on risks and potentialtemporary and or permanent effectsinherent in employing NLW. Medicalpersonnel should be familiar with and ableto provide decontamination of riot controlagents as well as administer antidotes incases of adverse reactions to riot controland other agents. They should be trainedto provide medical treatment for bruises,abrasions, and cuts associated withnonlethal impact devices. Additionally,they should be trained to handle blunttrauma incidents to organs, tissue, and orbones.

h. Chaplain. Chaplain personnelshould be prepared to provide counselingand religious services to both military andcivilian personnel. Additionally, theyshould be trained to provide the religiousand cultural background of the belligerentsas they relate to crowd control.

i. Civil Affairs. The civil affairs officeis responsible for planning andcoordinating all aspects of civil affairsactivities and providing assistance in

gathering intelligence from civiliansources.

5. Tactics

a. The following considerationsshould be included in the development ofunit tactical operations involvingnonlethal munitions:

(1) Avoid reconfiguring table oforganization (T/O)/table of organizationand equipment (T/O&E [USMC]), exceptfor special configurations:

(a) Special purpose teams.

(b) Attachments.

(c) Riot control formations.

(d) Provisional securityorganizations.

(2) Standardize T/O&E (TO&E[USA]) equipment and postures in unittactical standing operating procedures(TAC SOP). To add a higher volume ofspecialty impact munitions within squads,platoons, or units equipment may beadded as follows:

(a) Add nonlethal munitionsfor T/O&E M203s first.

(b) Add additional M203ssecond.

(c) Add shotguns last topatrols or first to static positions. Ifshotguns are added for patrols, add as anattachment or as miscellaneous billets.

(3) When loaded with nonlethalmunitions, the longer reloading time ofthe M203 is protected with overlappingcoverage from shotgun nonlethal fire.Nonlethal range cards should be made toassist in assuring safety distances aremet.

V-12

(4) Avoid long weapons in contactteams or with front lines of civil disturbancereaction forces with response times.

(5) Attempt to focus riot controlcapabilities in specialized reaction forces.

(6) Establish base line NLWpostures.

(7) Establish command relationsfor special units.

(8) Maximize distance and barriers.

(9) Use NLW range cards forstationary positions.

(10) Saturate force with availableOC aerosol consistent with ROE.

(11) Selectively use impact batons.

(12) Never accept unnecessary risk.

(13) Always mutually support withlethal.

(14) Develop immediate actionsdrills (Playbook).

(15) Inspect all 40mm nonlethalmunitions daily when deployed as thesemunitions are very susceptible to weatherconditions (moisture). In Bosnia, task forceeagle found that the 40mm round turnedextremely hard when kept in a coldenvironment.

Currently, nonlethal rounds are blackpowder burning and leave the shotgun andM203 barrels contaminated with residue.The recommended field expedient methodof cleaning is to flush the barrel with water.This operation frees the residue andenables the shooter to rapidly reengage thetargets. Figure V-1 portrays maximumranges of NLW systems that should beconsidered before employment.

b. Unit Weapons and AmmoConfiguration.

(1) Individual. When possible, donot change T/O or TO&E weapons.Designate individuals as nonlethalshooters. Nonlethal shooters should carrylethal munitions only for personalprotection. Lethal rounds should be carriedin a place to avoid confusing nonlethalrounds with lethal rounds.

Figure V-1. Bands of Employment of Various NLW Systems

6’ 20’ 50’

150’200’ 240’ 300’

100’

HandheldRCA

M33A1RCAdispenser

Handthrownstingball

- M203 Foam- Stinger grenade- Shotgun beanbag- M203 stinger

Shotgun launched stinger grenade

- Shotgunrubber fin

stabilized- M103 wooden baton- 40mm sponge

LVOSS

Shotgunflashbang

Claws

SABER 203

WIND

V-13

(2) Squad. Squad leaders shouldcarry stinger grenades and maintain theirT/O weapon loaded with lethalammunition. Ideally, the squad should notchange their task organization toaccommodate the addition of nonlethalequipment but should designate nonlethalshooters.

(3) Patrols. Commanders shouldnot plan a nonlethal patrol but should plana combat/security patrol with a nonlethalattachment, when mission dictates.Nonlethal attachments should carry only40mm nonlethal rounds. Carrying ashotgun limits the flexibility that theindividual has because of the time it takesto transition from nonlethal to lethal.Shotguns should be used only from a fixedposition where adequate coverage isavailable.

(4) Static Positions. Individuals onstatic positions should have their weaponsloaded with lethal ammunition.Additionally, they should carry nonlethalmunitions. Both shotguns and M203s workwell from static positions and should beused together when possible.

(5) Contact Teams. Contact Teamsshould be established before deployment.Team members should be trained inunarmed self-defense, open-hand control,and handcuffing/flex cuffing. Contact teamsshould be equipped with personalprotection gear, 9mm, and flex cuffs. Dueto the physical nature of contact teams, it’simportant not to arm contact team memberswith long rifles. If security for the contactteam is an issue, a security element shouldbe attached.

(6) Riot Formations. Riot controlteams should be established with aminimum response time. Because of thephysical nature of riot control, individualsin riot control formations should not carrylong rifles. Nonlethal attachments shouldfollow closely behind the riot controlformation. Lethal coverage must beprovided for this entire formation.

(7) Designated Marksmen. Duringa nonlethal engagement, the use ofdesignated marksmen (DM) providesconfidence and safety to those facing a riot.If a lethal threat is presented, thedesignated marksman who is in anoverwatch position and armed with astandard infantry rifle, mounted with ahigh-powered scope, can scan a crowd andidentify agitators and riot leaders forapprehension as well as fire lethal roundsif warranted. Additionally, they are ideallysuited for flank security and counter sniperoperations.

6. Employment Objectives

Innovative employment methods ofNLW and ingenuity take on criticalsignificance. Some options are so harmlessthat employment becomes the key factor inhow effective they are. Aqueous foam, forexample, is little more than soapsuds.Caltrops, although formidable to vehicles,are easily avoided or swept aside bypersonnel. However, when aqueous foamis used to cover the caltrops a synergisticeffect occurs. An adversary cannot crossthe foam because of the caltrops and cannotfind the caltrops because of the foam.

The countermeasures for thwartingvirtually all nonlethal options are usuallyapparent, quickly learned and readilyavailable. Because they do not kill,nonlethal options “teach” an adversarywhat to avoid in the future. Small unitcommanders must be prepared to keep onestep ahead of motivated belligerents.

Many nonlethal options have bothmaximum effective and minimum safetyranges. Individuals struck short of theminimum safety range often suffer severeinjuries or death while the effects of mostnonlethal devices are greatly mitigated atlonger ranges. In order to be effective, anadversary must be engaged within the“effective” zone beyond the minimum safetyrange and short of the maximum effectiverange.

V-14

7. Environment

A military unit deployed to an area willconduct operations in accordance withpresent doctrine. The environment maycontain both noncombatants andcombatants. Nonlethal capabilities providethe military force with tools to engageadversaries and minimize collateraldamage. These tools empower the militaryforce with the capability to influence theenvironment with nonlethal means ifrequired.

8. ROE

US forces follow directives issued bycompetent military authority that delineatethe circumstances and limitations underwhich deadly force will be initiated againstother forces encountered. Intrinsic to theeffective use of nonlethal options is theauthorization to employ them. In peace-keeping efforts, ROE serve as an essentialbalance between what is imposed and whatis allowed. ROE are the primary means bywhich the National Command Authorities(NCA) can, through the Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) and thecombatant commanders, provide guidanceto deployed forces in peacetime forhandling crises and, in wartime, to helpcontrol the level of hostilities.

a. ROE should be distinguished fromtactical control measures, threat conditions,and arming orders. Although arming ordersare sometimes listed on the same quickreference card as ROE, for easy reference,ROE should also be distinguished fromother policies and directives developed,such as weapons confiscation rules.

b. The decision to use NLW against anadversary during a confrontation should be

delegated to the lowest possible level,preferably to the platoon, flight, or squadlevel. However, this requires that allpersonnel, not just leaders, have a clearunderstanding of ROE and commander’sintent.

c. The use of lethal force, employedunder the standing ROE, will never bedenied. At no time will forces be deployedwithout the ability to defend themselvesagainst a lethal threat nor will they foregonormal training, arming, and equipping forcombat. Nonlethal options are a comple-ment to, not a replacement for, lethal forceand seek to expand a proactive responseacross the range of military operations.

9. Logistic Considerations IncludingMaintenance and Transportation

Munitions must be resilient anddeployable under all conditions. Nonlethalmunitions tend to degrade substantiallyfaster than conventional militarymunitions. A round that is effective in theheat of Somalia or Liberia may not work inthe snows of Bosnia, because of thedegradation of the round and itsemployment against people who are moreheavily clothed. Proper storage, periodicinspections, and rotation of NLWammunition are critical to maintaining theeffectiveness and viability of nonlethalmunitions.

Furthermore, most NLW are not typeclassified, that means they are notnecessarily certified for air or seatransportation without specific prepara-tion. Additionally, storage requirementscan be unusual for NLW and must beadhered to so they do not rapidly becomeunserviceable.

