Bit Theory

BIT COMPETITORS

Reed-Hycalog Hughes Christensen Smith-Geodiamond Security-DBS OTHERS

1998 ROLLER CONE WORLDWIDECOMPETITOR MARKET SHARE

TOTALROLLER CONE

REVENUE$718

MILLION

Source : Price Waterhouse plus Reed-Hycalog estimate

Other6%

Smith-Geodiamond18%

Security DBS22%

Hughes Christensen27%

Reed-Hycalog27%

1998 FIXED CUTTER WORLDWIDECOMPETITOR MARKET SHARE

TOTALFIXED CUTTER

REVENUE$370

MILLION

Source : Price Waterhouse plus Reed-Hycalog estimate

THE BIT BUSINESS

TECHNICAL

PROFITABLE

COMPETITIVE

COMPLEX

UNIQUE TECHNOLOGIES

Drilling Demands

Design Concepts

Materials Tungsten Carbide PDC Inserts / Cutters Bearing Materials Elastomer Materials Grease

Manufacturing

Patents

Focus on High Cost Drilling MarketsInternationalHorizontal Drilling/Re-entryOffshore

Maintain Technology LeadershipFocused R&DPatented DesignsCustomer Specific DesignsExpert Applications Technology

Business Strategy

Insert Bits Carbide Bits Button Bits

Tooth Bits Steel Tooth Bits Mill Tooth Bits

BIT TYPESBIT TYPES

GENERAL ROLLER CONE TERMSGENERAL ROLLER CONE TERMS

GENERAL PDC TERMSGENERAL PDC TERMS

BLADE

NOZZLE

JUNK SLOT AREA

BIT BODYBIT BODYMATERIALMATERIAL

STEEL BODIED BITS

MATRIX (TUNGSTEN CARBIDE) BODIED BITS

PDC BIT TERMINOLOGYPDC BIT TERMINOLOGY

INTERCHANGEABLE NOZZLE

CUTTERS FACE GAUGE UPREAMING

FIXED PORT

STEEL BLANK

WELD GROOVE

BEVEL

BIT BREAKER SLOT

MAKE UP FACE

API PIN CONNECTION

SHANK BORE

SHANK

CONE

TUNGSTENCARBIDEMATRIX

NOSE

TAPER OR FLANK

SHOULDER

DIAMONDGAGE PAD

PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTMTM

Solutions for Demanding

Directional Drilling

Combination of Reed-Hycalogs

What is What is PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTMTM??

Advanced Technology Broad line of Products Field Experience

Spiraled wall

PowerSteeringTM is...PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTMTM is...is...

Technology

PowerSteeringTM is...PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTM TM is...is...

Products

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

Mar 31 May 16 May 31 June 16 Sept 14

PowerSteeringTM is...PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTM TM is...is...

Experience

Directional IssuesDirectional Issues

Build/Turn Rates

Torque Control

Torque Fluctuations

BHA Design

PowerSteering StrategiesPowerSteering Strategies

Bit Length Cutters/Components Bearings Gauge Designs Directional Database

THE CUSTOMERSTHE CUSTOMERSEXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS

l Drill the Interval

l Drill It Faster

l Low Cost

l Good Dull Condition

l Directional Accuracy

NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:PLOUGHING/GRINDINGPLOUGHING/GRINDING

PDC BIT:PDC BIT:SHEARINGSHEARING

FF

ROLLER CONE BIT:ROLLER CONE BIT:COMPRESSION/CRUSHINGCOMPRESSION/CRUSHING

FORMATION FAILURE METHODSFORMATION FAILURE METHODS

FF

LUG DRAWINGLUG DRAWING

BIT DESIGNBIT DESIGN

Hydraulics

Seals

Cutting Structure

Bearings

CHIP FORMATIONCHIP FORMATION

Tooth load overcomes rock compressivestrength, generates crater.

Scraping helps to remove chips fromcraters.

