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BirdLife International

global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Fergus, R., Louwe Kooijmans, J., Kwak, R.

BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

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PEREGRINE FALCON (FALCO PEREGRINUS) IN THE PORT OF AMSTERDAM. PHOTO:WILL LEURS


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 5

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL GROUP ON URBAN BIRDS ............................................................... 6

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 8

2. WHAT IS URBAN? ........................................................................................................... 11

3. URBAN BIRDS ................................................................................................................. 13

4. RED LIST .......................................................................................................................... 19

5. NON-NATIVE SPECIES ..................................................................................................... 21

6. NUISANCE BIRD SPECIES ................................................................................................ 23

7. ICONIC URBAN BIRD SPECIES ......................................................................................... 25

8. URBAN IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS AND HABITAT RESERVES ........................................ 27

9. URBAN MIGRATION MONITORING STATIONS .............................................................. 30

10. URBAN BIRD MONITORING ........................................................................................... 31

11. AWARENESS ................................................................................................................... 35

12. GARDEN BIRD COUNTS .................................................................................................. 39

13. BIRD FRIENDLY GARDENING .......................................................................................... 41

14. ADVICE ON CITY PLANNING .......................................................................................... 43

15. CONSERVATION OF URBAN BIRD SPECIES .................................................................... 45

16. BEST PRACTICES AND GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE ............................................................... 47

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... 58

A. COUNTRY PROFILES AND SURVEY RESPONSES ............................................................ 59

B. RESPONSES FROM INDEPENDENT AUDUBON CHAPTERS (USA) ................................. 159

C. LOCAL URBAN REDLIST SPECIES BY CONTINENT ......................................................... 163

D. ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED .............................. 165

Recommended Citation: Fergus, R., Louwe Kooijmans, J., Kwak, R., BirdLife International Global Survey on the Status of Urban Bird Conservation, BirdLife International, Cambridge, 2013


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BARN OWL (TYTO ALBA) THE MOST WIDE SPREAD URBAN BIRD. PHOTO: PAUL HOBSON


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PREFACE

Across the world more than 50% of all people already live in towns and cities, and this is a percentage that is growing rapidly. By 2050 it is anticipated that more than 70% for people will be urban-dwellers. For BirdLife, this means that our members and prospective supporters will increasingly be town and city-based. Urbanisation that disconnects people from wild nature is a cause of increasing concern to the conservation community, and there is growing evidence that access to wildlife can have a significant impact on our health and well-being. People's concerns are different everywhere around globe, but we all share a same first experience with nature close to our home. From the outset, I have been a keen supporter of the BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds (BIG UB) and I would like to congratulate all the Partners that have contributed to this survey. This report is a first global overview of what BirdLife partners do for the conservation of birds in urban areas. Through our work on species of concern and, of course, important bird areas (IBAs) in urban areas, I see lots of opportunities to engage people, particularly young people, in bird conservation. Biodiverse green spaces in towns and cities can make a huge difference to people, and people can help ensure these areas continue to exit. How we manage the landscape around us; whether it is a forest, a meadow, a simple city street or town garden, influences the wildlife it supports. And cities and towns that are fit for birds, are surely going to be fit for us as well.

Marco Lambertini, Chief Executive of BirdLife International


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COMMON STARLING (STURNUS VULGARIS) PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to the founding members of the BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds (BIGUB) who outlined areas of interest and established an organizational agenda at the initial 2009 organizing meeting in Leiden, NL: Fahrul Amama, Birgit Brenninkmeijer, Claire Cazier, Marco Dinetti, George Eshiamwata, John Fanshawe, Rob Fergus, Katie Higgens, Iordan Hristov, Astrid Leoni, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Robert Kwak, Rosabel Miro, Darren Moorcraft, Martijn Overbeeke, Holly Parsons, Dian Prihanggalasari, Henny sembiring, Sergey Sklyarenko, Don Geoff Tabaranza, Ishana Thapa, Manon Wilmering, Fred Wouters. Our greatest thanks to those who provided responses to this BIGUB survey: Ruth Akagu, Fahrul Amama, Amir Balaban, Richard E. Barrett, Dave Bengston, Mary Ellen Bittorf, Dieudonne Bizimana, Mike Blackbird, Andrés Bosso, Linda Brinker, Wayne Buchholtz, Greg Butcher, Sarah Campbell, Agustin Carriquiry, Jim Clark, Eric Clough, Bradley Cornell, John Cortes, Jennifer Coulson, Patricia Cruse, Jean Daly, Mark Delwiche, Dabby Ding, Craig Dockrill, Shannon Dougherty, Joel Dunnette, Jeff Ebright, Jaanus Elts, Virginia Escandell, Jacqueline Evans, Claudia Feltrup-Azafzaf, Mary Ford, Laurie Foss, Michael F. Garbo, John Gerwin, Lois Gundrum, Anuradha Gupta, Jurij Hanžel, Harvey, Seiji Hayama, Iordan Hristov, Bubba Hubbard, Richard Ingram, Süreyya Isfendiyaroglu, Shannon Kennedy, Marianne Korosy, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Mark W. Larson, Robert Lee, Diane Lembck, Judy Liddell, Travis Longcore, Patric Lorgé, Jacque Lowery, Gerry Luginbuhl, Haley Main, Nancy Manning, Mark Martell, Bill Miller, Rosabel Miro, Ireneusz Mirowski, Alvaro Moisés, Keddy Mooketsa, Cristina Morales, Ron Morris, Werner Müller, Tiwonge I Mzumara, Károly Nagy, Mercy Ndalila, Serge Nsengimana, Michael Opige, Clairie Papazoglou, Holly Parsons, Gregory Pasztor, Glenn Phillips, Helen Pugh, Aalbert Rebergen, Ernst Retief, Enas F. Sakkijha, Mudhafar A. Salim, Elina Sarantou, Kabelo Senyatso, Loren H. Smith, Adrian Soria, Nancy Streiffert, Elchin Sultanov, Don Geoff Tabaranza, Ishana Thapa, Meelis Uustal, Wim Van den Bossche, Metodija Velevski, Zdenek Vermouzek, Donald Ware, Bob Wasilewski, Kerrie Wilcox, Magdalena Zadrąg. Last but not least special thanks to BirdLife officials, Beverly Childs, John Fanshawe, Hazell Thompson.


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BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL GROUP ON URBAN BIRDS

The Netherlands is one of the most urban nations on earth, and Vogelbescherming Nederland / Birdlife Netherlands early recognized that urban settlements are important habitats for both birds and people, and that cities are where most people are likely to be recruited in support of bird preservation. Since several other BirdLife partners were also working on urban bird issues and involving the public in bird protection in their urban daily living space, Vogelbescherming Nederland initiated efforts to bring these partners together as a working group on Urban Birds within BirdLife International. The BirdLife Group on Urban Birds (BIG UB) works to increase BirdLife’s expertise, influence on policies, public profile and fundraising opportunities in the field of the urban environment as a habitat for birds and people, by focusing on synergy between partners by exchange of knowledge, experience and practical tools for conservation as well as communication. Group organizing began with informal discussions at Urbio 2008 (Erfurt 2008) and the BirdLife World Conference in Argentina (Buenos Aires 2008), and the group formally convened for the first time a year later in Leiden, The Netherlands (6-7 November 2009).

TOP 5 ACTION LIST

BIG UB members identified the following Top 5 action list for the group: 1) Compile a list of current activities and best practices for publication in an official BirdLife paper on

urban bird conservation.

2) Utilize the BirdLife paper to create a framework for BirdLife urban bird conservation recommendations for rollout and discussion at a BirdLife Global Meeting.

3) Identify gaps in knowledge and education needed for conservation or birds in urban areas

4) Create a list of Important Bird Areas & threatened birds in urban areas

5) Convene an international conference on urban bird conservation to include a second BIG UB meeting

A BIG UB steering committee formed to further these actions and the work of the group.

MEMBERS OF THE STEERING COMMITTEE:

Robert Kwak, Vogelbescherming Nederland, moderator

George Eshiamwata, BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat.

John Fanshawe, BirdLife International Secretariat.

Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Vogelbescherming Nederland

Rosabel Miro, Panama Audubon Society.

Darren Moorcroft, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Holly Parsons, Birds Australia.

Sergey Sklyarenko, Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan.

Rob Fergus, external expert


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HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS) PHOTO: MARTIN HIERCK


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1. INTRODUCTION

In order to begin addressing their Top 5 Action List, BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds (BIG UB) members compiled a list of survey questions in 2010. In June 2011 the BirdLife International office in Cambridge sent the survey to all BirdLife partners and affiliates. Partners and affiliates were asked to fill out the survey online via SurveyMonkey. By the end of August 2011, 49 of 125 BirdLife country partners had responded to the survey (see Map 1.1 and Table 1.1). These included: 18 [39%, n=46] from Europe, 2 [18%, n=11] from the Middle East, 10 [41%, n=24] from Africa, 6 [35%, n=17] from Asia, 4 [50%, n=8] from the Pacific, 9 [47%, n=19] from the America’s In addition, responses were received from 47 local chapters of the National Audubon Society (10%, n=460)—the U.S. BirdLife partner (see Appendix B).

Map 1.1 2011 BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds Survey Respondents


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Table 1 .1 Respondents—2011 BIG UB Survey

Country BirdLife Partner

Argentina Aves Argentians Australia Birds Australia Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Ornithological Society Belgium Natuurpunt (branch of BirdLife Belgium) Botswana BirdLife Botswana Bulgaria Bulgarian Society for the Protection of birds / BirdLife Bulgaria Burundi Association Burundaise pour la protection des Oiseaux-ABO Canada Bird Studies Canada Cook Islands Te Ipukarea Society Cyprus BirdLife Cyprus Czech Republic Czech Society for Ornithology Ecuador Aves y Conservacion El Salvador SalvaNATURA Estonia Estonian Ornithological Society Falklands/Malvinas Falklands Conservation

Gibraltar Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society Greece Hellenic Ornithological Society Hungary Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (MME) Indonesia Burung Indonesia Iraq Nature Iraq Israel Society for conservation of nature in Israel SPNI Japan Wild Bird Society of Japan Jordan The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature Kenya Nature Kenya Liberia Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia(SCNL) Luxembourg LNVL - BirdLife Luxembourg Macedonia Macedonian Ecological Society Malawi Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi The Netherlands Vogelbescherming Nederland / BirdLife Netherlands Nepal Bird Conservation Nepal New Zealand Forest & Bird Nigeria Nigerian Conservation Foundation Palau Palau Conservation Society Panama Sociedad Audubon de Panamá Paraguay Asociación Guyra Paraguay Philippines Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources Poland Ogólnopolskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptaków (OTOP) Rwanda ACNR(Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda) Singapore Nature Society (Singapore) Slovenia DOPPS - Birdlife Slovenia South Africa BirdLife South Africsa Spain SEO/BirdLife Switzerland SVS/BirdLife Switzerland Taiwan Chinese Wild Bird Federation Tunisia Association "Les Amis des Oiseaux" (AAO) Turkey Doga Dernegi Uganda Nature Uganda United States National Audubon Uruguay Aves Uruguay


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BIG UB survey responses came from BirdLife country partners representing nations with a wide range of populations. Partners from the smallest countries responding were Palau with 20,796 inhabitants and Gibraltar with 28,000 inhabitants. The largest countries represented in the survey were the United States with 308 million inhabitant at a density of 31.9/km² and Nigeria with 150 million inhabitants at a density of 161.5/km².