VI-1

Chapter VI

LESSONS LEARNED

1. Background

Though lessons learned fromemployment of NLW are still being studiedand impacts analyzed, it is beneficial to lookat the preliminary lessons gained from theNLW experience. These lessons are farfrom conclusive because US forces have yetto see the first large-scale employment ofthe NLW option. However, we can gaintremendous insight from the experience ofothers and use what has been learned toguide future NLW employment.

2. Force Continuum

The use of nonlethal options needs tobe based on the principle of a graduated andproportional response, using the minimumforce necessary to respond to the threat.

a. Attempts to legislate and regulateevery aspect of NLW employment canprove disadvantageous to the on-scenecommander. In Somalia, for example, theROE made an arbitrary and unnecessarydistinction between situations justifyingdeadly force and those which justified onlylesser means. Crowd control items wererestricted to situations requiring deadlyforce. Many soldiers, airmen, and marinesasked, why resort to nonlethal means at all,if I have to wait until deadly force isauthorized before I can shoot them with abeanbag? Additionally, the use of stickyfoam was limited to deadly force situationsbecause of the perception that adversariesmight suffocate from its application. Thisstipulation effectively eliminated stickyfoam as a nonlethal option to the forces inSomalia.

b. With ROE that take into account theforce continuum and encourage graduated

response to nonlethal threats, thecommander can employ NLW to enhanceflexibility, deterrence, and reaction touncertain situations. To accomplish themission with minimum loss of life andproperty the commander needs to haveROE that allows proper employment ofNLW.

3. Employment

Through use of modeling andsimulation and field exercises, newconcepts for employment of NLW arecontinually being developed. Training withNLW should be accomplished to the samedegree as for lethal weapons. In this way,units become confident when usingnonlethal options in a chaotic anduncertain situation. The decision to employNLW must be pushed to the lowest possibletactical level. Commanders who intend touse NLW in achieving military objectivesmust recognize the fluidity of the situationsin which they are likely to be employed.The decision-making cycle is short,stressful, and the level of violence can movein both directions along the forcecontinuum. In quick succession, a smallunit leader might employ nonlethalmunitions, then decide to employ deadlyforce to an immediate specific threat thatarises, then return to using nonlethalmeans in response to unarmed hostileelements.

In an operational scenario, a mixtureof nonlethal “tools” is advantageous. As thesituation develops, different nonlethalresponses can be applied with respect torange/distance capability and severity ofeffect. For example, to disperse a crowd,area fire weapons would precede use ofclose-in point target nonlethal munitions.

VI-2

An important point is NLW are just oneelement of a graduated response availableto the force commander. Other elements,short of deadly force, make up a largecontribution to the success of US forces,including barrier plans and psychologicaloperations (PSYOP). An example of thisoperation would be the use of barriers suchas roadblocks or concertina wire, warningcommands to inform a mob of potentialresponses based on their actions, and onlythen taking actions through escalatedemployment of NLW. These continuedresponses would involve smoke, riot controlagents, and blunt munitions. Everyescalation of nonlethal means should bepreceded by a specific verbal warning.

Whenever NLW are employed, aseparate lethal capability must always bein place. Troops must always be preparedto protect themselves as required by lethalmeans, because it is impossible toaccurately predict the response of anindividual or mob to NLW employment.

4. Publicity and Media

The media can be used to thecommander ’s advantage, as they willinform the local population of the military’scapabilities and responses available. InSomalia, the local media was informed ofthe marines’ nonlethal options and “newtechnologies” to discourage hostile actions.The media was encouraged to report thisto the population. Intelligence hadindicated the Somalis were planning to mixcivilians with armed clansmen, creatinghostile mobs. In fact, feuding warlordssuccessfully demonstrated this strategy onseveral occasions. Lack of deadly mobincidents implies that the Somalis were notanxious to test this new technology andpublicity had actually helped in missionaccomplishment.

The public dissemination of thepresence of NLW capabilities must strikea balance between information sufficient todiscourage hostile actions and information

that enables the local population to learnabout the capabilities of NLW. Too muchinformation allows adversaries to developcountermeasures or avoid the NLW effects.Commanders who employ NLW systemsmust include the PAO. From the beginningof planning, the PAO must be familiar withthe objectives of the mission, commander’sintent, ROE, NLW and lethal weaponsemployed and be prepared to advise thecommander on the best methods of dealingwith outside media. The commandershould fully integrate the public affairsplan with PSYOP objectives and theconcept of operations. Additionally, caremust be taken with native and westernmedia to ensure that the “sensationalism”of such a new technology does not createunrealistic expectations by which the on-scene commander may be unfairly judged.

5. Capabilities and Impact on MissionAccomplishment

The commander should understand theunique capabilities of NLW and use themto enhance mission accomplishment. NLWshould be used in consonance with theplanned employment of the force andwithin established ROE to minimize lossof life and property while accomplishingthe mission. The force requires earlyhands-on training to recognize thecapabilities and limitations of nonlethalweapons. (See Appendix D for a trainingplan developed to meet these objectives.)

Additionally, the force commander mustfully integrate planning for the use ofnonlethal options as quickly as possible inthe staff planning cycle. In order to have afull range of alternatives for use againstunarmed but hostile elements, nonlethalsystems need to be delivered; necessaryROE and legal review completed; andsufficient quantities of each NLW madereadily accessible to the force. The choiceof nonlethal capabilities should be based onseveral factors. First, are the NLW systemsavailable and can they be delivered on time?Second, are they compatible with, and do

VI-3

they complement existing weapons andtraining? Third, are there clear andunambiguous guidelines and ROE foremployment? Finally, can the NLW beeffectively employed to save lives andcontribute to mission accomplishment?

Technologies and capabilities that NLWbring to the battlefield must be recognizedto not represent a panacea of solutions. Asin Somalia and Haiti, insurgents anddemonstrators will find ways to avoid ordefeat the effects of NLW. When thisoccurs, the commander must plan for otheralternatives that capitalize on thecapabilities of this technology and employthem wisely.

6. Knowing Your Adversary

Although commanders desire thoroughintelligence of any potential adversary,such a goal may be difficult to reach in aNLW employment environment. In Somaliaand Haiti, a study of the local population’sculture, history, and customs enabled thecommanders to anticipate and control manysituations before they got out of hand. Onthe other hand, poor intelligence led to theHaitians and Cubans being billetedtogether in Guantanamo Bay. This situationled to riots between factions who had a deepdislike for each other. By understanding a

particular crowd’s motivation, friendlyforces may be better able to take necessarysteps to prevent the escalation that mayresult in the use of deadly force. Earlytraining in crowd dynamics and riot controlwill enhance the effective use of NLW.

7. Summary

The wide range of military operationsin which US forces are involved hasdemanded the introduction of NLW into thearsenal of weaponry available tocommanders. NLW provide a graduatedand proportional response to threats posedby a variety of adversaries. The ROE mustbe consistent with the rapidly changingsituation of today’s chaotic and uncertainmilitary operations. This reality demandsa high level of training in the properemployment of NLW.

Effective use of NLW involve a synergybetween PSYOP activities, intelligencegathering, and professional media/publicaffairs plan. NLW's effectiveness isenhanced through integration of theseactivities to reduce the chance anadversaries will be able to develop effectivecountermeasures. NLW, when combinedwith lethal weapons, provide thecommander with a force response across awide range of military operations.

A-1

Appendix A

NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SET INDIVIDUAL

Item Description

The following information describeseach of the 33 components of the NLWcapability set currently being pursued bythe US Marine Corps. Comparable setsare being pursued by the other services.

1. Riot Face Shield

The requirement exists to provideindividuals facial protection from thrownobjects. The face shield must belightweight, adaptable to the currentpersonnel armor system for ground troops(PASGT) helmet, transparent, scratch-resistant and nonreflective .Themechanism for attaching to and detachingfrom the helmet should be simple,uncomplicated, and requires a minimumof tools in the field. It should be adjustableto an up-and-down position. When in thedown position, it should resist foggingcaused by the wearer ’s body heat andrespiration. When in the up position, itmust lock in place to prevent either partialor inadvertent employment. Further,considering the added weight to thehelmet, a more robust helmet suspensionsystem should be considered to keep thehelmet more squarely on the individual’shead.

2. Full-Length Riot Shield

US forces require a full-length shieldfor protection against hand-thrownmissiles and physical assaults byindividuals, crowds, or mobs. It should beconstructed of a lightweight (not greaterthan 20 pounds), durable and flameretardant material. It should be no smallerthan 36 inches long by 20 inches wide. Itshould provide for an ambidextrous gripand have sufficient padding to protect theforearm from impact shock. It should bewell balanced, opaque, and provide a clear

viewing port, constructed of equallyprotective material, through which USforces can observe without exposing theirbodies.

3. Expandable Riot Baton with HolderCarry Case

US forces require the capability tostrike noncombatant antagonists beyondarm’s reach without using the stock orbayonet of their T/O weapon. The batonshould be employed in a manner commonlyused by law enforcement agencies to inflictand deflect blows and to apply submissionholds to noncompliant detainees. Theextended length of the baton, when in use,should be at least 24 inches. The baton, whennot in use, must be telescoping, collapsible,or otherwise capable of being stored in aholder not greater in length than 14 inchesand be easily attached to the marine’s combatclothing or equipment.

4. Riot Baton Training Suit

To hone their riot baton skills, US forcesrequire realistic hand-to-hand engagementtraining. This training is best providedwhere one marine, armed with a riot baton,is pitted against another who is outfitted ina protective suit constructed of heavy,durable material designed to absorb theblows inflicted by a riot baton. This suitshould provide all-around protection, fromhead to toe, without significant degradationof the wearer’s mobility.