CutterCutter

FormationFormation

CHIP REMOVALCHIP REMOVAL

Removal of chips is required toallow for new chip formation

FormationFormation

CutterCutter

Hydraulics Help to Remove Chips

WOB ResponseWOB ResponseR

OP

WEIGHT on BIT0

0

CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL

RPM ResponseRPM ResponseR

OP

RPM0

0

CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL

BOTTOMBOTTOMHOLEHOLEPATTERNPATTERN

JOURNAL ANGLEJOURNAL ANGLE

OFFSETOFFSET

EFFECTS OF OFFSETEFFECTS OF OFFSET(SKEW)(SKEW)

0Reduced Gage ScrapingMore DurableSlower Drilling

Reduced Offset

3Increased Gage ScrapingLess DurableFaster Drilling

Increased Offset

OFFSET & SKEWOFFSET & SKEW

Offset adds scraping at the gageand a little on the inner rows.

Skew is a way to compare offsetacross different bit sizes.

CONE PROFILESCONE PROFILES

FLAT CONE PROFILEMinimum Bottom ScrapingMore DurableSlower Drilling

ROUND CONEPROFILE

Increased Bottom ScrapingLess DurableFaster Drilling

INSERT CUTTERINSERT CUTTERDESIGNDESIGN

HP83HP51

Faster DrillingLess Durable

Slower DrillingMore Durable

INSERT SHAPES BY FORMATIONINSERT SHAPES BY FORMATION

CARBIDE GRADECARBIDE GRADEBY FORMATIONBY FORMATION

TOOTH & INSERTTOOTH & INSERTCUTTER DESIGNSCUTTER DESIGNS

SOFT FORMATION HARD FORMATION - Fewer Teeth - More Teeth - Longer Teeth - Shorter Teeth - Bigger Teeth - Smaller Teeth - Sharper Teeth - Duller Teeth - Round Profile - Flat Profile - Fracture-Resistant - Wear-Resistant Tooth Material Tooth Material

- Faster Drilling - Slower Drilling - Less Durable - More Durable

CUTTING STRUCTURECUTTING STRUCTUREDESIGN DECISIONSDESIGN DECISIONS

APPLICATION DESIGN

Formation PropertiesRun ParametersMud CharacteristicsHydraulic ConditionsWell ProfileCompetitorsPerformanceRisk / Cost

Tooth CountTooth Geometry

ShapeTip SharpnessProtrusionDiameter

Tooth MaterialTooth PlacementCone ProfileOffset

GAGE PROTECTIONGAGE PROTECTION

Shirttail Hardmetal Heel Pacs in Gage Face Inserts in Shirttail Lug Pads PDC Layered Inserts

BIT BALLINGBIT BALLING

Cuttings adhere to cutter surface and to hole bottom. Reduces effective length of teeth. Occurs in many formations, not just gumbo shales. Balling reduces penetration rate.

MUDPICK II HYDRAULICSMUDPICK II HYDRAULICS

Cleans Gage & Inner Teeth Cleans Rock at Cutting Zone Stagnant Flow Removed From Cutting

Zone

MUDPICK II, BLANKS,MUDPICK II, BLANKS,ASYMMETRICASYMMETRIC

Complimentary With Mudpick II

Always Blank Nozzle Pointing to

Cutter With Fewer Gage Inserts

Always Point Big Nozzles Toward

Cutter With Most Gage Inserts

BEARINGS &SEALS

SEALED BEARING SYSTEMSEALED BEARING SYSTEM

ROCK BIT BEARINGSROCK BIT BEARINGS

Main Bearing Retention Bearing Thrust Bearing Pin Bearing

AVGWOB

Drilling Forces

Bearing StructuresBearing Structures

Roller Friction / Journal

ROCK BIT BEARINGROCK BIT BEARINGDESIGNSDESIGNS

THREADED RINGTHREADED RINGDULL AFTER ABUSEDULL AFTER ABUSE

CONE RETENTIONCONE RETENTIONCOMPARISONCOMPARISON

BALL BEARING RETENTION Concentrated Point Loads Cyclic Point Loading Causes Spalling

THREADED RING RETENTION Surface Contact No Spalling Reduces Lost Cone Rate by Two-Thirds Optional Cutter Materials