Population densities of responding country partners also varied greatly. The highest densities reported are from the city states of Singapore (7,315/k²) and Gibraltar (4,672.3/km²), the third and fifth densest populations in the world. More moderate but still densely populated countries such as Taiwan (638.5/km²) and the Netherlands (401.4/km²) were also represented, as were countries with very low population densities including the Falklands (0.3/km²), Australia (2.7/km²), and Canada 3.4/km²).

Accelerating rates of urbanization around the world underscore the growing importance of conservation in cities. Since 2007 over 50% of the world population is found in cities. Responses to the BIG UB survey generally reflected this high percentage of urbanism. Only seven of the 49 countries reported urban population percentages lower than the world average of 50% (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2 Countries Reporting Urban Populations Below 50%

Country Percent Urban Population Rwanda 16.9% Nepal 19% Luxembourg 30% Kenya 42% Slovenia 44% Nigeria 48.7% Philippines 48%

Most countries reported urban percentages between 60-90%. Since urban population percentages are available for most countries, some respondents provided very accurate governmental statistics (eg. Jordan’s 82.6% from their department of statistics, end of 2010) and Australia reporting 68.4% in major cities and 29.2% in regional centers. Other respondents did not reference official statistics, but provided estimates or educated guesses.

The highest urban percentages reported in the BIG UB survey came from Uruguay (92%) and Gibraltar (95%). However, reported percentages are not strictly comparable, as they are influenced by widely varying local definitions of ‘urban’ (see next section on definitions of urban).

While the subject of urban bird conservation might appear to be of more interest to partners in countries with high urban populations, interest and programming in urban bird programs were reported by partners from across the urbanization spectrum. Also perhaps surprisingly, some countries with high urban populations reported very little by way of urban bird conservation programming.

This report summarizes and provides an initial review of the responses to the 2011 BIG UB survey. Responses to each survey question are summarized in sections 2-15 and complete survey responses from each country partner are also provided (Appendix A).

This report uses the follows the taxonomy, common names, and scientific names as published in BirdLife Checklist Version 5. Scientific names for all species mentioned in the text are included in Appendix D.


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2. WHAT IS URBAN?

One of the challenges in discussing or studying urban bird conservation across the globe is the lack of a universally accepted definition of ‘urban’. This is hardly a problem restricted to ecologists or conservationists; even the United Nations adopts a vague definition of urban settlements as those defined as such by various national statistical agencies (see box). When asked to clarify their definition of urban areas, most BirdLife partners responded with a general definition referring to cities and towns. Some partners provided broad qualitative descriptions of urban areas, such as

Nepal: “High settlement areas in metropolitan and sub-metropolitan cities consisting of

municipalities, very less agricultural areas.”

Iraq: “Areas that are used permanently or frequently by people.”

Nigeria: “An area characterized by higher population density and vast human features in

comparison to areas surrounding, it means an area of continuous development may be cities,

towns or conurbations.”

17 partners referred to local official definitions of urban areas, including:

Botswana: “Adopted statutory definition, which is more political, rather based on human

population; these are towns managed by central and not local government.”

Czech Republic: “Official list of towns and cities.”

Taiwan: “Municipalities.”

11 partners provided a more quantitative definition of urban areas based on the number of inhabitants in a settlement. Most definitions required the presence of at least 1000 inhabitants to qualify as urban, for example Estonia defined urban areas as compact settlements with a high population density and total population of at least 1000 people. Only Uruguay, with a minimum threshold of 500, defined urban areas as settlements with fewer than 1000 inhabitants. Other partners cited higher minimum population requirements for a settlement to qualify as urban:

Slovenia 2,000

Philippines 2,000

United States 2,500

Japan 4,000

Jordan 5,000

Only the Philippines provided a clear urban definition that involved measurements of population density: (1) cities and municipalities with at least 1,000 persons/sq km; (2) central districts of municipalities and cities with at least 500 persons per sq km; (3) barangay (smallest political unit) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and primary occupation is non-fishing. In providing answers to this survey, Poland limited its definition to include only big cities with over 200,000 inhabitants. While most urban definitions are based on population criteria, urban ecologists seek to identify urban areas based on measures of landscape features. While individual researchers often create their own criteria for determining what is or is not urban, these definitions often involve a gradient of landscapes based on how much of it is dominated by pavement or built structures and ornamental vegetation (Box 1.2). Interestingly, no survey responses relied upon specific ecological criteria, and only a few described specific landscape features. Burundi mentioned “modern and complex infrastructure,” while Panama described urban areas as “areas with road, electricity, water and sewage systems, with public services (schools, hospitals, police station, etc.) and private services (banks, supermarkets, shops, etc.)


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Without a universal definition of urban areas, the BIG UB survey responses are not strictly comparable from country to country, however they are illustrative of a wide diversity of perspectives and approaches to dealing with birds in variously defined urban areas.

Box 1.1 United Nations Definitions of Urban

a) Urban. Settlements or localities defined as "urban" by national statistical agencies. b) Urbanization. The process of transition from a rural to a more urban society. Statistically,

urbanization reflects an increasing proportion of the population living in settlements defined as urban, primarily through net rural to urban migration. The level of urbanization is the percentage of the total population living in towns and cities while the rate of urbanization is the rate at which it grows.

c) Urban growth. The increase in the number of people who live in towns and cities, measured either in relative or absolute terms.

d) Natural increase. The difference between the number of births and number of deaths in a given population.

e) The urban transition. The passage from a predominantly rural to a predominantly urban society.

State of world population: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York, NY: The United Nations Free Peoples Association; 2007.

Box 1.2 Ecological definitions of urban landscapes

(based on Marzluff, Bowman, and Donnely, “A historical perspective on urban bird research: trends, terms, and approaches,” in Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, Klewer, 2001)

Landscape Percent Built Building Density

Residential Human Density

Additional Description

Urban >50 >10/ha >10/ha Mostly covered with buildings

Suburban 30-50 2.5-10/ha >10/ha Single-family housing and yards

Exurban 5-20 <2.5/ha 1-10/ha Scattered building in native matrix

Rural 5-20 <2.5/ha 1-10/ha Scattered building in agricultural matrix

Wildland 0-2 0 <1/ha Mosly unsettled


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3. URBAN BIRDS

BirdLife partners were asked to determine the number of species with city or other urban areas as ‘prime habitat’ and to provide a list of those species, as well as the basis for this list (science based versus educated guess). As with the definition of urban, the criteria for determining what is an urban bird, or what constituted prime habitat, varied widely. Countries reported the number of urban bird totals ranging from 2 species to 300—clearly representing different interpretations of the question as well as differing views of what constitutes an urban bird. Most responses listed only the most urban-dwelling birds (those which primarily use cities as opposed to other landscapes), while a few partners emphasized the long list of birds that are found across a wide range of habitats within their urban areas. Despite the different approaches to delineating urban bird species, this survey provides an instructive overview of urban birds on each continent. The survey responses also illustrate how little studied urban birds are in most countries--only a few partners were able to quantify their responses based on scientific studies, with most having to rely on expert opinion. (see Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 Urban Bird Species Determinations Based on Expert Opinion vs. Scientific Research Continent Expert Science - % Expert %Science Europe 8 2 8 [44% n=18] [11%] Africa 6 1 3 [60% n=10] [10%] Asia 2 2 2 [33% n=6] [33%] Pacific 4 0 0 [0% n=4] [0%] America 3 2 3 [33% n=9] [22%] Middle East 1 0 1 [0% n=2] [0%]

24 50%

7 15%

17 35%

Expert Opinion vs. Scientific Research

Expert Opinion

Science

No Response

BIRDS AND PEOPLE. HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS) PHOTO: MARTIN HIERCK


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EUROPE

34 urban bird species were mentioned by more than one country in Europe:

House Sparrow (15)

Common Swift (15)

Eurasian Collared-dove (15)

Rock Pigeon (10)

Northern House-martin (10)

Eurasian Jackdaw (9)

Barn Swallow (7)

Barn Owl (6)

Eurasian Blackbird (5)

Common Kestrel (4)

Black-billed Magpie (4)

European Greenfinch (4)

European Goldfinch (3)

Rose-ringed Parakeet (4)

Black Redstart (4)

Peregrine Falcon (4)

Hooded Crow (3)

Rook (3)

Little Owl (3)

White Stork (3)

Laughing Dove (3)

White Wagtail (3)

Great Tit (2)

Lesser Kestrel (2)

Yellow-legged Gull (2)

Spotted Flycatcher (2)

Common Starling (2)

Pallid Swift (2)

Alpine Swift (2)

Carrion Crow (2)

Common Redstart (2)

European Serin (2)

Common Myna (2)

Crested Lark (2)

MIDDLE EAST

As befits its geographic location, urban birds in the Middle East represents a mixture of European, African, and global species. 24 urban bird species were reported in the Middle East:

Eurasian Collared-dove

House Sparrow

Laughing Dove

Rock Pigeon

Common Starling (in winter)

White Wagtail (in winter)

Barn Swallow

Barn Owl

Himalayan Bulbul


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White-throated Kingfisher

Syrian Woodpecker

Red -rumped Swallow

Northern House-martin

White-spectacled Bulbul

Eurasian Blackbird

Graceful Prinia

Great Tit

Palestine Sunbird

Eurasian Jay

Hooded Crow

House Crow

European Greenfinch

Common Kestrel

Rose-ringed Parakeet

ASIA

Seven species were listed by two or more countries:

Eurasian Tree Sparrow (2)

Little Swift (3)

Barn Swallow (2)

Cattle Egret (2)

Jungle Crow (2)

Rock Pigeon (2)

Black Kite (2)

AFRICA

Seven species were mentioned by more than one country:

Common Bulbul (3)

House Sparrow (3)

Pied Crow (2)

House Crow (2)

Northern House-martin (2)

Laughing Dove (2)

Speckled Pigeon (2)

PACIFIC

Only two countries provided a list of species in this section, which included 24 species:

House Sparrow (introduced)

Micronesian Myzomela

Chestnut-breasted Mannikin

Palau Scops-owl

Palau Swiftlet

Micronesian Starling

Collared Kingfisher

Pacific Reef Heron

Red Junglefowl (feral)

Pacific Golden Plover

Bristle-thighed Curlew


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Wandering Tattler

White Tern

Cook Islands Fruit Dove

Common Myna

AMERICAS

Six species were mentioned by more than one country:

House Sparrow (2)

Monk Parakeet (2)

Rock Pigeon (2)

Chimney Swift (2)

Rufous-bellied Thrush (2)

Grey-breasted Martin (2) 27 species were mentioned on more than one continent (Table 3.2), with the Barn Owl and House Sparrow appearing on all continents.