5. Training Riot Baton

US forces require a training baton as anaid to hone their riot baton skills. This batonmust be of a design similar to the actual riotbaton but made of lightweight materials. Itmust be capable of being used in riot trainingscenarios against unprotected US forces toprovide realistic training without causing

A-2

impact injuries. Additionally, it must besufficiently rigid to practice riot batonsubmission and compliance holds.

6. Rifleman’s Combat Optic

The requirement exists to enhance theUS forces capability to acquire, positivelyidentify and engage targets with an M16A2mounted scope. This scope should notinterfere with the marines' ability to usetheir iron sights and should enhance theirability to engage point targets out to themaximum range of the weapon. The scopeshould have a reticle pattern to assist intarget location and target identification.

7. Portable Bullhorn

Squad leaders and above need thecapability to project their voices above thenoise and commotion created by crowdsand mobs. This will assist them incontrolling these masses and inmaneuvering their US forces. Thesebullhorns should be highly portable andeasy to carry when not in use. They shouldbe colored to blend with current combatequipment and must be powered bystandard batteries found in the MarineCorps inventory. Ideally, the system shouldconsist of a small transmitter that sendsthe transmission to a local receiver andspeaker system, thereby relieving themarines of the burden of carrying allbullhorn components on their person at alltimes.

8. High-Intensity Xenon Searchlight

US forces require a rugged,lightweight, hand-held, high-intensityspotlight for use during low-lightconditions. The unit must be capable ofaccepting 12 volt direct current (DC)electrical power and have a light output ofat least 6 million candlepower for aminimum of 90 minutes on a contractorsupplied rechargeable powerpack. Thebeam should cover a wide area and becapable of converging to cover relatively

small areas for long distance uses. Thehandle of the portable device must containthe on/off switch and focus control. Thelight beam should have capability to bespread at least 35 degrees for floodapplications and narrowed to a 3 degree orless pinpoint spot. The light must have a“pulse-strobe” capability to create atemporary “dazzling” effect that does notcause permanent impairment of vision.Additionally, the light must be equippedwith an 830 nanometer infrared (IR) filterfor use with image-intensifying devices.

9. Disposable, Double, RestrainingWrist/Forearm/Ankle Cuff

US forces require a means ofrestraining and controlling suspects,prisoners, and other individualsencountered during operations. Therestraining devices need to be disposable,flexible, nonmetallic, and of doubleconfiguration (that is, should havecapability to attach to an individual by asingle wrist/forearm/ankle, and then withthe same device to the opposing wrist/forearm/ankle, to another suspect, or to aninanimate object). The devices should beof sufficient width (approximately 1/2 inch)so as not to cause undue physical damageto the cuffed individual and have thecapability to be interlocked with otheridentical cuffs. The devices should be blackor lusterless in color.

10. Buttcuffs

A nylon or canvas device that attachesto the butt of the shotgun and holds not lessthan 5 shotgun rounds. The intent of thedevice is to make immediately available ashotgun round of the gunners choice forchambering without resorting to the moretime-consuming tactic of having to pull theround from a 25-round pouch.

11. Caltrop

US forces require a caltrop device to beused as a vehicle and pedestrian barrier.

A-3

The caltrop must be capable of flatteningpneumatic tires and be capable of inflictingpuncture wounds to the feet. The deviceshould be lightweight, “stackable,” and soconstructed to nest during storage. Nested,caltrops should occupy no more than 15percent of their deployed volume. Thecaltrop should cause immediate andcatastrophic failure of pneumatic tires.Additionally, the device shouldaccommodate deployment in a “chained”configuration to form a connective andflexible series. This configuration createsadditional damage and disablement oftargeted vehicles by wrapping around andreattacking an encountered tire.

12. Individual OC Dispenser With Carrier

The requirement exists to provide theindividual soldiers, sailors, airmen, andmarine the capability to defend themselvesat ranges not less than 10 ft with a highlyportable OC dispenser. The dispenser maycontain only food-grade irritants and maynot use flammable or ozone depletingpropellants. A Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) and documentation verifying thatall ingredients are food and drugadministration (FDA) approved must besupplied with the device. The dispensershould not exceed a capacity of 4 ounces(oz), must project a ballistic stream vice anaerosolized spray, and must contain not lessthan 10, 1/2-second bursts. Each individualdispenser must include a protective safetycover that encloses the actuator proper andallows for attaching the dispenser to themarine’s combat clothing or equipment.Each unit should be individually serializedfor quality control tracking.

13. Team OC Dispenser With Carrier

The requirement exists to provide anindividual marine the capability to defendhimself or herself and members of the teamor squad from noncombatants at ranges notless than 20 ft with a highly portable OCdispenser. The dispenser may contain onlyfood-grade irritants and may not use

flammable or ozone depleting propellants.A MSDS and documentation verifying thatall ingredients are FDA approved must besupplied with the device. The dispensermust project a ballistic stream rather thanan aerosolized spray, and it must containenough OC material (not more than 20 oz)to yield at least 20 1/2-second bursts.Individual dispensers should have a pull-ring type safety pin that enables thedispensing of contents. Each unit shouldbe individually serialized for quality controltracking.

14. High Volume Output, High CapacityOC Dispenser

US forces require an OC dispenser thathas a greater range and capacity than thenominal aerosol units supplied forindividual use. The unit’s effective rangeshould be at least 25 ft via a ballistic streamrather than an aerosolized spray andcontain enough OC material (not more than50 oz) to yield approximately 25 half-secondbursts. The dispenser may contain onlyfood-grade irritants and may not useflammable or ozone depleting propellants.A MSDS and documentation verifying thatall ingredients are FDA approved must besupplied with the device. Individualdispensers should have a pull-ring typesafety pin that enables the dispensing ofcontents. Each unit should be individuallyserialized for quality control tracking. Thedispenser should be factory refillable.

15. Inert Individual OC Canister

US forces require inert canisters forfamiliarization and training purposes. Thedevices should emulate the live round inall respects; however, they should be loadedwith a nonirritant, nontoxic formulationpayload. Safety release, range, dispersalpattern, weight and balance, volumecontent, and number of “shots” per inertdevice should match those of live rounds.The devices should be prominently markedwith content and should be rechargeable atthe unit level. It is also desired that the

A-4

devices contain a nontoxic, water-solublemarker to allow immediate feedback oncontent delivery to target.

16. Inert Team OC Canister

US forces require inert team OCcanisters for familiarization and trainingpurposes. The devices should emulate thelive round in all respects; however, theyshould be loaded with a nonirritant,nontoxic formulation payload. Safetyrelease, range, dispersal pattern, weightand balance, volume content, and numberof “shots” per inert device should matchthose of live rounds. The devices shouldbe prominently marked with content andshould be rechargeable at the unit level. Itis also desired that the devices contain anontoxic, water-soluble marker to allowimmediate feedback on content delivery totarget.

17. Inert High Volume Output, HighCapacity OC Canister

US forces require inert high volumeoutput, high capacity OC canisters forfamiliarization and training purposes. Thedevices should emulate the live round inall respects; however, they should be loadedwith a nonirritant, nontoxic formulationpayload. Safety release, range, dispersalpattern, weight and balance, volumecontent, and number of “shots” per inertdevice should match those of live rounds.The devices should be prominently markedwith content and should be rechargeable atthe unit level. It is also desired that thedevices contain a nontoxic, water-solublemarker to allow immediate feedback oncontent delivery to target.

18. 12-Gauge Shotgun

This item will be redistributed withinthe Marine Corps by the commander,Marine Corps Systems Command, to meetthe required number of weapons percapability set in each MEF.

19. Double Zero (00) Buckshot

US forces carrying the 12-ga shotgunrequire a 00 Buckshot-loaded 12-ga shotguncartridge as a backup lethal capability totheir nonlethal munitions. A standard DODor law enforcement agency (LEA) issueround will fulfill the requirement.

20. 12-Gauge Flexible Baton StandardBean Bag Round

US forces require a cartridge fired fromthe 12-ga shotgun containing a lead shotfilled fabric bag. The round provides acapability to stun individuals withoutpenetrating the body. The lead shot filledfabric bag delivers a strong blow to the bodyand momentarily stuns the subject.Inclusion of a marking dye would allow theidentification of the targeted individualafter the engagement is over. The roundshould have a velocity at the muzzle of 300ft per second (fps). The diameter of theexpanded fabric bag should be 2 inches. Theround should have dimensions of a2 3/4-inch long standard 12-ga shell. Therounds should be prominently marked withtype of round. The markings should be bothphysical and visual to aid determination ofround type in low-light conditions.

21. 12 Gauge Rubber, Fin StabilizedRound

US forces require a 12-ga fin stabilizedrubber projectile round for use incontrolling and dispersing crowds andsubduing individuals. The projectile shouldweigh approximately 0.2 oz and becontained in a 12-ga shotgun shellapproximately 2.5 inches in length. Themuzzle velocity should be 500 fps, to yielda maximum range of 250 ft and a maximumeffective range of 100 ft. Fin stabilizationis required to assure a sufficiently smallcircular error probable (CEP) to allowsuccessful engagement of a particularindividual at maximum effective ranges.The rounds should be prominently markedwith type of round. The markings should

A-5

be both physical and visual to aiddetermination of round type in low-lightconditions.