HNBR RADIAL SEALHNBR RADIAL SEAL

TEXTURIZEDTEXTURIZEDHNBR RADIAL SEALHNBR RADIAL SEAL

OTHER SEAL OPTIONSOTHER SEAL OPTIONS

Reed Metal Seal

Hughes Metal Seal

Security Wave / Double

BIT BODY / LENGTH

NUMBER OF BLADES / EXPOSURE

CUTTER SIZE

CUTTER COUNT

CUTTER TYPE

BACK RAKE / SIDE RAKE

FORCE BALANCE

HYDRAULIC CONFIGURATION

GAGE PROTECTION

DESIGN OPTIONS

A COMPROMISE IS GENERALLY REQUIRED

DESIGN PROCESS

BIT BODYFUNCTIONS

RETAIN AND SUPPORT CUTTERS AND NOZZLES

STRENGTH DOWNHOLE

FLOW CONTROL

ATTACHMENT TO DRILLSTRING

FACTORS DICTATINGBODY MATERIAL

LIFE

STRENGTH

ACCURACY

REPAIR

BIT LENGTH

BIT LENGTH

SHORT RADIUS WELL PATH

GET THE MOTOR CLOSER TO THE BIT

STABILIZATION REQUIRED CLOSE TOTHE BIT

HORIZONTAL DRILLING

WHEN BIT LENGTH IS IMPORTANT

BIT LENGTHBIT LENGTH

BLADES PRIMARYFUNCTIONS

SUPPORT CUTTERS AND HYBRIDS

DIRECT FLUID FLOW

INCREASE CUTTERS EXPOSURE

CHAMFERED BLADES

RESIST AXIAL/LATERAL LOADS

SUPPORT CUTTERS

INCREASE CUTTERS EXPOSURE

RESIST LOADS

DIRECT FLUIDFLOW

DIRECT FLUID FLOWDIRECT FLUID FLOW

DRILL BROAD RANGE OF FORMATIONS

CONSISTENTLY HIGH ROP

LONG BIT LIFE

LOW COST

CUTTER SELECTIONCUTTER SELECTION

DESIGN OBJECTIVES

A COMPROMISE IS GENERALLY REQUIRED

CUTTER COUNT Vs. ROCK HARDNESS

INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS

INC

RE

AS

ING

CU

TT

ER

CO

UN

T


1

2

Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, FEWER CUTTERS 2. HARDER ROCK, MORE CUTTERS

CUTTER SIZECUTTER SIZE

8 mm11 mm

13 mm16 mm

19 mm

CUTTER SIZE Vs. ROCK HARDNESS



INC

RE

AS

ING

CU

TT

ER

SIZ

E

1

2

Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, LARGER CUTTERS 2. HARDER ROCK, SMALLER CUTTERS


INC

RE

AS

ING

CU

TT

ER

CO

UN

T

INCREASING NUMBER OF BLADES

INC

RE

AS

ING

CU

TT

ER

SIZ

E

CUTTER COUNT/ CUTTER SIZE /BLADE COUNTVs. ROCK HARDNESS


1

2

Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, FEWER CUTTERS, LARGER CUTTERS, FEWER BLADES 2. HARDER ROCK, MORE CUTTERS, SMALLER CUTTERS, MORE BLADES

PLANAR INTERFACE) First design used

NPI (NON-PLANAR INTERFACE) More surface area for bonding, thus

better mechanical bond Reduced stress at bond 25% to 40% more diamond

available Thicker diamond rim

PDC CUTTER TYPESPDC CUTTER TYPES

0123456789

10

1979 1984 1986 1987 1988 1993 1994 1996 1998

*1994 - patent for PDC production ended

Relative Abrasion Resistance ofRelative Abrasion Resistance ofPDC CuttersPDC Cutters