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Table 3.2 Most Widespread Urban Birds

Africa Asia Middle

East Europe Pacific America ALL

Barn Owl 6

House Sparrow

6

Rock Pigeon

4

Laughing Dove

4


4

Rose-ringed Parakeet

4

Peregrine Falcon

3

Common

Myna

3

White-spectacled Bulbul

Northern House-martin

3

Barn Swallow 4

Black-crowned Night-heron

3

White Wagtail

3

Cattle Egret ? 3

Common Starling

3

House Crow 3

Common Kestrel

3

Common Swift 2

Great Tit 2

Hooded Crow 2

Alpine Swift 2

Pallid Swift 2

Black Kite 2

European Greenfinch

2

Eurasian Blackbird

2

Little Egret 2

White Stork 2

Canada Goose

2

Introduced by man introduced by man, but partly

native Native


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CHIMNEY SWIFT (CHAETURA PELAGICA). STRIKINGLY HOUSE BREEDING BIRD SPECIES ARE UNDER PRESSURE

PHOTO: S.D.K. MASLOWSKI


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4. RED LIST

BirdLife countries named as urban birds 16 species on the IUCN world red list (Table 4.1). It is not clear if all these birds are using the urban habitat as a breeding habitat or if these birds primarily occur in cities. None of those are European species, while Europe is the most urbanized continent. In addition to IUCN red list species, many local red-listed species and birds of lower concern on a global scale are also listed urban birds. Respondents mentioned 40 species considered to be on local red lists (see Appendix C). Strikingly house breeding birds are under pressure, such as Chimney Swift in the Americas and Northern House-martin in Europe. Peregrine Falcon is locally red listed on three continents. In some cases, cities can provide habitat for introduced populations of birds that are red-listed in their native habitats. One example is the Java Sparrow, a globally red listed species that has a successful introduced population in the Philippines. In other cases, birds red-listed in part of their range can even become a pest or nuisance species when introduced elsewhere. The most remarkable example of this is the House Sparrow. Red-listed in some parts of Europe and Australia , it is at the same time considered a pest species in most parts of the world where it is introduced by man. Local red lists may have different criteria. If no birds where mentioned as red-listed, this clearly does not mean that there are no endangered species present. In some cases, as indicated in the honest response from Argentina, BirdLife organizations have yet to fully assess possible urban habitat use by red-listed species.

Species IUCN Status

Continent Countries Remarks

1 Chinese Egret EN Asia Philippines Non breeding visitor

2 Philippine Duck VU Asia Philippines Endemic

3 Hooded Vulture EN Africa Uganda, Nigeria

4 Grey Crowned-crane VU Africa Nigeria National bird

5 Bristle-thighed Curlew VU Pacific Cook islands Non breeding visitor

6 Bush Thick-knee NT Pacific Australia Partly urban

7 Chinese Crested Tern CR Asia Philippines 1 record, Non breeding visitor

8 Cook Islands Fruit Dove VU Pacific Cook islands Only on two islands Rarotonga and Atiu

9 Superb Parrot VU Pacific Australia Partly urban

10 Grey Parrot NT Africa Nigeria

12 Chimney Swift NT Americas USA Highly urban

13 Regent Honeyeater EN Pacific Australia Partly urban

14 Papyrus Gonolek NT Africa Nigeria

15 Papyrus Yellow Warbler VU Africa Nigeria

16 Java Sparrow VU Asia Philippines Introduced


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Responses represented a wide range of approaches to classifying birds as urban or to inclusion on local red lists.

PHILIPPINES

Here the responses included very rare birds that have occurred infrequently in urban areas, as well as an introduced bird of global conservation concern:

Chinese Crested Tern – migrant; recorded in Manila Bay 1905

Chinese Egret – migrant; frequently recorded in coastal areas near built-up areas such as Manila

Bay.

Java Sparrow – introduced; has established small populations built-up areas and surrounding

agricultural areas such as Metro Manila

Philippine Duck – endemic; a population of at least 80 individuals have taken up residence in the

coastal lagoons of the Las Pinas – Paranaque Critical Habitat & Ecotourism Area in Manila Bay.

PACIFIC

In the Cook islands, eight species were listed as urban red list species, representing birds of primarily local conservation concern, as the global status for most of these species is of Least Concern:

Bristle-thighed Curlew (Vulnerable)

Cook Islands Fruit Dove (Vulnerable)

Pacific Reef Heron (Least Concern)

Red Junglefowl (Least Concern)

Pacific Golden Plover (Least Concern)

Wandering Tattler (Least Concern)

White Tern (Least Concern)

Common Myna (Least Concern)

USA

The Chimney Swift (Near Threatened) was the only urban Red List species mentioned by Audubon. However, local Audubon chapters reported three additional Red List species (see Appendix B). Many other IUCN, federal, or state listed endangered or threatened species occur in urban areas, and there may be a wide variety of interpretations to this questions based on judgment calls of where the "cut-off" should be on the continuum of how commonly a given species (particularly a migratory species) is encountered in urban areas. For instance, Willow Flycatchers and Yellow-billed Cuckoos aren’t usually considered primarily urban species, but they were listed as urban Red List species in Central New Mexico because they occur in riparian areas within the Greater Albuquerque area.

In New York, the Peregrine Falcon is listed by the state as Endangered, reflecting the history of this species during the last 50 years more than its current population levels, which are healthy. Peregrine Falcons were extirpated in the eastern half of the United States and suffered severe population declines around the world after World War II due to the use of the pesticide DDT. The species was successfully restored in New York and elsewhere in much of its former habitat in the United States, and the federal government removed the Peregrine Falcon from its list of endangered and threatened species in 1999. New York state authorities have opted to continue listing it as endangered in consideration of its post WWII decline and the tremendous effort involved in restoring it.


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5. NON-NATIVE SPECIES

Urban ecologists have long noted that urban avifaunas are often characterized by exotic species that are able to use built structures for nesting sites or take advantage of foraging and shelter opportunities afforded by exotic vegetation. BirdLife partners were able to list over 50 species of exotic species in their cities, which reflect both introduced species as well as invasive range expanders: like Eurasian Collared-dove and Laughing Dove in Asia and Europe or the Great-tailed Grackle in the Americas. 12 of these species are listed as exotic or invasive species on several continents (see Table 5.1).

Table 5.1 Exotic & range expanding birds mentioned on more than 1 continent around the world Number of countries where each species is listed as exotic or range expanding in the survey.

Africa Asia Middle East Europe Pacific Americas Exotic

Continents

Rock Pigeon

2

2 1 2 4

Rose-ringed

Parakeet 1 2

5 1 4 1

Common Myna 2

2 2 2 4

Common Starling

1 2 2 3

House Sparrow

4 3 4 3

House Crow

2

1 3

Canada Goose

1

2

European Greenfinch

2 1 2

Mallard

1 2 2

European Goldfinch

2 1 2


1

1

1 1

Laughing Dove 1

2 1

Exotic Range Expander Native Partial Native

Remarkably, despite their near ubiquity in large cities around the globe, relatively few countries included mention of feral Rock Pigeon. Additional information would be required to explain this glaring inconsistency. Perhaps since genuine wild Rock Pigeons were native to Eurasia, their locally feral descendants are not considered exotic, or maybe pigeons are so common that they’re not even noticed anymore. Exotic species are often overlooked by birders more interested in native species, as well as by conservationists focused on native habitats. For instance, in the Americas, despite their presence since Colonial times, tallies of Rock Pigeons were not included in Audubon’s annual Christmas Bird Count until 1973. Island states and countries reported the most exotic species, including Taiwan (21 species), New Zealand (17 species, and Australia (12 species) (see Table 5.2). Island avifaunas are at particular risk from competition with exotic species, and urban areas may serve as a source population for these invasive competitors to continually threaten more intact rural habitats.


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Table 5.2 Exotic Urban Species on Islands

Taiwan New Zealand Australia

White-vented Myna Common Myna Jungle Myna Vinous-breasted Starling Asian Glossy Starling Black-collared Starling White-throated Munia African Sacred Ibis Indian Peafowl Common Pheasant Blue Magpie White-rumped Shama Zebra Dove Village Weaver Pin-tailed Whydah Chestnut-tailed Starling Azure-winged Magpie Orange-cheeked Waxbill Common Waxbill Black-throated Laughingthrush

House Sparrow Common Starling Common Myna Australian Magpie European Greenfinch Yellowhammer European Goldfinch Eurasian Chaffinch Common Redpoll Eurasian Blackbird Song Thrush Hedge Accentor Eastern Rosella Spotted Dove (local) African Collared-dove (local) Mallard Canada Goose.

Common Starling Common Myna House Sparrow Eurasian Blackbird European Goldfinch Red-whiskered Bulbul Spotted Dove Rock Pigeon Mallard House Crow Rose-ringed Parakeet


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6. NUISANCE BIRD SPECIES

In urban areas, where large human and bird populations come into contact, there are often conflicts when birds become a nuisance. When asked to list pest or nuisance bird species, most categorized species came from six bird families:

doves and pigeons

starlings and mynas

corvids

gulls

weavers

parrots

In most parts of the world, urban pest species are mostly exotic birds, especially Eurasian introductions, such as feral Rock Pigeon, Common Myna, Common Starling and House Sparrow. In Australia several native parrots including Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Galah, Rainbow Lorikeet, and Long-billed Corella are listed as pest species locally, while these birds are admired for their beauty in most other parts of the world. Strikingly some birds are mentioned as a pest in one country while declining or even red listed in others. These include the Eurasian Jackdaw listed as a nuisance in Estonia, while near threatened in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, as well as the House Sparrow which is considered a pest in Uruguay and Israel, though near threatened in the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Additional nuisance or pest species include several species of cowbirds in the Americas, which threaten some native songbirds with their brood-parasitism. In Israel, Cattle Egrets are also listed as a nuisance.


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FERAL ROCK PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) LIVE IN ALMOST ALL CITIES AROUND THE WORLD

PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS


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7. ICONIC URBAN BIRD SPECIES

BirdLife partners were asked to list any iconic urban birds in their country. Partners listed 38 species as iconic or potentially iconic urban species (see Table 7.1). Responses varied based on two different interpretations of what defined an iconic bird—some countries listed species that are most typical of urban habitats, regardless of their conservation status; other countries listed species that can serve as a charismatic flagship species that the public can relate to as a conservation symbol.