22. 12-Gauge Inert (Training) Round

US forces require an inert 12-gastandard shotgun round for trainingpurposes. The inert rounds should matchthose of standard 00 buckshot-loadedrounds in all respects except live propellantand primer. The rounds should beprominently marked with type of round.The markings should be physical and visualto aid determination of round type in low-light conditions.

23. 12-Gauge Launching Cartridge

US forces require a 12-ga blank/launching cartridge to propel grenades andother specialty submunitions. The blankmunitions will be used in conjunction withthe appropriate launching cup (separatelydescribed below) to propel specificgrenades. Compatibility between thelaunching cartridge, the launching cups, thespecific grenade(s) to be procured and theMarine Corps standard 12-ga shotgunshould be assured. The rounds should beprominently marked with type of round.The markings should be physical and visualto aid determination of round type in low-light conditions. The overall length of theblank cartridge should be 2 inches. Theweight should be 0.5 oz and it shouldcontain 4.2 oz of propellant.

24. 12-Gauge Launching Cup

A 12-ga launching cup is required topropel specific grenades separatelydescribed. Compatibility between thelaunching cups, launching cartridge,specific grenade(s) to be procured, and theMarine Corps standard 12-ga shotgunshould be assured. The grenades to belaunched using this configuration aresimilar in all respects to the Number 15series. Blank munitions (described above)will be used in conjunction with the

launching cup. It should be durable, rustresistant, and resistant to deformationcaused by dropping, “hitting and rolling,”and other combat tasks. The mechanismfor attaching to and detaching from theshotgun barrel should be uncomplicatedand require only simple tools in the field.The capability to fire either lethal ornonlethal rounds with the shotgun whilethe launcher cup is attached must beretained. The launching cup diametershould be 3.3 inches with an overall lengthof 7.25 inches. Its weight should be lessthan 9 oz.

25. 25 Round, 12-Gauge Shell Pouch

This item must provide a means ofcarrying up to 25 12-ga shotgun rounds andmust securely attach to the marine’s combatgear or clothing. It should be made ofhighly durable material and be coloredeither green or blend with the color of thewoodland uniform. The pouch must beeasily accessible. Its carry should notinterfere with the individual marine in theconduct of combat tasks.

26. 40mm Foam Rubber BatonRound

US forces require a rubber baton-filled,40mm cartridge to provide standoffcapability in crowd control situations. Thecartridge should contain three rubberbatons in a 40mm cartridge case, length4 5/16 inches and 1 1/2 inches diameter. Thepropellant should be smokeless to minimizethe fouling of weapons systems. Muzzlevelocity should be 325 fps. The roundsshould be prominently marked with typeof round. The markings should be bothphysical and visual to aid determination ofround type in low-light conditions.

27. 40mm Wooden Baton Round

US forces require a wooden baton-filled, 40mm cartridge for use in controllingand dispersing crowds and subduingindividuals. The cartridge should contain

A-6

3 hardwood batons in a 40mm cartridgecase with a length of 4.8 in. The propellantshould be smokeless to minimize thefouling of weapons systems. The projectileshould have a muzzle velocity of 260 fps toyield a maximum range of 100 yards and amaximum effective range of 50 yards in“skip” fire mode. These rounds are notintended for direct fire at targetedindividuals. The rounds should beprominently marked with type of round.The markings should be both physical andvisual to aid determination of round typein low-light conditions.

28. 40mm Stinger Cartridge

US forces require a capability to fire adistraction round from the 40mm M203grenade launcher to disperse threateningcrowds, mobs, or to control individuals whoare resisting arrest or failing to heed callsto order. The round should have amaximum range of 100 ft. This will extendthe capability to control or distract crowdsat ranges beyond those which can beachieved with hand thrown devices. Theround should contain, as submunitions,approximately 24 rubber balls of an average60 caliber. The propellant should besmokeless to minimize the fouling ofweapons systems. Initial velocity of therubber balls at dispersal should be 325 fps.The maximum effective range of the rubberballs at dispersal is a radius of 50 ft. Anindividual round should have a diameterof 1.5 inches with a length of 4.8 inches.Weight should be approximately 4 oz. Therounds should be prominently marked withtype of round. The markings should be bothphysical and visual to aid determination ofround type in low-light conditions.

29. 40mm Carrying Pouch

Because the current M203 grenadeload-bearing vest is ill suited for carryingnonlethal 40mm munitions, a separatepouch is required. This item must providea means of carrying not less than six 40mmnonlethal rounds and must securely attach

to the marine’s combat gear or clothing. Itshould be made of highly durable materialand be colored either green or colored toblend with the color of the woodlanduniform. The pouch must be easilyaccessible and should not interfere with themarine’s conduct of combat tasks.

30. Sting Ball Grenade

US forces require a hand-held, hand-thrown grenade that disperses rubber balls,produces a loud report, and a bright flashof light. The grenade must have a 1-secondfuse delay. The rubber spheres are to bedispersed in a radial pattern with an initialvelocity of 700 fps. This grenade should alsobe capable of being launched from astandard Marine Corps 12-ga shotgunequipped with the 12-ga launching cupattachment and 12-ga launching cartridge.The grenade components, particularly the“spoon,” should be durable, rust resistant,and resistant to deformation caused bydropping, “hitting and rolling,” and othercombat tasks.

31. Inert Sting Ball Grenade

US forces require an inert sting ballgrenade for familiarization and trainingpurposes. The inert rounds should matchthe characteristics of the live sting ballgrenade rounds in all respects, except thatthey will be nonexplosive. Practice fusessimilar to those commonly used withtraining fragmentation grenades would beappropriate to provide realistic training.The inert sting ball grenades should beprominently marked “inert” to distinguishthem from live sting ball grenades.

32. Diversionary Device, Hand Thrown

For diversionary purposes, US forcesrequire a low hazard, nonshrapnel-producing device which produces anintense flash of light and an extremely loudreport with a minimal amount of smoke.The devices are required to provide a less-than-lethal means of temporarily dazzling,

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dazing, and subduing targeted individualsor groups before they can injure themselvesor others. The intense flash is intended tocause temporary blinding effects with nopermanent damage to the retina. The loudreport is intended to create a sensoryoverload which greatly diminishes anadversary’s ability to effectively react. Thediversionary device should be equippedwith a safety pull ring, a safety release lever,and a delay before final action of at least1.0 seconds. The device should not produceenough smoke to interfere with achievingmission objectives or produce anysubstantial fragmentation. It should havea low probability of initiating unintendedfire. The report should not be greater than185 dB at 5 ft and the light level at samedistance should be 2.0 million candela or

greater. It is also desired that the devicebe compatible with the launching cup andlaunching cartridge, separately described,as well as with the Marine Corps standard12-ga shotgun.

33. Sting Ball Grenade/Flash BangPouch

This item should hold up to 6 sting ballgrenades or 6 flash bangs and must securelyattach to the marine’s combat gear orclothing. It should be made of highlydurable material and be colored eithergreen or colored to blend with the color ofthe woodland uniform. The pouch must beeasily accessible. Its carry should notinterfere with the marine’s conduct ofcombat tasks.

B-1

Appendix B

SPECIALTY IMPACT MUNITIONS

Figures B-1 through B-11 are the Defense Technology product specification listings of themunitions included in the Marine Corps capabilities kit. All specifications are averages.Defense Technology is not the only producer of nonlethal rounds. To reduce the possibilityof serious injury or death, the following standards of employment are recommended:

Figure B-1. No. 15-Stinger Team Grenade

Construction ........................................Rubber ball grenade bodyDiameter .............................................. 3.1 in (7.9 cm)Length ................................................. 5.2 in (1 3.2 cm)Projectiles ............................................1 80 rubber balls (approx)Total Weight ........................................ 9.65 oz (273.6 g)Launchable..........................................YesExplosive Content ................................13.55 g

Submunition Specifications:Caliber ................................................. 32Pellet Hardness ...................................75 durometer "A" scaleExplosive Weight ................................. 0.28 oz (7.9 g)

Following the fuse operation, a 1-second delay separates the fuse assembly from the body with littleor no velocity. There is an additional 1-second delay before charge detonates. Rubber balls are thendispersed in a circular pattern of approximately 50 ft. This device may be launched. This device islaunchable from a 12-ga shotgun utilizing the No. 34 launching cup and the No. 35 launchingcartridge. As noted in the operation section, the fuse assembly separates from the grenade body beforedetonation. When launching the No. 15 stinger grenade, consideration should be given to the freefailing fuse assembly potentially striking an individual.

B-2

37/40mm - Designed for use in the M203

Diameter .............................................. 1.5 in (37/40mm)Length ................................................. 4.8 in (12.2 cm)Projectiles ............................................3 foam rubber batonsTotal Weight ........................................ 3.85 oz (1 IO g)Velocity ................................................300 fps (average)Maximum Range .................................100 ft (30.5m)Maximum Effective Range ..................50 ft (1 5.2m)Explosive Content ................................2.27 g

Submunition Specifications:Length ................................................. 1.5 in (3.8 cm) eachDiameter .............................................. 1.5 in (3.8 cm) eachMaterial ...............................................Foam rubberWeight ................................................. 0.60 oz (17 g) each

• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised due to the high possibility of afatal outcome.

• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.• Training should reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance

situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.

Figure B-2. No. 4OF-Foam Rubber Multiple Baton Round

B-3

12-Gauge

Diameter .............................................. 12-gaLength ................................................. 2.6 in (6.6 cm)Projectile ............................................. 1 single bean bagTotal Weight ........................................ 1.79 oz (59 g)Velocity ................................................ 280 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 150 ft (45.8m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 50 ft (1 5.3m)

Submunition Specifications:Size ...................................................... 2x2 in squareMaterial ...............................................Heavy cordurag nylon filled with

#9 shotWeight ................................................. 1.44 oz (41.0 g)

• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibilityof a fatal outcome.

• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.• This round is extremely effective against individually selected targets or subjects who demonstrate

violence or aggression. It is also effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civildisturbance situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.

Figure B-3. No. 23BR-Bean Bag Round

B-4

12-Gauge

Diameter .............................................. 12-gaLength ........................................................2.6 in (6.6 cm)Projectiles ............................................12 rubber balls (approx.)Total Weight ........................................ 0.56 oz (16 g)Velocity ................................................ 900 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 125 ft (38m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 60 ft (18.3m)Explosive Content ................................0.50 g

Submunition Specifications:Caliber ................................................. 32Diameter .............................................. 0.32 in (0.8 cm) eachMaterial ...............................................PVC rubber compoundHardness ............................................. 75 durometer "A" scaleWeight ................................................. 0.01 oz (0.25 g) each

• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised due to the high possibility of afatal outcome.

• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable. It

is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance situations andagainst subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against subjects lightlydressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the munition.

Figure B-4. No. 23HV-Rubber Pellet Round High Velocity

B-5

12-Gauge

Diameter .............................................. 12-gaLength ................................................. 2.6 in (6.6 cm)Projectile ............................................. 1 single wooden batonTotal Weight ........................................ 0.56 oz (16 g)Velocity ................................................ 950 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 100 yds(91.4m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 60 yd (55m)Explosive Content ................................0.50 g

Submunition Specifications:Length ................................................. 0.92 in (2.3 cm)Diameter .............................................. 0.62 in (1.6 cm)Material ...............................................HardwoodWeight ................................................. 0.11 oz (3.0 g)

• These rounds are designed for skip fire as opposed to direct fire and perform successfully from 10 ydto 50 yd. Performance will vary depending on angles of deflection and surface material and density(for example, grass versus concrete).

• When rounds are skip-fired consideration should be given to the angle of deflection as to ensure theround is striking the lower extremities.

• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbancesituations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.

Figure B-5. No. 23WB-Single Wood Baton Round

B-6


Diameter .............................................. 1.5 in (37/40mm)Length ................................................. 4.8 in (12.2 cm)Projectiles ............................................24 rubber balls (approx)Total Weight ........................................ 4.10 oz (117 g)Velocity ................................................ 325 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 100 ft (30.5m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 50 ft (1 5.2m)Explosive Content ................................2.27 g

Submunition Specifications:Caliber ................................................. 60Diameter .............................................. 0.60 in (1.5 cm) eachMaterial ...............................................RubberHardness ............................................. 60 durometer "A" scaleWeight ................................................. 0.08 oz (2.25 g) each

• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility ofa fatal outcome.

• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance

situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against subjectslightly dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the munition.

Figure B-6. No. 40B-Stinger Team Round

B-7

12-Gauge

Diameter .............................................. 12-gaLength ................................................. 2.6 in (6.6 cm)Projectiles ............................................15 rubber balls (approx)Munition Weight ................................. 0. 5 oz (1 4.5 g)Velocity ................................................ 400 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 100 ft (30.5m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 50 ft (15.3m)Explosive Content ................................0.32 g



• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round

becomes unpredictable.• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance

situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against subjectslightly dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the munition.

Figure B-7. No. 23RP-Rubber Pellet Round

B-8


Diameter .............................................. 1.5 in (37/40mm)Length ................................................. 4.8 inches (12.2 cm)Projectiles ............................................3 wood batonsTotal Weight ........................................ 4.6 oz (130 g)Velocity ................................................ 260 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 100 yd (91.4m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 50 yd (45.7m) skip-firedExplosive Content ................................1.62 g

Submunition Specifications:Length ................................................. 1.35 in (3.4 cm) eachDiameter .............................................. 1.35 in (3.4 cm) eachMaterial ...............................................HardwoodWeight ................................................. 0.77 oz (22.0 g) each



situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.

Figure B-8. No. 4OW-Wood Multiple Baton Round

B-9


Diameter .............................................. 1.5 in (37/40mm)Length ................................................. 4.8 in (12.2 cm)Projectiles ............................................175 Rubber Balls (approx)Total Weight ........................................ 4.10 oz (117 g)Velocity ................................................ 385 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 100 ft (30.5m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 36 ft (1 0.9m)Explosive Content ................................2.27 g


• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibilityof a fatal outcome.


situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used againstsubjects lightly dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of themunition.

Figure B-9. No. 40A-Stinger Team Round

B-10

12-Gauge (Aerial Distraction)

Diameter .............................................. 12-gaLength ................................................. 3.0 in (7.6 cm)Range ................................................... 55 yd approx (50.2m)Report ..................................................100 dB @ 50 ydExplosive Content ................................1 g

This 12-ga munition is designed for use as an outside aerial distraction. This round is extremelyeffective in diverting attention away from an approach or entry, by deploying overhead, beyondindividuals or crowds or to the far side of buildings.

Notes: The No. 23FB round is not intended or designed to be used as a barricade penetratinground. This round should not be direct fired at personnel.

Figure B-10. No. 23FB-Diversionary Device

B-11

12-Gauge

Diameter .............................................. 12-gaLength ................................................. 2.5 in (6.4 cm)Projectile ............................................. 1 rubber projectileTotal Weight ........................................ 0.54 oz (15.5 g)Velocity ................................................ 500 fps (average)Maximum Range ................................. 250 ft (76.3m)Maximum Effective Range .................. 100 ft (30.5m)Explosive Content: ............................... 0.52 g

Submunition Specifications:Caliber ................................................. 12-gaLength ................................................. 1.7 in (4.3 cm)Material ...............................................RubberHardness ............................................. 75 durometer "A" scaleWeight ................................................. 0.2 oz (5.8 g)


• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.• This round is effective for the dispersion of crowds. It is also effective for the disbursement of

individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance situations and against subjects who offer violentresistance

Figure B-11. No. 23FS-Rubber Fin Stabilized Round

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Appendix C

NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS INSTRUCTOR COURSE

This appendix provides an overviewof the Nonlethal Individual WeaponsInstructor Course (NIWIC). NIWIC is a“train the trainer” course taught in 12 sub-courses. Section I provides NIWICdescriptive data that includes thepurpose, scope, peacetime, andmobilization training requirements,student prerequisites, and equipment/ammunition requirements to successfullycomplete the course. Section II lists the

total training days and hours required peracademic subcourse. Section III gives adetailed description of each sub-course andterminal learning objectives that eachstudent must meet to complete the course.Section IV is a listing of 12 annexes thatcomprise the NIWIC POI. Additionally, theentire NIWIC with history, updates, andlesson plans can be accessed at—http://www.ftmc-marine.army.mil/ .

SECTION I - NIWIC DESCRIPTIVE DATA

COURSE DESCRIPTION

1. Course Title: Nonlethal Individual Weapons Instructor Course

2. Location: Military Police School, Ft McClellan, Alabama

3. Marine Corps Service: TBDSchool Code:

4. Other Service Course Number: TBD

5. Military Assistance: N/AProgram Articles and Service List Number:

6. Purpose: To certify selected marines/soldiers as nonlethal individual weaponsinstructors.

7. Scope: This course is designed to train marines/soldiers in the tasks necessaryto perform duties as nonlethal individual weapons instructors. This course isprimarily designed for 58XX/85XX NCOs, SNCOs, and officers. Combat arms MOSscan be trained also.

8. Length (Peacetime) 14.5 training days

9. Curriculum Breakdown (Peacetime) 116.5 total hours44 hours lecture/demonstrations65.5 hours practice application5.0 hours written exams2.0 hours administrative hours

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10. Length (Mobilization): Same as Peacetime

11. Curriculum Breakdown (Mobilization): Same as Peacetime

12. Maximum Class Capacity: 20

13. Optimum Class Capacity: 15

14. Minimum Class Capacity: 5

15. Class Frequency: 8

16. Prerequisites: Students must be selected by commanders or provost marshalsas nonlethal individual weapons instructors.

17. MOS Received: 5816 (secondary)

18. Quota Control: CMC/DA

19. Funding: CMC/DA/Local

20. Reporting Instructions: Marine students report with orders to thecommanding officer, Marine Corps Detachment, Building 1602, Ft McClellan,Alabama, no later than 2400 on the day prior to class convening. No quarters ormessing are available for SNCOs or officers.

21. Instructor Staffing: Two additional 5811 SNCOs are required. Requirements,current staffing is not adequate to conduct this course.

22. School Overhead: Additional overhead will be necessary for live fire training,handouts, and training aids.

23. Training Support: All training and administrative support will be provided bythe Marine Corps Detachment, Ft McClellan, Alabama.