Materials DevelopmentMaterials Development

Abrasion Resistance

ImpactResistance

Trade-off line

PDC CUTTER PDC CUTTER

DESIGNDESIGNCOMPROMISECOMPROMISE

FEWER CUTTERS

LARGERCUTTERS

FEWERBLADES

SOFTSOFT

MORECUTTERS

SMALLERCUTTERS

MOREBLADES

HARDHARDFORMATION

PDC CUTTER

BLADE

g

BACK RAKEBACK RAKE

SIDE RAKESIDE RAKE

DRILLING SEQUENCE THROUGH HARD STRINGERS

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

HYBRID BITSHYBRID BITS

GAUGE PROTECTIONGAUGE PROTECTION

STEEL BODIED BITSSTEEL BODIED BITS

GAUGE PROTECTIONGAUGE PROTECTION

MATRIX BODIED BITSMATRIX BODIED BITS

Reed-Hycalog Roller ConeReed-Hycalog Roller ConeBit NomenclatureBit Nomenclature

12 1/4 EHP 51 H DLK

SizeSize

17 1/2 EMS 51 A CLK

ProductProductLineLine

IADCIADCCuttingCutting

StructureStructure

AddedAddedFeaturesFeatures

DesignDesignVariantVariant

REED-HYCALOGREED-HYCALOGROLLER CONEROLLER CONE

PRODUCT LINESPRODUCT LINES

ROLLERBEARING

Y MS EMS ETS

JOURNALBEARING

HP EHT MHT EHP MHP

Reed-Hycalog Fixed CutterReed-Hycalog Fixed CutterBit NomenclatureBit Nomenclature

12 1/4 DS 107 A1 HGN

SizeSize

17 1/2 4XX A1 GSU

ProductProductLineLine

DesignDesignNumberNumber

AddedAddedFeaturesFeatures

DesignDesignVariantVariant

3XX

REED-HYCALOGREED-HYCALOGFIXED CUTTERFIXED CUTTER

PRODUCT LINESPRODUCT LINES

NATURAL DIAMOND& IMPREG

DURADIAMOND 300 SERIE 400 SERIE

PDC

HYBRID-PDC

BICENTRIX

STEERING WHEEL

TRANSFORMATION(SWITCHBLADE)

OBJECTIVES OF DULLOBJECTIVES OF DULLBIT GRADINGBIT GRADING

l Improve Rock Bit Selectionl Enhance Drilling Performancel Improve Bit Pulling Procedures for

Minimum Cost Drillingl Improve Historical Data for

Application and Design

GOAL OF DULL BITGOAL OF DULL BITGRADING SYSTEMSGRADING SYSTEMS

l Develop a system for roller and fixedcutter bits to Paint a Mental Picture ofthe worn bits physical condition.

l System must be convenient enough thatthe drilling community will use it.

KEYS TO DULLKEYS TO DULLGRADINGGRADING

l Know What a Sharp Bit Looks Like

l Normal Dull Conditions

l Sequence of Events

l Paint Mental Picture of Dull

l Consistency

IADC 1992 IADC 1992 Dull Bit GradingDull Bit Grading

Outer

Cutting Structure

Inner Dull Char. Location

Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)

2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gage Row Only)

3 Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, Cutting Structure Only)

4 Location (Where Dull Characteristic Occurs)

5 Bearing / Seals (Condition of Roller Cone)

6 Gage (What is the Final Gage Diameter)

7 Other Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, not limited to CS)

8 Reason Pulled (Use Codes, Termination of Bit Run)

EIGHTFIELDS

1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)

2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gage Row Only)

Tooth Height Measurement

Cutting Structure

Inner Outer Dull Char. Location

Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Tooth Height Measurement

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8

2/3 D 1/3 D

12

3 4 5

6

70

2/3 D 1/3 D

8

1. INNER ROWS 2. OUTER ROWS

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 Major Dull Characteristics (Use only Cutting Structure Related Codes)*BC - Broken Cone

BF - LS Bond Failure

BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters

BU - Balled Up Bit

*CC - Cracked Cone

*CD - Cone Dragged

CI - Cone Interface

CR - Cored

CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters

ER - Erosion

FC - Flat Crested Wear

HC - Heat Checking

*LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle

LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters

OC - Off Center Wear

PB - Pinched Bit

PN - PluggedNozzle/Flow Passage

RG - Rounded Gage

RO - Ring Out

SD - Shirrtail Damage

SS - Self Sharpening Wear

TR - Tracking

WO - Washed Out Bit

WT - WornTeeth/Cutters

NO - No Dull Characteristics

* Show Cone #s under Location (4)

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 LOCATION

N - Nose Row Cone #

M - Middle Row 1

G - Gage Row 2

A - All Rows 3

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 LOCATION

C - Cone

N - Nose

T - Taper

S - Shoulder

G - Gage

A - All Areas

C NTSG

C NS

G

C NSG

T

CN

S

G

T

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals Gage

OtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5 BEARINGS / SEALS

Non-Sealed Bearing Sealed Bearings

0 - No Life Used E - Seals Effective 8 - All Life Used F - Seals Failed

X - Fixed Cutter BitN - Not Able to Grade

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals Gage

OtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 GAGE Measure in fractions of an inch.