Table 7.1 Iconic Urban Bird Species

Barn Owl Barn Swallow Chimney Swift Common Bulbul Common Kestrel Common Myna Common Swift Eurasian Tree Sparrow Grey Fantail Great-tailed Grackle Grey Gerygone House Bunting House Crow House Sparrow Japanese White-eye Laughing Dove Lesser Kestrel Light-vented Bulbul Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Northern House-Martin

Oriental Magpie-robin Palestine Sunbird Pallid Swift Piapiac Pied Crow Powerful Owl Rock Pigeon Rufous-bellied Thrush Spanish Sparrow Speckled Pigeon Splendid Fairywren Spotted Pardalote Striated Pardalote Superb Fairywren Tropical Mockingbird Tui White Stork White-spectacled Bulbul White Wagtail Wood Thrush

In Europe and the Middle East, House Sparrow and Common Swift were the most frequently mentioned iconic urban birds. Only Hungary mentioned more charismatic flagship species such as the White Stork and Barn Swallow. Four partners (and three independent local Audubon groups) mentioned Rock Pigeons as iconic urban birds. While these usually exotic urban species are not targets for urban conservation efforts, as perhaps the most visible urban bird in many areas, they do provide a possible starting point for public discussions about urban bird conservation. As noted in 2006 by Robert Dunn et al. in The Pigeon Paradox (Conservation Biology 20(6): 1814-1816), conservation of all species and ecosystems may depend on how well city dwellers can connect to pigeons and other urban species. Thrushes may serve as iconic urban birds in many parts of the world. Rufous-bellied Thrush was mentioned in Argentina, the Wood Thrush was mentioned in the USA, while independent Audubon groups mentioned the American Robin. While the Eurasian Blackbird was not listed by any European partners, they might also serve as a highly visible urban bird across its European range, as it shares a similar popularity with other thrushes due to their rich song and habit of living close to human dwellings without usually provoking a nuisance response from its human neighbors. Bulbuls are another highly visible urban bird that may serve as a focus of public attention. Israel and Nigeria each listed a bulbul species as an iconic urban bird. Swifts are another iconic urban bird. Survey respondents listed Chimney Swift, Common Swift, and Pallid Swifts as iconic urban birds. Since these aerial feeders nest on buildings, and may be declining in some areas, they represent birds that require conservation action in urban areas.


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Almost any bird can serve as a focus for conservation action in urban areas, as indicated by the number of species listed as iconic urban birds across the United States by local chapters of Audubon (see Appendix B). These range from typical desert species like the Greater Roadrunner in New Mexico, to coastal species such as Brown Pelican in San Diego.

SUPERB FAIRYWREN (MALURUS CYANEUS, ICONIC AUSTRALIAN GARDEN BIRD

PHOTO: DAVE WATTS


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8. URBAN IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS AND HABITAT RESERVES

Cities are often located in the most fertile regions of a landscape—including low elevations near water with fertile soils and high biodiversity that attracted the first human settlers to the area. Large remaining habitats in these cities may qualify as Important Bird Areas or be otherwise protected as parkland or open space by local authorities. 21 BirdLife partners have designated over 100 IBAs within urban areas.

Map 8.1 BirdLife Partners with Urban IBAs

Table 8.1 BirdLife Partners with Urban IBAs Continent Yes No - Europe 5 11 2 [28% n=18] Africa 5 4 1 [50% n=10] Asia 3 2 1 [50% n=6] Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 5 2 2 [56% n=9] Middle East 1 1 0 [50% n=2]

Canada reported perhaps the highest number of urban IBAs (<40), followed by the Philippines (29), Taiwan (15) and Argentina (11). However, attempts to identify urban IBAs were plagued by ambiguity over the criteria used to define what is meant by urban. As the response from Australia noted, the number of urban IBAs ‘depends upon urban classification’ criteria used. And even if there were a universal definition of what is meant by urban, this survey illustrate several different ways one could identify an IBA as urban. South Africa, identified 11 IBAs as urban because they include ‘built up areas,’ while Estonia listed a few IBAs as urban since they are adjacent to towns, though IBAs are natural areas lacking urban characteristics themselves.

21 43%

22 45%

6 12%

Countries with Urban IBAs

Urban IBAs

No Urban IBAs

No Response


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In addition to listing urban IBAs, partners were asked about official urban reserves and other significant habitat areas within cities. These questions also generated discussion about definitions and requests for clarification, but 18 partners provided information about additional city reserves or habitats in their country (see Table 8.2).

Map 8.2 BirdLife Partners Reporting City Reserves or Additional Urban Habitat Reserves

Table 8.2 BirdLife Partners Reporting City Reserves or Additional Urban Habitat Reserves Continent Yes No - Europe 7 2 9 [37% n=18] Africa 5 1 4 [50% n=10] Asia 3 0 3 [50% n=6] Pacific 2 1 1 [50% n=4] America 6 1 2 [67% n=9] Middle East 0 0 2 [0% n=2]

Some respondents focused on officially declared urban reserves; South Africa has official city reserves that are defined by national, provincial, and local legislation. Others like the Czech Republic noted a lack of official criteria for designating official reserves, but cited the presence of large parks which are forest enclaves within municipalities. Tunisia likewise mentioned that there are no official city reserves in Tunisia, only urban parks as well as four major wetlands in and around cities and towns. Many countries noted habitat value of numerous parks within cities, such as Karori (Zealandia) in Wellington, New Zealand. Australia referred to an extensive collection of national parks, state forests, conservation reserves in or adjacent to urban areas.

18 41%

5 11%

21 48%

Countries With Additional Urban Reserves

Reserves

No Reserves

No Response


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Box 8.1 Example urban IBA’s Aves Argentinas

Argentina has a well developed program of urban reserves in Buenos Aires, with detailed criteria for inclusion in the reserve network. Reserves are selected according to the following criteria:

1. Found within the urban grid, or no further than 10 km (or within 30 minutes’ traveling distance) (MCBA et al. 1999) from a city or group of settlements with a combined population of at least 50,000 inhabitants;

2. Of small or medium size (covering from 5 to 5,000 ha); 3. Native habitats (essentially similar to the original habitats of the region) must be present in at least 40

percent of the land; 4. Objectives of the area must be aimed at the conservation of native ecosystems, and generating

opportunities for environmental education, research, and/or recreation within nature; 5. One or more of the following uses must be permitted in the area: Public access for recreation and/or

tourism; Environmental education and interpretation; Formal education at any level; Scientific research related to the reserve’s ecosystems; Management of ecosystems or species aimed at their conservation.

Reference: MCBA (Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires), et al. 1999. Informe de Diagnóstico Ambiental. Plan Urbano Ambiental. MCBA, Buenos Aires

While the Buenos Aires reserves provide an excellent example of size, habitat, location, and land use criteria for use in delineating urban reserves, they point to the need for local rather than global criteria for reserve designation. For example, If the Buenos Aires criteria were used in a small country like the Netherlands, all IBAs in the country would qualify as urban reserves, including the world heritage Waddensea.

URBAN IBA FOR WHITE-COLLARED SEEDEATER (SPOROPHILA TORQUEOLA) IN TEXAS, USA



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9. URBAN MIGRATION MONITORING STATIONS

Hundreds of bird species migrate through most large cities where urban populations can provide a ready supply of volunteers who can assist with migration monitoring. Eleven BirdLife partners reported that they conduct migration monitoring at a total of 26 urban migration posts or monitoring stations (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1 Urban Migration Monitoring Stations Country Station Belgium -- Poland Stacja Badania Wędrówek Ptaków (Bird Migration Research Station) Israel Jerusalem Bird Observatory Turkey Çamlıca Hills, Sarıyer Hills, Princess Islands, Poyraz Hill Malawi -- Nigeria Hadejia, Nguru Tunisia TN009 Lake Tunis, TN010 Sebkhet Sedjoumi, TN014 Lagune de Korba,

TN027 Salines de Thyna Singapore Sungei Bulon Wetland Reserve for waders, 6 additional hawk watches Canada McGill Bird Observatory (Ste. Anne-de-Belevue), Tommy Thompson Park Bird

Research Station (Toronto), Inglewood Bird Banding Station (Calgary) Panama Ancon Hill Paraguay Office of BirdLife Paraguay and Guyra Paraguay

Africa and Asia reported the most migration monitoring stations (Table 9.2). Singapore reported the most stations (7), while Turkey and Tunisia each reported four stations.

Table 9.2 BirdLife Partners with Urban Migration Monitoring Stations Continent Yes No - Europe 4 12 2 [22% n=18] Africa 3 6 1 [30% n=10] Asia 1 4 1 [16% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 3 4 2 [33% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

While very few countries currently operate migration monitoring stations, these are often spectacular sites featuring world-class migration spectacles, such as Çamlıca Hills in Istanbul and Ancon Hill in Panama. At Ancon Hill, where the Panama Audubon Society has been counting migrant raptors from October 1 to November 18 each year since 2004, 1.7 million raptors were counted migrating over Panama City in 2010. Migration posts are often ideal locations to provide outreach and educational opportunities. At the Jerusalem Bird Observatory, a one acre site located between the Knesset (the Israeli parliament) and the Supreme Court, volunteers and staff hosted more than 1400 visitors and banded more than 2,000 birds in 1998.

11 23%

32 65%

6 12%

Urban Migration Monitoring Stations

Station

No Station

No Response


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10. URBAN BIRD MONITORING

As monitoring is essential for conservation efforts, BirdLife partners were asked about monitoring programs to census breeding or wintering birds in urban areas. Less than 1/3 of responding BirdLife partners monitor for breeding or wintering birds in urban areas. 14 (29%, n=49) BirdLife partners report that they census urban breeding birds (See Map 10.1).

Map 10.1 Urban Breeding Bird Census

Table 10.1 Conducts Monitoring Census for Urban Breeding Birds Continent Yes No - Europe 7 10 1 [37% n=18] Africa 2 7 1 [20% n=10] Asia 2 2 2 [33% n=6] Pacific 1 3 0 [25% n=4] America 2 5 2 [22% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

14 29%

29 59%

6 12%

Urban Breeding Bird Census

Census

No Census

No Response


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European partners reported the most breeding urban bird censusing efforts, with urban breeding censuses reported by Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and Turkey. Elsewhere, breeding urban bird censuses were reported by Malawi, Uganda, Singapore, Taiwan, Palau, Canada, and Paraguay. In the United States, Audubon did not report a nationwide urban breeding bird census, though two independent Audubon chapters did report conducting an urban breeding bird census (see Appendix B). 14 BirdLife partners reported that they census urban wintering birds (see Map 10.2 and Table 10.2).