COURSE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)

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REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

Item Quantity

Riot Face Shield 30

31 Inch Riot Baton w/Belt Ring 30

PR-24 Side Handle Baton 30

Striking Bags 15

25 RNA 12-ga Shell Pouches 30

Portable Bull Horn 2

12-Volt Hand-Held Spotlight 2

P250 Water Pump (Fueled Powered) 2

Red Man Suit 1

Full Length Riot Shield 30

Vehicle Mounted Sticky Foam Dispenser 2

Caltrops 100

Sandbags 5000

M203 Grenade Launcher 12

Mosburgh 1100 3-Inch Shotgun 6

Benelli Super 90 Shotgun 6

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CLASS V REQUIREMENTS

Type # Per #Demo Rds TotalStudent Per Class Per Class Per Year Total

12-ga OO Buck 5 5 130 1040

12-ga 7 1/5 Shot 5 5 130 1040

12-ga Rubber Pellet 10 5 250 2000

12-ga Beanbag 10 5 250 2000

12-ga Flashbang 5 5 130 1040

12-ga Fin Stabilized 10 5 250 2000

40mm Stinger 5 5 130 1040

40mm Multiple Wood Baton 5 5 130 1040

40mm Foam Baton 5 5 130 1040

#15 Stinger Grenades 12 4 304 2432

12-ga Stinger Launcher 12 4 304 2432

MK141 Diversion Devices 5 2 130 1040

5.56mm (Ball) 50 20 1270 10160

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SECTION II - TOTAL TRAINING DAYS

16.5 TRAINING DAYS

Academic Subjects Hours

Instructor Development 8.2

Force Continuum 2.2

Crowd Dynamics/Crowd Control 8.4

Communication Skills 8.0

Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Training 8.0

Open Hand Control 24.0

Impact Weapons 36.0

Introduction to Military Working Dogs 1.0

ROE/Law of War/Constitutional Seizure 2.5

Nonlethal Munitions and Employment/Live Fire 12.2

Barriers/Physical Security Measures 4.0

Tactics (Dismounted/Mounted) 4.0

Subtotal 114.5

Administrative Subjects

Student Processing 2.0

Grand Total 116.5

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SECTION III - BODY

PEACETIME/MOBILIZATION - 16.5 TRAINING DAYS

Subject

1. Instructor Development. This subcourse reinforces the student’sinstructional capabilities.

2. Force Continuum. This subcourse introduces the student to the federal forcecontinuum model as outlined by MCO 5500.6F, Arming of Law Enforcement andSecurity Personnel and the Use of Deadly Force. Upon completion, the student willbe able to instruct others on the six levels of resistance, proper levels of force, andfactors influencing the decision to use force. Additionally, students will alsoinstruct how nonlethal technologies affect the force continuum, preconditions ofdeadly force, six authorized occasions for the use of deadly force continuum, andthe proper application of force.

3. Crowd Dynamics/Crowd Control. This subcourse outlines the differencesbetween crowds, mobs, and riots and teaches the student basic crowd controltechniques that will easily be applied to various situations. Upon completion, thestudent will be able to instruct others in on the behavioral aspects of a crowdduring a civil disturbance, various aspects of controlling a civil disturbance, andhow to form and conduct a riot patrol formations. The student will be familiarizedwith classical tactics and techniques and will also consider nontraditional andsmall unit application.

4. Communication Skills. This subcourse will teach the student how to instructothers on interpersonal communication skills and techniques to defuse situations.

5. Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Training. This subcourse will teach the studenthow to safely and thoroughly instruct others to use pepper spray, supervise properemployment for training and discuss actual situations. The student will learndecontamination requirements, legal/policy considerations, and tacticalconsiderations imposed by detainees/casualties.

6. Open-Hand Control. This subcourse will teach the student to employpressure point control techniques, unarmed self-defense measures, weaponretention techniques, and other submission/restraint/search techniques. Uponcompletion, the student will be certified to instruct proper open-hand controltechniques and control of compliant and noncompliant individuals.

7. Impact Weapons. This subcourse will teach the student in the uses of variousimpact style weapons (batons) to include the rigid straight baton, collapsiblestraight batons, side handle batons, and riot control batons. Upon completion,students will be certified to instruct control of compliant and noncompliantindividuals, proper straight baton and side handle baton techniques, and riot batonand shield tactics.

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8. Introduction to Military Working Dogs. This subcourse will teach the studenthow to instruct on the role of military working dogs and the potential supportavailable to forces requiring nonlethal force options. Upon completion, students willbe able to instruct others on military working dogs capabilities, missions, andlimitations.

9. Rules of Engagement, Law of War, Constitutional Seizure. This subcoursewill teach the student how to instruct standing ROE surrounding domestic use offorce to effect a seizure. Upon completion, students will be able to instruct others onthe basic guidelines for establishing unit rules of engagement cards that include theuse of nonlethal technologies.

10. Nonlethal Munitions and Employment/Live Fire. This subcourse will teachthe student how to instruct the nonlethal munitions available. Students willparticipate in live fire exercises and upon completion of the course will be able toinstruct others on the capabilities and limitations of various nonlethal rounds.Additionally, students will be able to conduct live fire ranges and certification ofnonlethal munitions.

11. Barriers/Physical Security Measures. This subcourse will teach the studenthow to instruct others on barriers and physical security measures available totactical forces. These measures complement the use of nonlethal force or mitigatethe need for deadly force. Upon completion, the student will be able to instructothers on the proper employment of barriers/physical security expedients.

12. Tactics (Mounted/Dismounted). This subcourse will teach the student how toinstruct others on mounted/dismounted tactics as they are related to the use of NLW.Upon completion, the student will be able to instruct others on proper tacticalemployment (mounted and dismounted) and nonlethal methods to quell civildisturbance. The instructor will use training tactics and actual operations scenarios.Military operation on urbanized terrain (MOUT) requires different tactics,techniques, and procedures because of the heavily built-up environment.

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SECTION IV - ANNEXES

LISTING OF THE ANNEXES FOR EACH SUBCOURSE WITHIN THIS POI

Annexes Title Page No.

A Instructor Development

B Force Continuum

C Crowd Dynamics/Crowd Control

D Communication Skills

E Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Training

F Open-Hand Control

G Impact Weapons

H Introduction to Military Working Dogs

I Rules of Engagement, Law of War,Constitutional Seizure

J Nonlethal Munitions and Employment/Live Fire

K Barriers/Physical Security Measures

L Tactics (Mounted/Dismounted)

D-1

Appendix D

SAMPLE UNIT TRAINING SCHEDULE

NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE

TRAINING DAY #1

Time Subject Location Uniform Instructor References/Notes

0800 Administration Time Classroom Ul

0830 Introduction Classroom U1Introduce CadreForce ContinuumRules of Engagement

0930 Communications Skill Classroom Ul

1100 Noon Chow

1300 Communication Skills Classroom Ul

1600 Secure/End ofDuty Day

Administration:

Uniforms:

Ul: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with LBE/harness and canteensU3: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:

Classroom Requirements:

1. Screen2. Video show projector with central processing unit3. Televisions4. VCR

Miscellaneous:

1. All personnel are required to have a notebook, pencil, and pen.2. Handouts prepared and passed out

D-2


TRAINING DAY #2


0800 Communication Skills Plt Areas Ul Practical Application

1000 NL Equipment Brief Classroom Ul(Equipment Identifiedand Explained)

1100 Noon Chow

1300 Crowd Control I Classroom UlCrowd Dynamics

1500 Riot ControlFormations


Administration:

Uniforms:


Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:

Classroom Requirements: Same

Miscellaneous:

1. Students are required to have a notebook, pencil, and pen.2. Copies of equipment list for students.

D-3


TRAINING DAY #3


0800 K-9 Demonstration Football Field UI

1000 Oleoresin Capsicum Classroom UIAerosol Training

1100 Noon Chow

1300 Oleoresin Capsicum Classroom UlAerosol Training

1400 Oleoresin Capsicum TBD UIAerosol Training(Practical Application)

TBD Secure/End ofDuty Day

Administration:

Uniforms:


Transportation:

Weapons:

(60) Can INERT OC(18) Can (MK4) OC

Miscellaneous: INERT OC for classroom instruction.

Ammunition:

Classroom Requirements: Same with OC training requirements.

(5) Galvanized trash cans (with liners)(2) Water hoses with fresh running water

D-4


TRAINING DAY #4


0800 Open Hand Control Classroom U2Techniques

0900 Open Hand Control Field U2Techniques (PracticalApplication)

1100 Noon Chow

1300 Open Hand Control Field U2Techniques (PracticalApplication)


Administration:

Uniforms:


Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:


1. Screen2. Video show projector with central processing unit3. Televisions4. VCR5. Overhead projector6. Trauma chart in classroom and at the training area

Miscellaneous:

D-5


TRAINING DAY #5


0800 Nonlethal Munitions Classroom Uland Employment

1100 Noon Chow

1300 Riot Control Platoons Field 1 U3 Class will be split(Riot Control Baton into riot control andTechniques) contact platoons

Contact Platoons Field 2 U3(Expandable StraightBaton Techniques)


Administration:

Uniforms:

Ul: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with/ harness and canteensU3 Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:


1. Screen2. Video show projector with central processing unit3. Televisions4. VCR5. Overhead projector

Miscellaneous:

D-6


TRAINING DAY #6


CONTACT PLATOONS/M203/Ml200

0800 Movement to Range U4

0830 Range Brief/Safety Range U4Brief

0900 Nonlethal Munitions Range U4(Live Fire Exercise)

TBD Noon Chow

TBD Movement to Mainside U4

TBD Weapons Cleaning Armory


CONTACT PLATOONS/ESCORTS RIOT CONTROL PLATOONS

0800 Riot Control Classroom U1Formations (Review)

0900 Riot Control Field U3Formations (PracticalApplication)

1100 Noon Chow



Administration:

Uniforms:

Ul: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with/harness and canteensU3: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:

D-7

TRAINING DAY #6 (CONTINUED)


RIOT CONTROL PLATOON/DESIGNATED MARKSMEN

0800 Movement to Range U4

0830 Range Brief/Safety Range U4Brief

0900 Designated Marksman Range U4Training and Live Fire

TBD Noon Chow

TBD Movement to Mainside U4

TBD Weapons Cleaning Armory


Administration:

Uniforms

UI: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with LBE/harness and canteensU3: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

0800 Transportation to range (M203 and M1200 shooters) (—) PAX and return.0800 Movement to range (designated marksmen) (—) PAX and return.