I - In Gage

1/16 - 1/16 Out of Gage

2/16 - 1/8 Out of Gage

4/16 - 1/4 Out of Gage

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7 Other Dull Characteristics (Use all Related Codes)

* Show Cone #s under Location (4)

*BC - Broken Cone

BF - LS Bond Failure

BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters

BU - Balled Up Bit

*CC - Cracked Cone

*CD - Cone Dragged

CI - Cone Interface

CR - Cored

CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters

ER - Erosion

FC - Flat Crested Wear

HC - Heat Checking

*LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle

LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters

OC - Off Center Wear

PB - Pinched Bit

PN - PluggedNozzle/Flow Passage

RG - Rounded Gage

RO - Ring Out

SD - Shirrtail Damage

SS - Self Sharpening Wear

TR - Tracking

WO - Washed Out Bit

WT - WornTeeth/Cutters

NO - No Dull Characteristics

Cutting Structure


Bearings/Seals

GageOtherDull

Char.

ReasonPulled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 Reason Pulled Or Run Terminated

BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly

DMF - Downhole Motor

Failure

DTF - Downhole Tool Failure

DSF - Drill String Failure

DST - Drill Stem Test

LOG - Run Logs

LIH - Left in Hole

RIG - Rig Repair

CM - Condition Mud

CP - Core Point

DP - Drill PlugFM - Formation Change

HP - Hole Problems

HR - Hours on Bit

PP - Pump Pressure

PR - Penetration Rate

TD - Total Depth Casing Depth

TQ - Torque

TW - Twist OffWC - Weather Conditions

PRESSURE DROPPRESSURE DROPRULE OF THUMBRULE OF THUMB

64.5%

48.5%

OTHEROTHERRULES OF THUMBRULES OF THUMB

3 to 7 HSI or Greater

30 to 50 GPM / Bit Diameter Inch (Good Starting Place)

Only 17% of Total TFA through Center Jet Roller cone (3 or 4 sizes smaller)

HYDRAULICS SOFTWAREHYDRAULICS SOFTWARE

HydraulicsHydraulicsCalculatorCalculator

HydraulicsHydraulicsProblem #1Problem #1

Drilling using 8.5 bit with 3 nozzles, 13.5 PPG mud, withdown hole motor and MWD. Motor leaks 6% of fluid acrossthrust bearings. Pressure drop across MWD and motor is650 PSI. BHA: Bit, Motor, MWD, 6x2.5x300DC,6x3x150DC, 5.5x2.75x120HW and 5 19.5 PPF drillpipe. Projected TD at 12,000 TVD(MD), a casing with a 9ID has been set at 9,000 TVD (MD). Max SPP=3,500 PSI.Case #3 rig. If not given use default value. If we maximizeHSI what are the following values:

HSI = _____ SPP = _____ Flow Rate = ____%SPPD@bit = ___ Nozzles = __ __ __

HydraulicsHydraulicsProblem #1 (Problem #1 (AnswersAnswers))

Drilling using 8.5 bit with 3 nozzles, 13.5 PPG mud, withdown hole motor and MWD. Motor leaks 6% of fluid acrossthrust bearings. Pressure drop across MWD and motor is650 PSI. BHA: Bit, Motor, MWD, 6x2.5x300DC,6x3x150DC, 5.5x2.75x120HW and 5 19.5 PPF drillpipe. Projected TD at 12,000 TVD(MD), a casing with a 9ID has been set at 9,000 TVD (MD). Max SPP=3,500 PSI.Case #3 rig. If not given use default value. If we maximizeHSI what are the following values:

HSI = 6.4 SPP = 3484 Flow Rate = 375%nozzle pressure drop = 62.3 Nozzles = 12,11,11

Bit Theory

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