Map 10.2 Urban Wintering Bird Census

Table 10.2 Conducts Monitoring Census for Urban Wintering Birds Continent Yes No - Europe 8 8 2 [44% n=18] Africa 1 8 1 [10% n=10] Asia 3 2 1 [50% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 2 5 2 [22% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

Once again, Europe reported the most efforts in this area, with winter urban bird censuses conducted in Belgium, Estonia, Gibraltar, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and Poland. Outside of Europe, winter urban bird censuses were reported from Malawi, Nepal, Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, and Paraguay.

14 29%

29 59%

6 12%

Urban Wintering Bird Census

Census

No Census

No Response


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While the United States did not report conducting a winter census for urban birds, six Audubon chapters reported wintering bird surveys (see Appendix B) and Audubon’s 113 year old Christmas Bird Count includes hundreds of annual winter counts conducted in and around most major American cities.

Even fewer BirdLife partners publish a report on the state of urban birds. Only eight partners, 13% of the BIG UB survey respondents, were publishing such a report as of 2011 (Table 10.3).

Table 10.3 Produces Report on State of Urban Birds Continent Yes No - Europe 3 12 3 [11% n=18] Africa 3 6 1 [30% n=10] Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 0 7 2 [0% n=9] Middle east 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

Belgium, Gibraltar, Kenya, Malawi, The Netherlands, Singapore, Taiwan, and Uganda were the only partners reporting a state of urban birds publication. No such reports were compiled by BirdLife partners in the Pacific, Americas, or Middle East. The lack of urban bird monitoring in most countries is perhaps the biggest gap in knowledge needed to adequately address bird conservation in urban areas. Ironically, while most people (and potential monitoring volunteers) live, bird monitoring is often the weakest, with only 1/3 of countries reporting a monitoring scheme for urban birds. In addition to mere baseline occurrence data, little is known of population dynamics of urban birds. Monitoring schemes for birds in urban areas provide an opportunity to greatly expand our understanding of urban bird ecology, as well as provide opportunities to enlist the public in research and conservation activities.

8 16%

34 70%

7 14%

Report on State of Urban Birds

Report

No Report

No Response


Page 34

COVERS OF THE DUTCH STATE OF THE URBAN BIRDS 2009 AND 2013, AS PUBLISHED BYVOGELBESCHERMING NEDERLAND


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11. AWARENESS

BirdLife partners employ a wide variety of practices aimed at promoting awareness of urban birds and urban bird conservation issues. Among the most common of these practices are the printing of popular brochures on urban birds, technical fact sheets on urban birds, and conducting bird fairs or birding festivals in cities.

POPULAR BROCHURES

19 country partners (39%) publish brochures on urban birds (see Table 11.1).

Map 11.1 BirdLife Partners with Popular Brochures on Urban Birds

Table 11.1 BirdLife Partners with Popular Brochures on Urban Birds Continent Yes No - Percent Europe 7 9 2 [39% n=18] Africa 1 8 1 [10% n=10] Asia 4 1 1 [67% n=6] Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 5 2 2 [44% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

19 39%

24 49%

6 12%

Produces Popular Brochures on Urban Birds

Brochures

No Brochures

No Response


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TECHNICAL FACT SHEETS

18 country partners (37%) publish technical fact sheets on urban birds (see Table 11.2).

Map 11.2 BirdLife Partners with Technical Fact Sheets on Urban Birds

Table 11.2 BirdLife Partners Technical Fact Sheets on Urban Birds Continent Yes No - Percent Europe 8 8 2 [44% n=18] Africa 3 6 1 [30% n=10] Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] Pacific 1 3 0 [25% n=4] America 4 3 2 [44% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

37%

51%

12%

Produces Technical Fact Sheets on Urban Birds

Fact Sheets

No Fact Sheets

No Response


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BIRD FAIRS

15 country partners (31%) host bird fairs or birding festivals in urban areas to promote awareness of urban birds (see Table 11.3). Fairs may target a general urban audience, or may focus on school children. Panama holds a festival for school children each year, as does Botswana, which annually celebrates World Migratory Bird Day with about 500 school children from Gaborone and surrounding villages.

Map 11.3 BirdLife Partners Hosting Bird Fairs

Table 11.3 BirdLife Partners Hosting Bird Fairs Continent Yes No - Percent Europe 7 8 3 [39% n=18] Africa 5 3 2 [50% n=10] Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 1 5 3 [11% n=9] Middle East 0 1 1 [0% n=2]

European countries hosted the most bird fairs (7), while Africa led with the highest percentage of partner countries hosting fairs (50%). In the Americas, only Argentina hosts a fair. In the United States, Audubon does not host a fair, but eight local Audubon chapters did report hosting a bird fair or birding festival.

ADDITIONAL OUTREACH AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS

BirdLife partners employ a wide range of additional outreach and awareness programs targeted at urban birds. The Netherlands has published a book on urban bird conservation and hosts a biannual conference on urban birds. Several partners including Uganda and Singapore provide public talks

15 31%

24 49%

10 20%

Hosts a Bird Fair

Bird Fair

No Bird Fair

No Response


Page 38

and presentations on urban birds. Kenya conducts an urban bird walk every Wednesday, bird banding at the National Museum every Tuesday, as well as a monthly potluck in Nairobi. Australia hosts a webcam trained on a White-bellied Sea-Eagle nest in a nature reserve along the Parramata River in suburban Sydney Olympic Park.


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12. GARDEN BIRD COUNTS

13 BirdLife partners (27%, n=49) reported that they conduct some form of a garden bird count. Garden bird counts were reported from all regions except the Middle East. There are additional garden bird counts held around the world by partners that did not participate in the survey (eg. UK, France; Finland, Germany, and many more).

Map 12.1 BirdLife Partners Conducting Garden Bird Counts

Table 12.1 Garden Bird Counts Continent Yes No - Percent Europe 7 9 2 [39% n=18] Africa 1 8 1 [10% n=10] Asia 1 4 1 [17% n=6] Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 2 5 2 [22% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

The United States reported the earliest count, the Great Backyard Bird Count initiated in 1997. Belgium and Nepal reported the next oldest counts, starting in 2000. Additional counts come online each year, with three counts commencing in 2010 (Malawi, New Zealand, and Estonia). Garden bird counts draw a lot of attention from local and national media as well as a wide range of participants among the general public that become possible new members for BirdLife partners. The United States reports over 40,000 participants in its Great Backyard Bird Count and Australia reports over 11,000 participants in its Birds in Backyards program. The Netherlands reports perhaps the greatest participation per capita, with 30,000 participants out of a total population of 16.5 million people.

13 27%

30 61%

6 12%

Garden Bird Survey

Garden Survey

No Garden Survey

No Response


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Garden bird counts incorporate a wide range of count protocols involving effort, timing, and plot size. Most counts are conducted annually, though Australia’s count takes place year-round, with participants reporting the highest count of each species seen during each week. Timed counts may be range from five minutes (Estonia) to one hour (Germany). In temperate climates, counts are generally conducted in the non-breeding season (local winter) such as February in the United States and July in New Zealand. Many counts are conducted over the course of a scheduled weekend, to take advantage of participant availability outside of the work week. Census plot sizes for participants range from point counts, to garden-wide counts, to larger count circles.


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13. BIRD FRIENDLY GARDENING

Gardens provide a network of potential bird habitat through many urban centers, and provide a site where individuals can take direct action to help native birds. By encouraging city residents to take action to help birds in their own yards and gardens, BirdLife partners teach people that their daily actions can have a positive environmental influence, and can help them learn how their personal places are tied into the larger environment. Providing habitat for birds in bird-friendly yards and gardens is one of the most popular urban bird conservation activities worldwide, and 28 BirdLife partners (57%, n=49) reported supporting bird friendly gardening programs.

Map 13.1 BirdLife Partners Supporting Bird Friendly Gardening

Table 13.1 Providing Support for Bird Friendly Gardening Continent Yes No - Europe 13 3 2 [67% n=18] Africa 5 4 1 [50% n=10] Asia 1 4 1 [17% n=6] Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 5 1 3 [44% n=9] Middle East 1 0 1 [50% n=2]

Support for bird-friendly gardening was highest in Europe), but was consistently high in all regions except Asia (see Table 14.1). Among the many activities and resources provided in support of bird gardening, Vogelbescherming Nederland takes advantage of the Dutch public interest in garden birds by offering to send interested residents a 16 page brochure and an interactive website with tips on how to attract birds to their garden.

27 55%

15 31%

7 14%

Support Bird Friendly Gardening

Support

Do Not Support

No Response


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In the United States, Audubon has promoted residential bird gardens and sanctuaries since the early 1900s, and created an Audubon At Home program in 2001 to provide additional resources and guidance to urban, suburban, and exurban homeowners. Audubon At Home materials include posters with guidance on how to create bird-friendly residential yards, apartment balconies, and schoolyards, as well as fact sheets and online resources with guidance on how to provide food, shelter, and nesting opportunities for iconic birds that need the most help in each part of the urban to rural continuum across all regions of the United States. In addition to the national efforts, ten local Audubon chapters and one state Audubon office also reported supporting bird-friendly gardening (see Appendix B). In Asia, only the Philippines reported supporting bird friendly gardening. Bird-friendly gardening may be another avenue for Asian BirdLife partners to explore, and the possibilities for establishing bird-friendly gardens in Asian cultures would appear to be a welcome topic of research.

GARDEN BIRDS ROBIN (PETROICA AUSTRALIS), TUI (PROSTHEMADERA NOVAESEELANDIAE) AND BELLBIRD

(ANTHORNIS MELANURA), AS UNIQUE SELLING POINTS FOR REAL ESTATE IN NEW ZEALAND


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14. ADVICE ON CITY PLANNING

28 BirdLife country partners (57%, n-49) indicated that they provide advice on city planning, and this function was provided in all regions except the Middle East.

Map 14.1 BirdLife Partners Providing Advice on City Planning

Table 14.1 Providing Advice on City Planning Continent Yes No - Europe 12 4 2 [66% n=18] Africa 5 4 1 [50% n=10] Asia 3 2 1 [50% n=6] Pacific 3 1 0 [75% n=4] America 5 1 3 [55% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

While partners were not asked to provide details on their city planning work, partners are engaged in a wide range of activities in this area. In Europe, the Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds (VBN) holds a City Bird Conference every two years to facilitate communication with city planners and others engaged in creating urban habitats. In New Zealand, Forest & Branch has more than 50 branches working on projects across the country, including city planning. The Wellington Branch specifically seeks to influence urban planning and policy by providing comments on formal planning documents prepared by Wellington’s regional and city councils, as well as initiating discussions with local officials as needed. In the United States, the National Audubon Society focuses on national issues, and did not report providing advice on city planning, but eight local Audubon chapters (47%, n=17) and one state Audubon office indicated that they do provide this function. In San Diego, California the local Audubon chapter has created a guidebook for local homeowner associations interested in creating community-scaled conservation in planned communities.