Weapons: Students will be required to have their T/O weapons

Ammunition: TBD

Classroom Requirements: Same

D-8


TRAINING DAY #7


0800 Riot Control Classroom UIFormations ClassroomInstruction ExerciseBrief


1100 Noon Chow

1300 Barriers/Physical Classroom UISecurity


Administration:

Uniforms:

U1: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with LBE/harness and canteensU3: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:


1. Screen2. Video show projector with central processing unit3. Televisions4. VCR

Miscellaneous: Riot control formation PE will be conducted as individual platoons andeventually brought together for company size formations.

D-9


TRAINING DAY #8


0600 Movement to MOUT U4Facility

0700 Exercise Brief MOUT U4

0800 Nonlethal Munitions MOUT U4Demonstration

0900 MOUT Exercise MOUT U4

TBD Noon Chow

1300 MOUT Exercise MOUT U4

TBD Evening Chow

TBD Movement to Mainside


Administration:

Uniforms:

U1: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with LBE/harness and canteensU3: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE / harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:

Classroom Requirements: N/A

D-10


TRAINING DAY #9


TBD MOUT Exercise MOUT U4


Administration:

Uniforms:

U1: BDU/utility uniformU2: BDU/utility uniform with LBE/harness and canteensU3: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, and helmetU4: Utility uniform with LBE/harness, canteens, flak jacket, helmet, and T/O weapon

Transportation:

Weapons:

Ammunition:


References-1

REFERENCES

Joint

Joint Publication 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Joint Publication 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War

Joint Publication 3-07.3, JTTP for Peacekeeping Operations

Joint Publication 3-57, Doctrine for Joint Civil Affairs

Joint Publication 3-58, Joint Doctrine for Military Deception

Joint Universal Lessons Learned System, Operation UNITED SHIELD

Multiservice

FM 100-23-1/FMFRP 7-16/NDC TACNOTE 3-07.6/ACCP 50-56/PACAFP 50-56/USAFEP 50-56,Multiservice Procedures for Humanitarian Assistance Operations

Army

FM 19-10, Military Police Law and Order Operations

FM 19-15, Civil Disturbances

FM 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare

FM 100-5, Operations

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5 Force XXl Operations, A Concept for the Evolution of FullDimensional Operations for the Strategic Army of the Twenty-First Century

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-57, (S) U.S. Army Operational Concept for Operations in a DirectedEnergy Environment (U)

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-73, Nonlethal Capabilities in Army Operations

Marine Corp

I MEF FMF, After Action Report – United Shield, 7 Jun 95

FMFM 1-3, MCDP 1-3 Tactics

FMFM 6, MCDP 6 Command and Control

MOC 5500.6F, Arming of Law Enforcement and Security Personnel and the Use of Deadly Force

References-2

Navy

NWP 1-14M, Commander's Handbook on Law of Naval Operations

Air Force

AFI 31-202, Military Working Dog Program

AFM 31-202,

Other

DODD 5100.77, DOD Law of War Program

DODD 3000.3, Policy for Nonlethal Weapons,

Black, Stephen, Non-Weapons Systems: The potential impact of new technologies on LowIntensity Conflicts, Ridgeway Viewpoints, Matthew B. Ridgeway Center for InternationalSecurity Studies, No. 93-9, 1993

DA, HQDA, SARD-TL/SC, Non-Lethal Arms (Disabling Systems), A System Description andAssessment of possible Army Alternatives, D. Evans and W.E. Howard, III, February 1993

Defense News, Pentagon Units Jostle Over Non-Lethal Initiatives, 2 Mar 92

Inside the Navy, Marine Corps Non-Lethal Weapons Experiment Underway at CampPendleton, CA, Vol. 9, No. 29, 22 Jul 96

Marine Corps Gazette, “Less-Lethal” Force in Operation UNITED SHIELD, September 1995

Oral History Interview: Mr. Charles Heal, Los Angeles County Sheriff Department,Los Angeles, CA, 1997

Oral History Interview: Former Commander Israeli Defense Force, Fort Monroe, VA, 1997

Glossary-1

GLOSSARY

PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A

A/C aircraftadmin administrationAFDC US Air Force Doctrine CenterAFM Air Force ManualAFSC Air Force specialty code(s)AMC Army Materiel CommandApprox approximatelyASI additional skill identifier

B

BDU battle dress uniformBIIL basic-issue items list

C

Cal caliberCEP circular error probablechem chemicalCINC commander in chiefCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffcm centimeterCMC Commandant of the Marine CorpsCOTS commercial off-the-shelfCPU central processing unitCS riot control agent (tear gas)

D

3-D three-dimensionalDA Department of the ArmydB decibelDC direct currentdemo demonstrationDM designated marksmenDOD Department of DefenseDODD Department of Defense Directive

F

FB flash backFDA Food and Drug AdministrationFM Field Manual

Glossary-2

FMFM Fleet Marine Force Manualfps feet per secondFS fin stabilizedFSE fire support elementft foot

G

g gramG-1 Army or Marine Corps component manpower or personnel staff

officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

G-2 Army or Marine Corps component intelligence staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

G-3 Army or Marine Corps component operations staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

G-4 Army or Marine Corps component logistics staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

ga gaugeGCE ground combat elementGOTS government off-the-shelf

H

hr hours

I

ID identifyIFF identification, friend or foeinfo informationintel intelligenceIO International Organizationin inchin2 square inchIPB intelligence preparation of the battlefieldIR infraredITT interrogator-translator team

J

JAG Judge Advocate GeneralJCRG joint concepts requirements group

K

K-9 dog

Glossary-3

L

LBE load bearing equipmentLEA Law Enforcement AgencyLFORM landing force operational reserve materielLHA amphibious assault ship, general purposeLHD amphibious assault ship, multipurposeLP/OP listening post/observation postLVOSS light visual optical screening system

M

m meterMAGTF Marine air ground task forcemax maximumMCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development CommandMCO Marine Corps OrderMCPDS Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication SystemMEF Marine expeditionary forceMETT-T mission, enemy, terrain, and weather, troops and support

available time availableMEU Marine expeditionary unitMK markmm millimeterMOOTW military operations other than warMOS military occupational specialtyMOUT military operations on urbanized terrainMSDS material safety data sheetMTT mobile training teamN/A not applicableMTTP multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedures

N

N/A not applicableNCA National Command AuthoritiesNCO noncommissioned officerNDC US Naval Doctrine CommandNIWIC Nonlethal Individual Weapons Instructor CourseNL nonlethalNLW nonlethal weaponsNo numberNWP Naval Warfare Publication

O

OC oleoresin capsicumOP observation postOPR office(s) of primary responsibilityops operationsOSD Office of the Secretary of Defenseoz ounces

Glossary-4

P

PAO Public Affairs OfficePASGT personnel armor system for ground troopsPAX passenger(s)PE practical exerciseplt platoonPOI program of instructionPOW prisoner of warPSYOP psychological operationsPVC polyvinyl chloride

R

RCA riot control agentRD roundrecon reconnaissanceROE rules of engagementRP rubber pellet

S

S1 battalion or brigade manpower or personnel staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

S2 battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

S3 battalion or brigade operations staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

S4 battalion or brigade logistics staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

SJA staff judge advocateSNCO senior noncommissioned officerSOC special operations capableSOP standing operating procedure(s)SOTG special operations training groupsSO special operationsspec specification

T

T/E table of equipmentT/O table of organizationT/O & E table of organization and equipment (USMC)TAC SOP tactical standing operating procedureTBD to be determinedTC training circularTM teamTO&E table of organization and equipment (USA)TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures

Glossary-5

U

US United StatesUSA United States ArmyUSAF United States Air ForceUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSN United States Navy

V

VCR video cassette recorder

Y

yd yard

00 double zero

PART II- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Air Force specialty code (AFSC). Primary job of a US Air Force officer or enlistedperson. Analogous to the Army and Marine Corps military occupational skill (MOS).

amphibious ready group (ARG). Three to 4 US Navy amphibious ships carrying aMarine Expeditionary Unit, its attachments, and all equipment, vehicles, and aircraftfor a 6-month deployment at sea. Usually formed around an LHA or LHD amphibiousassault ship.

battalion landing team (BLT). In an amphibious operation, an infantry battalionnormally reinforced by necessary combat and service elements; the basic unit forplanning an assault landing. (Joint Pub 1-02) NOTE: Consists of Marine Corps riflebattalion and attachments formed as centerpiece of Marine Expeditionary Unit’sGround Combat Element. Approximately 1000 Marines.

commercial off the shelf (COTS). Describes items procured for military use throughcivilian contractors.

designated marksman (DM). A rifleman stationed in an overwatch position abovefriendly forces, armed with a standard infantry weapon appropriate to his service whichis mounted with a high-powered scope and loaded with lethal ammunition. Thedesignated marksman uses his vantage point to identify agitators to forces below,eliminate lethal threats, and monitor the battlefield.