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LITTLE RINGED PLOVER (CHARADRIUS DUBIUS) ON ITS NEST. CITY PLANNING VERSUS BIRD CONSERVATION

PHOTO: RSPB


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15. CONSERVATION OF URBAN BIRD SPECIES

Preventing the extinction and improving the conservation status of individual bird species are principal aims of BirdLife. 15 BirdLife country partners (31%, n=49) reported working on the conservation of individual urban bird species. Conservation programs targeting individual bird urban bird species were most widespread in Europe, with eight countries reporting such efforts.

Map 15.1 BirdLife Partners Reporting Conservation Targeting Individual Urban Bird Species

Table 15.1 Conservation of Individual Urban Bird Species Continent Yes No - Europe 8 6 4 [44% n=18] Africa 2 7 1 [20% n=10] Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 3 3 3 [33% n=9] Middle East 0 1 1 [0% n=2]

Conservation efforts targeting individual urban bird species were most commonly reported In Europe, and the most frequently targeted species were Common Swift (5 countries), Peregrine Falcon (3 countries), Northern House-Martin (2 countries) and Barn Owl (2 countries). Other species mentioned include Lesser Kestrel in Israel and White Stork, an iconic bird species, in Bulgaria. In The Netherlands, Vogelbescherming Nederland is working with House Sparrow, Barn Swallow, , Sand Martin, and garden birds in general. Work in the Czech Republic is focused on Common Swift, with those efforts also benefiting Eurasian Jackdaw as a welcome byproduct. In Africa, Tunisia also reported efforts to aid Common Swift, as well as Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, and Barn Swallow. Uganda is working with Hooded Vulture, Marabou Stork, and Grey Crowned-crane. Nepal and Singapore report work with urban species including nest box installation for House Sparrows and Oriental Magpie-robin in Nepal, and efforts to support Purple Swamphen, Common Moorhen, Lesser Whistling-duck, White-browed Crake, and Little Grebe in Singapore.


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In the United States, Audubon did not report any efforts to help individual urban bird species, though four chapters reported conservation measures on specific urban birds. Two Audubon chapters are supporting Purple Martin colonies, while San Diego Audubon is focusing its efforts on protecting five threatened and endangered local subspecies and coastal bird populations (see Appendix B).

While many partners are working to protect local rarities, five bird species are the focus of efforts on more than one continent (see Table 15.2). Three are the beneficiaries of efforts in Europe and Africa, while Peregrine Falcon attracts efforts in Europe and America and House Sparrows are the subject of attention across Eurasia.

Table 15.2 Urban Species with Conservation Measures on More Than One Continent

Africa Asia Middle East

Europe Pacific Americas

House Sparrow

Nepal NT NL NT Lux NL

Barn Swallow

Tunisia NT NL NT Lux NL

Northern House-Martin

Tunisia

NT NL NT Lux NT Chec VU B B NL

Common Swift

Tunisia

NT Lux B Chec Isr NL

Peregrine Falcon

Taiwan

NT NL Pol B Lux NL

NT NY USA USA

Red listed Country Other country with conservation effort


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16. BEST PRACTICES AND GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE

One of the purposes of this study was to collect data on current urban bird conservation practices in order to begin compiling a summary of best practices as well as gaps in knowledge among BirdLife Partners. This survey highlights many innovative and effective urban bird programs around the globe, as well as significant differences among BirdLife entities in attention to urban birds and habitats.

In many cases, existant BirdLife member or partner programs can serve as model programs. In other cases, best practices are extrapolated from results of current ecological, sociological, and other studies.

Gaps in knowledge include variations in how these topics are approached in different countries, as well as differences between our current understanding of issues related to urban bird conservation and current levels of engagement with these issues within various BirdLife organizations.

In this concluding section, current and potential best practices are outlined for each of the survey topics, as well as significant gaps in knowledge revealed by the survey questions. This is followed by final remarks on the future and prospects for urban bird conservation.

DEFINITIONS OF URBAN

Most BirdLife countries do not have a well-defined criteria for identifying urban habitats. Fortunately, work in this area is progressing, and definitions from urban and landscape ecology studies may provide productive frameworks for identifying and working in these areas.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge

Define urban areas based on ecological factors, rather than measures of human population (cf. Marzluff et al. 2001)

Identify range of urban and urbanizing habitats along a rural-to-urban gradient.

Need to better define and quantify extent of urban habitats in most countries.

URBAN BIRDS

BirdLife partners and affiliates vary widely in their approach to defining urban birds. More attention to which birds are using cities may reveal additional conservation needs and opportunities in urban areas


Identify those birds which primarily occupy cities, have significant populations within urban habitats, or which may be found at least occasionally in cities.

Categorize bird species responses to various urban habitats—eg. urban exploiters, urban adapters, urban avoiders.

Need better definitions of urban birds—birds which primarily occupy cities vs. all birds that may be found at least occasionally in cities.


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RED LIST BIRD SPECIES

Many IUCN or locally red-listed criteria species are found in cities, or may be harmed by increasing urbanization. A more thorough review of urban red-listed birds may reveal additional conservation needs and opportunities in urban areas.


Identify IUCN and locally red-listed species that are found primarily in cities, or which are found at least occasionally in cities.

How many IUCN red-listed birds are found primarily in cities?

How many IUCN red-listed species are found at least occasionally in cities?

How many locally red-listed pecies are found primarily or at least occasionally in cities?

What role do urban areas play in harboring or creating threats for red-listed birds?

How many red-listed birds are thriving in expatriated urban populations outside their natural range?

NON-NATIVE BIRD SPECIES

Birdlife partners and affiliates report many non-native bird species in their cities. Many of these birds receive scant notice, and do not figure predominantly in urban bird conservation planning or educational efforts.


Identify and track non-native bird species in urban environments.

How many non-native bird species are established in each urban area?

What criteria are being used to determine if a non-native bird population is established?

What cultural factors lead to the continued release or interest in non-native birds?

What impacts do non-native birds have on local native bird populations in cities?

PEST OR NUISANCE SPECIES

BirdLife partners and affiliates report a variety of responses to birds identified as pest or nuisance species. Closer examination of the cultural, economic, and other social environment may reveal additional conservation needs and opportunities, as well as opportunities for bird-related education in cities.


Identify species considered to be nuisance species as well as the cultural, economic, and

other social factors that influence how those species are viewed and responded to within local cultures.

What cultural factors contribute to a bird being considered a pest or nuisance?

What efforts are being taken to control nuisance bird species in different regions and cultures?

What challenges do nuisance species pose to bird conservation efforts?

How can the bird pest control industry contribute to management of urban bird populations in each country?


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ICON BIRDS

Prominent and attractive urban bird species can capture the imagination of city dwellers and serve as flagship species for urban conservation efforts, as well as provide a gateway for urbanites to become more involved in bird conservation and other environmental activities.


Identify charismatic urban bird species that can serve as a flagship species for bird conservation and habitat efforts in cities.

Promote the conservation of these iconic bird species in ecologically and culturally appropriate urban settings.

How can charismatic flagship bird species be used to promote habitat creation and restoration efforts in cities?

URBAN IBA’S & RESERVES

BirdLife partners and affiliates report many Important Bird Areas within or adjacent to urban areas, though there is a wide array of approaches to identifying IBAs as urban. The establishment of IBAs in or adjacent to urban areas creates opportunities for urban dwellers to more easily become involved in IBA management and support, and can serve as a gateway to involvement with more distant or regional landscape and habitat conservation efforts.


Establish criteria for identification of IBAs as urban IBAs.

Establish affinity of friends groups to conduct bird monitoring and conservation efforts in urban IBAs.

Link work in urban IBAs to efforts in more distant rural IBAs.

Use urban IBAs to attract a wider urban

audience to bird conservation.

Urban IBA efforts revealed In this report: Africa

AAO, BirdLife Botswana, BirdLife South Africa,

Nature Kenya, Nature Uganda, Nigerian Conservation Foundation, WECM

Americas

Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Aves Argentinas, Aves Uruguay, Bird Studies Canada, National

Audubon Society, Sociedad Audubon Panama

Asia

Haribon

Europe

Czech Society for Ornithology, Doga Dernegi, DOPPS, Estionian Ornithological Society, NME,

OTOP, SEO

Middle East

The Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (Jordan)

Pacific

Birds Australia, Forest & Bird, Palau Conservation society

How to determine if an IBA is an urban IBA—location within matrix of urban habitats or proximity to urban habitats?

How many urban IBAs are already established?

How can urban IBAs serve as flagship efforts leading to urban renewal, as well as additional bird

conservation efforts in rural areas?


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TOOLS ON MIGRATION MONITORING STATION: BINOCULARS, COUNTER, COUNT FORM, CLOCK, FIELD GUIDE PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

MIGRATION POSTS

Few BirdLife partners or affiliates report conducting migration studies from bird observatories or other migration monitoring posts in cities, though these efforts can create additional opportunities to engage city dwellers in bird monitoring and conservation, and to educate urbanites about bird migration and other aspects of bird ecology and conservation.


BirdLife organizations with urban migration posts as identified in this report: Africa

AAO, Nigerian Conservation Foundation, WECM

Americas

Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Bird Studies Canada, Sociedad Audubon Panama

Asia

Nature Society (Singapore)

Europe

Doga Dernegi, Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, OTOP, SPNI

How do migratory birds use different urban landscapes for navigation or as stopover sites?

What impact do urban landscapes and hazards have on migratory birds?


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URBAN BIRD MONITORING [BREEDING & WINTER]

BirdLife organizations report a wide variety of urban bird monitoring in both breeding and non-breeding seasons. In order to sustain bird populations in urban and urbanizing landscapes, increased monitoring will be needed. Bird monitoring provides an opportunity to collect needed data, as well as engage urban dwellers in meaningful conservation activities.


Determine what types of information are needed to best monitor and sustain urban bird populations.

Within appropriate social and funding parameters, create monitoring schemes to collect needed data.

Use data to adapt management of urban habitats for birds as needed.

Engage the public in collecting data and celebrating the results of monitoring. BirdLife organizations with urban bird monitoring programs as indicated in this report:

Africa

Nature Uganda, WECM

Americas

Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Bird Studies Canada

Asia

Bird Conservation Nepal, Chinese Wild Bird Federation (Taiwan), Nature Society (Singapore)

Europe

Czech society for Ornithology, Doga Dernegi, Estonian Onrithological Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, NME, SPNI, Vogelbescherming Nederland

Pacific

Palau Conservation Society

What types of monitoring are needed to best support urban bird conservation efforts?

How can the public be most effectively engaged in assisting with bird monitoring efforts?

Are there additional ways to better fund or conduct bird monitoring?

How can bird monitoring better engage the public in urban bird conservation awareness and activities?

How can the results of monitoring be used to inform

the public about bird conservation and to celebrate positive results of management?


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GREAT TIT (PARUS MAJOR) A TYPICAL GARDEN BIRD IN LARGE PARTS OF EUROPE AND ASIA


AWARENESS

BirdLife organizations report a wide array of awareness activities in urban areas, including bird fairs, printed brochures and technical reports, and other online or broadcast media efforts. BirdLife partners and affiliates can take advantage of social media and other emerging technologies, as well as traditional media, to promote awareness and conservation of birds in urban areas.

Bird fairs in urban areas can promote conservation of urban birds, and engage urban dwellers in the appreciation and conservation of local birds.

Popular brochures and technical fact sheets can educate citizens and provide assistance to local officials and city planners.

How can bird fairs best promote local bird conservation and engage city dwellers in conservation efforts?

What types of popular brochures or technical fact sheets best engage and inform urban residents and local officials?

What other media outlets (television, internet, etc.) can be utilized to promote bird conservation and awareness in urban areas?

GARDEN BIRDS COUNTS

A growing number of BirdLife organizations are conducting garden bird counts or similar citizen-science urban bird surveys. In addition to the efforts reported in this survey, there are additional examples (especially in western Europe--such as RSPB, LPO & NABU) of garden bird counts from BirdLife partners that did not respond to the survey. Current counts reflect a wide variety of methodologies and protocol, which can be adapted to local cultures and conditions.


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Conduct an annual (or ongoing) count of birds in gardens and other urban spaces.

Use counts as a way to engage additional audiences in bird awareness and conservation.

Use count results to inform conservation planning and additional outreach activities in cities and beyond.

BirdLife organizations with garden bird counts as indicated in this report:

Africa

WECM

Americas

Bird Studies Canada, National Audubon Society

Asia

Bird Conservation Nepal

Europe

DOPPS, Estonian Ornithological Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, OTOP, Vogelbescherming Nederland

Middle East

Nature Iraq

Pacific

Birds Australia, Forest & Bird

How can citizen science efforts best engage urban dwellers in collecting bird data from their yards and gardens?

What are the operational and data limitations of these efforts?

How can garden bird count results be used to inform conservation planning in cities and beyond?


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BIRD FRIENDLY GARDENING

Many BirdLife organizations support bird-friendly gardening practices. Partners and affiliates may consider providing recommendations for private bird habitat creation in a full range of available urban habitats (see Audubon At Home poster series and Neighborhood Bird Conservation handbook).


Create programs and resources to support target bird species and conservation goals in each type of urban landscape or land use type across the urban gradient.

BirdLife organizations supporting bird-friendly gardening as indicated in this report:

Africa

AAO, BirdLife South Africa, Nature Kenya, Nature Uganda, WECM

Americas

Aves Argentinas, Aves Uruguay, Bird Studies Canada, Falkland Conservation, National Audubon Society

Asia

Haribon

Europe

Azerbaijan Ornithological Society, BirdLife Cyprus, Czech society for Ornithology, Doga Dernegi, DOPPS, Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, NME, SEO, SPNI, SVS, Vogelbescherming Nederland

Middle East

Nature Iraq

Pacific

Birds Australia, Forest & Bird

How can bird-friendly gardening efforts be tailored to the full range of urban habitats across the gradient of urban landscapes?

How can bird-friendly gardening efforts be tied to iconic local bird species?

How can urban bird habitats be created that will serve as population sources, rather than merely as sinks for local bird populations?

How much bird-friendly gardening will be needed to sustain populations of various bird species in

urban landscapes?

How can bird-friendly gardening be used to create habitat buffers and corridors across the urban landscape mosaic?


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ADVICE ON CITY PLANNING

Many BirdLife partners and affiliates support local urban planning efforts with advice on how to make cities better for birds and their habitats. This advice can be most useful when tied to larger bird conservation goals and strategies, and targeted to appropriate urban landscapes and land uses.


Base city planning advice on a comprehensive strategic plan for sustainable urban habitats and bird populations.

Create guidelines for each type of urban landscape or land use category in cities.

BirdLife partners and affiliates providing advice on city planning in this report:

Africa

AAO, ABO, BirdLife South Africa, Nature Uganda, Nigerian Conservation Foundation

Americas

Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Aves Argentinas, Aves Uruguay, Bird Studies Canada, Falkland Conservation

Asia

Wild Bird Society of Japan, Haribon, Nature Society (Singapore)

Europe

BirdLife Cyprus, Doga Dernegi, DOPPS, Estonian Ornithological Society, Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, NME, OTOP, SEO, SPNI, Vogelbescherming Nederland

Pacific

Birds Australia, Forest & Bird, Palau Conservation Society

How much city planning advice is being provided only as solicited vs. offered as part of a larger regional or comprehensive strategic plan for urban bird habitats and populations?

How can each type of urban landscape provide maximal bird habitat value within its prescribed human land use?

How can BirdLife organizations best engage local officials, planners, developers, and land users to promote best practices?


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CONSERVATION OF URBAN BIRDS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL

Most BirdLife efforts are focused on natural habitats away from dense human settlement, many BirdLife organizations do have programs targeting the conservation of specific urban birds. There appears to be a large opportunity to further develop and expand these types of programs to better manage urban areas or birds, as well as to better engage the growing urban population in meaningful engagement and conservation of the environment.


Identify birds that need targeted efforts in urban areas—including iconic bird species, red-listed species, and other vulnerable common bird species.

Identify landscapes that these birds depend on, and strategies for creating or maintaining habtats in these landscapes.

Identify actors—such as local officials, developers, land owners, etc.—that impact or control these landscapes and habitats.

Develop appropriate strategies for engaging these actors in targeted habitat creation or management efforts.

Engage the wider public in targeted conservation and awareness efforts for these species.

BirdLife organizations with targeted urban bird species efforts identified in this report:

Africa

AAO, Nature Uganda

Americas

Aves Argentinas, Sociedad Audubon Panamá, Bird Studies Canada

Asia

Bird Conservation Nepal

Europe

BSPB, Czech Society for Ornithology, DOPPS, LNVL, Natuurpunt, SEO, SPNI, Vogelbescherming Nederland

What species need targeted bird conservation efforts in cities?

How can iconic bird species, red-listed species, and other vulnerable common birds be best sustained in cities?

What landscapes and habitats do these bird species require and how can they be managed to best support these birds?

What actors control these lands and their management, and how can they be best engaged in managing these lands to support birds?

How can the wider urban public support these efforts, and what strategies can best engage them in supporing these birds and bird conservation programs?

As identified in this survey, there are a great many current and potential strategies and opportunities for bird conservation in urban areas. By engaging urban bird populations and city dwellers, BirdLife organizations can make their efforts more visible and relevent to the majority of the people in their program areas. This can increase membership and involvement in conservation programs, as well as improve the prospects for birds in the urban areas they share with us. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized in the future, urban habitats and expanding urban development will need to be managed for birds. Rather than see birds as species and populations to be preserved away from human settlement, birds will increasingly survive only as we manage to protect and preserve their prospects across a wide range of urbanizing landscapes and habitats.

While increasing urbanization and other intensive landscape uses may appear threatening to bird populations, they in reality point towards the future of bird conservation—the need to manage and


Page 57

sustain birds in landscapes shared with people. To the degree that we improve our ability to sustain birds in urban areas, we improve our ability to sustain them in all environments that we both depend on. As we begin to see the opportunities and challenges of urbanization in the larger conservation landscape, we can begin to chart a brighter future for both our cities and birds alike.

URBAN BIRD CONSERVATION: THINK OUT OF THE BOX

PHOTO: ROB FERGUS


Page 58

APPENDICES


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A. COUNTRY PROFILES AND SURVEY RESPONSES

Argentina Continent: South America Population: 40,000,000 Population Density: 14 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70% BirdLife Partner: Aves Argentinas Contact Person: Andrés Bosso, International Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 6

Species: House Sparrow, Common Starling, Rock Pigeon, Rufous-bellied Thrush, Grey-breasted Martin, Monk Parakeet

Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site)

2

Species: Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow

Number of urban species that are Red Listed Not calculated yet

Species:

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 3

Species: Rock Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow

Number of acknowledged pest species 2

Species: Rock Pigeon, Shiny Cowbird

Iconic urban bird Rufous-bellied Thrush

Number of urban IBAs 11 Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur (Buenos Aires City) Martín García (Buenos Aires province) Ramallo (Buenos Aires province) Vuelta de Obligado (Buenos Aires province) Otamendi (Buenos Aires province) National Reserve Punta Lara (Buenos Aires province), Laguna Salada Grande (Buenos Aires province) Bahía Blanca, Bahía Falsa, Bahía Verde (Buenos Aires province) Mar Chiquita (Córdoba) Laguna Nimez (Santa Cruz province)

Number of official city reserves 50+ 40 belongs to provinces or municipalities and 10 are private, we are producing the information.

Names:

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds None

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds none

Produces a report on the state of urban birds No


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Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds:

Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public

Yes

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Our Ornithological Meetings work as a bird fair. Moreover, Aves Argentinas promoted and sponsored two BirdFairs last year. We publish fact sheet about Urban Reserves that include Urban Birds. And we published and sponsored checklist of Urban Sites.

Conducts a garden bird count No

Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Support bird friendly gardening? Yes

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have a volunteer group that is called Native Trees, that produces factsheets about this issue. Moreover, we have a section in our magazine focused in Native Plantas and their use. And we have an 80 m2 backyard in our headquarter fully planned with native plants that is a show for all our visitors. We dictate several courses about native plants in Aves Argentinas.

Are you undertaking any specific conservation measures on urban birds?

Yes

Urban species addressed: We are working on sites, not focused on species

Provides advice on city planning Yes

Additional activities or programs on urban birds: We run an school for naturalists that most of its practical activities are undertaken in urban places.

Additional Comments: More information at http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/12/04-reservas_naturales.php#


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Australia Continent: Pacific Population: 22,953,070 Population Density: 2.8 people/km2 (varies from 0.15 in the northern territory to 137.5 in ACT) Urban Population (%): 68.4% in major cities, 29.2% in regional centres BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Australia Contact Person: Holly Parsons, Birds in Backyards Program Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Holly Parsons, Birds in Backyards Program Manager

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat > 50

Species: taken as species that are as common or more common in urban and regional habitats than in their natural habitats


8

Species: Common Myna, Common Starling, Common Blackbird, Rock Pigeon, Spotted Dove, Laughing Dove, Welcome Swallow, Peregrine Falcon

Number of urban species that are Red Listed ?

Species:


Species: Common Myna, Common Starling, House Sparrow, Eurasian Blackbird, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch, Scaly-breasted Munia, Red-whiskered Bulbul, Spotted Dove, Laughing Dove, Rock Pigeon, Mallard, House Crow (not established), Rose-ringed Parakeet (aviary escapees - not established)

Number of acknowledged pest species 6+

Species: Common Starling, Common Myna, Eurasian Blackbird, A number of native birds can also be classified as pests in some regions especially parrots such as the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Galah, Rainbow Lorikeet, Long-billed Corella etc.