Fleet Marine Force (FMF). A balanced force of combined arms comprising land, air,and service elements of the US Marine Corps. A Fleet Marine Force is an integral partof a US Fleet and has the status of a type command. Note: It can include deployableMarine Corps units of any type.

Glossary-6

government off the shelf (GOTS). Analogous to COTS, but describing items alreadyprocured by the US government and ready for issue to military units.

ground combat element (GCE). The Marine Corps Marine Air-Ground Task Forceelement that is task organized to conduct ground operations. The GCE is constructedaround an infantry unit and varies in size from a reinforced infantry battalion to one ormore reinforced Marine division(s). The GCE also includes appropriate combat supportand combat service support units. Normally, there is only one GCE in a MAGTF.NOTE: It is part of a Marine Corps Marine air-ground task force comprising infantryunits, attachments, and staff.

intelligence preparation of the battlespace (IPB). An analytical methodologyemployed to reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and terrain forall types of operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace builds an extensivedata base for each potential area in which a unit may be required to operate. The database is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of the enemy, environment, andterrain on operations and presents it in graphic form Intelligence preparation of thebattlespace is a continuing process. Also called IPB. Note: Intense intelligence analysisof battlefield conditions, enemy posture and intentions, weather, and other pertinentinformation, conducted by an S-2 or similar intelligence officer. May include detailedanalysis of crowd motivations and possible actions.

interrogator-translator team (ITT). Marine Corps unit, usually working as a smalldetachment to a larger infantry unit, highly trained in interrogation techniques andfluent in adversary native language.

joint acquisitions group (JAG). Multiservice group formed, along with JCRG, inMarch 1996 in Washington, D.C. Tasked with identifying emerging NLT andcoordinating and prioritizing procurement efforts in a joint arena.

joint concepts requirements group (JCRG). Works closely with JAG, but primarilytasked with identifying Nonlethal Technology requirements for active forces of allservices.

landing forces operational reserve material (LFORM). Storage of Marine Corpsand associated units’ ammunition aboard US Navy shipping.

low-intensity conflict (LIC). Political-military confrontation between contendingstates or groups below conventional war and above the routine, peaceful competitionamong states. It frequently involves protracted struggles of competing principles andideologies. Low intensity conflict ranges from subversion to the use of armed force. Itis waged by a combination of means employing political, economic, informational, andmilitary instruments. Low intensity conflicts are often localized, generally in the ThirdWorld, but contain regional and global security implications. Note: Also known as smallwars or “brushfire wars”, low-intensity conflict are rebellions, insurrections and the likecharacterized by adversaries dedicated to a cause but lacking command and controlstructure and modern equipment.

Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). The largest of the Marine air-ground taskforces, is normally built around a division/wing team, but can include several divisionsand aircraft wings, together with an appropriate combat service support organization.

Glossary-7

The Marine expeditionary force is capable of conducting a wide range of amphibiousassault operations and sustained operations ashore. It can be tailored for a widevariety of combat missions in any geographic environment. Note: It is the largestdeployable Marine Corps unit, comprising nearly 1/3 of active Marine Corps deployableforces. Approximately 50,000 Marines and Sailors.

maritime interception operation (MIO). Means by which an exclusion zone at sea isenforced. Involves the visit of merchant ships, by armed boarding parties if necessary,bound to, through, or out of a defined area, to examine each ship’s papers and cargo andto search for evidence of contraband. The provisions must be established by asanctioning body and must be applied to ships of all nationalities.

maritime prepositioning force (MPF). A task organization of units under onecommander formed for the purpose of introducing a MAGTF and its associatedequipment and supplies into a secure area. The maritime prepositioning force iscomposed of a command element, a maritime prepositioning ships squadron, a MAGTF,and a Navy support element.

military occupational specialty (MOS). Primary job of military officer or enlistedpersonnel.

military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT). All military actions planned andconducted on a topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain where man-madeconstruction is the dominant feature. It includes combat-in-cities, which is that portionof MOUT involving house-to-house and street-by-street fighting in towns and cities.

military operations other than war (MOOTW). Operations that encompass the useof military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. Thesemilitary actions can be applied to complement any combination of the other instrumentsof national power and occur before, during, and after war.

military police (MP). Marine Corps and Army police forces designated by specificMOS.

mobile training team (MTT). A team consisting of one or more US military or civilianpersonnel sent on temporary duty, often to a foreign nation, to give instruction. Themission of the team is to train indigenous personnel to operate, maintain, and employweapons and support systems, or to develop a self-training capability in a particularskill. The National Command Authorities may direct a team to train either military orcivilian indigenous personnel, depending upon host nation requests.

nonlethal antimateriel (NLAM). Similar to NLT, but encompassing weapons andordnance designed to incapacitate materiel and vehicles rather than humans.

nonlethal weapons (NLW). Weapons explicitly designed and primarily employed soas to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injuryto personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment.

nonlethal technology (NLT). Synonymous with NLW, but also encompassing moreadvanced technology which is not yet available for use by military forces.

Glossary-8

oleoresin capsicum (OC). Also known as “pepper spray”, OC is made completely fromorganic materials and is FDA-approved for sale over-the-counter in the United States.Causes severe and immediate burning sensation to mucous membranes when sprayedinto face, nose, and eyes.

rules of engagement (ROE). Directives issued by competent military authority whichdelineate the circumstances and limitations under which United States forces willinitiate and/or continue combat engagement with other forces encountered. Also calledROE.

table of equipment (T/E). Total list of equipment of all types authorized for a MarineCorps unit.

table of organization (T/O). Total manpower authorized for specific unit, organized bybillet and rank. TO& E is a US Army term which encompasses T/O and T/E.

tactical psychological operations team (TPT). US Army unit specifically trained andemployed to conduct psychological operations against adversary forces, to includedissemination of pamphlets, native language broadcasts by audio and visual means, andinteraction with local media.

visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS). US Navy mission analogous to MIO, inwhich hostile vessels on the high seas are stopped, boarded, taken over by friendlyforces, inspected for violations of international law or sanction violations, and ifnecessary, seized.

Index-1

INDEX

C

Clear Facilities of Personnel v, IV-5, V-2,V-9, V-10

Countermateriel Capabilities III-2Counterpersonnel Capabilities III-1Crowd Control v, II-1, III-1, IV-2, IV-5,

V-2, V-3, V-11, VI-1, A-5, B-2, B-3, B-4,B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, B-9, B-11, C-5, C-6,C-8, D-2

D

Denial Options V-1Deny Area to Personnel v, V-5Deny Area to Vehicles v, V-6Deny/Neutralize Vehicles, Aircraft,

Vessels, and Facilities V-7Department of Defense Directive (see

DODD)DODD I-2, IV-2, References-2, Glossary-1

E

Essential training for units deployingIV-2

F

Familiarization Table IV-3, IV-4Force Continuum vii, IV-2, V-1, VI-1, C-5,

C-6, C-8, D-1

I

Incapacitate Personnel v, I-1, III-2, V-2,V-4, Glossary-8

L

Leader Training iv, IV-5Lethal Weapons vii, I-1, I-4, II-2, V-1,

VI-1, VI-2, VI-3Limitations iv, III-3, V-14, VI-2, C-7,

Glossary-8

M

Medical III-1, IV-1, IV-5, V-11Military operations other than war (see

MOOTW)

Mission Enhancers II-1MOOTW I-2, III-1, III-3, References-1,

Glossary-3, Glossary-8Munitions that Cause Physical

Discomfort/Incapacitate V-1Munitions that Inflict Trauma V-1

N

NIWIC iv, IV-1, IV-2, IV-4, IV-5, C-1,Glossary-3

NLW Capability Set Composition II-2NLW Tasks iv, V-2Nonlethal Individual Weapons Instructor

Course (see NIWIC)Nonlethal Weapons Capability Set

Composition (see NLW Capability SetComposition)

Nonlethal Weapons Capability SetIndividual iv, A-1

Nonlethal Weapons Tasks (see NLWTasks)

P

Personnel Effectors II-1Personnel Protectors II-1

R

Real-world lessons IV-5

S

Seize Personnel v, III-2, IV-5, V-2, V-8Simulation Training IV-4Staff Planning/Responsibilities V-10

T

Threats vi, I-2, II-3, V-1, VI-1, VI-3,Glossary-6

Training Devices II-1

U

Unit Training iv, IV-1, IV-4, V-10, D-1

FM 90-40MCRP 3-15.8NWP 3-07.31

USCG PUB 3-07.316 OCTOBER 1998

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordancewith the initial distribution number 115757, requirements for FM 90-40.

MARINE CORPS: PCN 14300005700

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