Iconic urban bird We have quite a few that can be picked depending on the area (as there are few species that occur Australia wide): e.g. Superb Fairywren and Splendid Fairywren, Powerful Owl, Tawny Frogmouth, Spotted Pardalotes, Striated Pardalotes

Number of urban IBAs Unknown Depends on urban classification

Number of official city reserves Too many to count

Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations

Names:


Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds None



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Yes


Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Yes

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: BirdLife Australia has EagleCAM - a camera on a White-bellied Sea-eagle nest located in remnant habitat in Sydney. We also regularly attend bird and environmental themed events and conduct workhops and talks for a range of groups.

Conducts a garden bird count Yes

Year first started 2005 Frequency On-going, always open

Number of Participants

15,000

Support bird friendly gardening? Yes

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have our Birds in Backyards website with garden related information and videos - also hold workshops for local councils and other groups and we are currently developing a national expansion for Birds in Backyards on the ground groups.

Are you undertaking any specific conservation measures on urban birds?

Yes

Urban species addressed: Conducting a Powerful Owl project in Greater Sydney which involves volunteers monitoring Powerful Owl territories during breeding season and coordinating conservation measures across land managers.


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Guidelines for Enhancing Urban Bird Habtiats, workshops, event attendence, work with various local councils, BirdLife Australia's Answering the Call School Program

Additional Comments:


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Azerbaijan Continent: Europe Population: 9,500,000 Population Density: ~110 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): ~60% BirdLife Partner: Azerbaijan Ornithological Society Contact Person: Elchin Sultanov, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Elchin Sultanov, Director


Species: Common Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Eurasian Blackbird, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch, House Sparrow, Rose-ringed Parakeet


6

Species: Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow, Lesser Kestrel, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, Common Swift

Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1

Species: Lesser Kestrel (no longer listed)


Species: Eurasian Collared-dove, Laughing Dove, Rose-ringed Parakeet


Species: Carrion Crow

Iconic urban bird None listed

Number of urban IBAs None listed

Number of official city reserves 1

Names: Baku Boulevard National Park


Names:


Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds None




No

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No


Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:




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Supports bird friendly gardening Yes

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues:

Specific conservation measures on urban birds None

Urban species addressed:

Provides advice on city planning No

Additional activities or programs on urban birds:



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Belgium Continent: Europe Population: 6,252,000 Population Density: 462 people/km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Natuurpunt (Dutch speaking part of Belgium, branch of BirdLife Belgium) & Natagora (French speaking part of Belgium, branch of BirdLife Belgium) Contact Person: Gerald Driessens (Natuurpunt), Jean-Yves Paquet (Natagora) Contact Person for Urban Birds: Gerald Driessens (Natuurpunt), Jean-Yves Paquet (Natagora)


Species: Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Eurasian Collared-dove, Rock Pigeon, Peregrine Falcon


8

Species: Barn Owl, Barn Swallow, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Rock Pigeon, Peregrine Falcon


Species: Northern House-martin


Species: Rock Pigeon, Rose-ringed Parakeet (other species not primarily in urban areas Egyptian Goose, etc.)


Species: Rock Pigeon

Iconic urban bird Common Swift

Number of urban IBAs

Number of official city reserves Quite a few, number unknown

Names:


Names:

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes

Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes



Yes






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Year first started 2000 Frequency Annual Number of Participants

Around 15.000 for Natagora+Natuurpunt (increasing)



Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes

Urban species addressed: Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Peregrine Falcon





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Botswana Continent: Africa Population: 2,000,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Botswana Contact Person: Keddy Mooketsa, Project Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds: Kabelo Senyatso

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat ~100

Species:


3

Species: Barn Owl, Southern Masked-weaver, House Sparrow


Species:


Species: Common Myna

Number of acknowledged pest species

Species:

Iconic urban bird

Number of urban IBAs 1 Phakalane Sewage Ponds


Names: Gaborone Game Reserve Maun Educational Game Reserve


Names:

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No




No



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: BirdLife Botswana celebrates World Migratory Bird Day annually with about 500 school children from Gaborone and surrounding villages



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Supports bird friendly gardening No


Specific conservation measures on urban birds No






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Bulgaria Continent: Europe Population: 7,360,000 Population Density: 718 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 73% BirdLife Partner: Bulgarian Society for the Protection of birds / BirdLife Bulgaria Contact Person: Iordan Hristov, Monitoring Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Barn Owl, Little Owl, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Common Swift, House Sparrow, White Stork


3

Species: House Sparrow, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow

Number of urban species that are Red Listed

Species:

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species

Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird White Stork



Names:


Names:






No



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: BSPB takes part in fairs organised by other organisations or holds events organised by itself.




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Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Within a project recently started we initiated a campaign to involve more people in bird feeding. The activities included setting up bird feeders in a city park by the parliament, outdoor classes 'how to make your own bird feeder', materials in printed and electronic media.


Urban species addressed: White Stork


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Yes We envisage development of birdwatching routes and awareness campaigns.

Additional Comments: We recently started a project that is focused on the wilderness of urban environment. Within that project there were a few awareness campaigns. In the near future in the project is envisaged development of birdwatching routes in the capital's parks and more awareness campaigns.


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Burundi Continent: Africa Population: 7,800,000 Population Density: 282 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 11% BirdLife Partner: Association Burundaise pour la protection des Oiseaux-ABO Contact Person: Dieudonne Bizimana Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat No studies

Species:


Species:

Number of urban species that are Red Listed Unknown

Species:


Species: House Sparrow

Number of acknowledged pest species Unknown

Species:

Iconic urban bird


Number of official city reserves

Names:


Names:






No








Page 72






Additional Comments: Urban birds conservation is a good programme that, with support of experienced people, our organisation is interested in .


Page 73

Canada Continent: Americas Population: 33,739,900 Population Density: 3.41 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): > 80 (2006 Census) BirdLife Partner: Bird Studies Canada Contact Person: Kerrie Wilcox, Coordinator, Project FeederWatch and Great Backyard Bird Count Contact Person for Urban Birds: Kerrie Wilcox


Species: Chimney Swifts


1

Species:


Species: Chimney Swift

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Rock Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow

Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird Chimney Swift

Number of urban IBAs <40; Examples: Boundary Bay, BC; Lac Deschênes, ON; Niagara River Corridor, ON

Number of official city reserves Unknown

Names:


Names: McGill Bird Observatory, Ste. Anne-de-Belevue, QC Tommy Thompson Park Bird Research Station, Toronto, ON Inglewood Bird Banding Station, Calgary, AB

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Breeding Bird Atlas projects cover all environments, including urban, but are not designed specifically for urban areas.

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Christmas Bird Count monitors urban birds, but not exclusively




A brochure will be produced as part of the Toronto Urban Birds project

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds A factsheet will be produced as part of the Toronto Urban Birds Project


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Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Project FeederWatch, Ebird and Great Backyard Bird Count monitor urban birds but not exclusively.

Conducts a garden bird count – Project FeederWatch is a survey of winter backyard feeder birds

Year first started 1987 Frequency Weekly, Nov thru Apr


2600 in Canada

Supports bird friendly gardening The Project FeederWatch kit includes a handbook with advice on gardening for birds and bird feeding.




Provides advice on city planning Yes to the cities of Toronto and Vancouver, as part of the Toronto and Vancouver Urban Birds Project

Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird Studies Canada has plans to start a Nighthawk Migration Monitoring Program in Toronto as well as Urban Owl Monitoring. A pilot Urban Atlas has been initiated in Vancouver, building on the current, province-wide atlas. The pilot project will drill down to a much finer scale than its provincial counterpart. It will examine micro scale patterns of bird distribution and abundance as they relate to landscape features and neighbourhoods; assess relationships among birds and human health and well-being; characterize the value of urban parks and biodiversity; and tie into local scale planning.

Additional Comments: Bird Studies Canada has a Chimney Swift monitoring program and a Chimney Swift school program. A Shorebird Festival is being planned in Nova Scotia, with the goal of building community awareness and economic benefits of bird-related tourism.


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Cook Islands Continent: Pacific Population: 15,000 Population Density: 62 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70% BirdLife Partner: Te Ipukarea Society Contact Person: Jacqueline Evans, Programme Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Jacqueline Evans, Programme Manager


Species: Pacific Reef Heron, Red Junglefowl (feral), Pacific Golden Plover, Bristle-thighed Curlew, Wandering Tattler, White Tern, Cook Islands Fruit Dove, Common Myna


0

Species:


Species: Bristle Thighed Curlew (Vulnerable), Cook Islands Fruit Dove (Vulnerable), Pacific Reef Heron (Least Concern), Red Junglefowl (Least Concern), Pacific Golden Plover (Least Concern)





Iconic urban bird Common Myna



Names:


Names:






No




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Cyprus Continent: Europe Population: 800,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 65% BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Cyprus Contact Person: Clairie Papazoglou, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Lilia Kapsali, Development Officer


Species: Common Kestrel, Peregrine Falcon, Barn Owl, Rock Pigeon, Common Wood-pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Cyprus Wheatear, Olivaceous Warbler, Eurasian Jackdaw, Carrion Crow, House Sparrow, European Goldfinch, European Greenfinch

These are species which include urban areas among their prime habitat, although most of them also inhabit other habitat types as prime habitat.


7

Species: Common Kestrel, Peregrine Falcon, Barn Owl, Rock Pigeon, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow


Species:


Species:

Number of acknowledged pest species 2 listed legally as ‘non-protected’ pest species, but pest status is questionable in the case of House Sparrow.

Species: Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow and Common Swift (if we are allowed two!)

Number of urban IBAs 0 (but lots of IBAs contain small villages)


Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations 0 in urban areas

Names:


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Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public No






Supports bird friendly gardening Yes, but not actively




Provides advice on city planning Not specifically on city planning, but yes on land-use planning which includes urban planning.




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Czech Republic Continent: Europe Population: 10,526,685 Population Density: 131 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 71% BirdLife Partner: Czech Society for Ornithology Contact Person: Zdenek Vermouzek, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Lukas Viktora, conservation manager


Species: Rook, Lesser Whitethroat, European Gold finch, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Redstart , European Serin, White Stork, Little Owl, Northern House-martin, European Greenfinch, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow, Eurasian Linnet, White Wagtail, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Eurasian Jackdaw


10

Species: Black Redstart, White Stork, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Northern House-martin, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Eurasian Jackdaw


Species: Rook, White Stork, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Eurasian Jackdaw


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird Common Swift, Barn Owl, Common Kesrel, Rock Pigeons

Number of urban IBAs 0


Names: There are big parks, enclaves of forests in the area of municipality etc. No City Reserves as a parts of towns with buildings protected for nature conservancy purposes.


Names:






No


Page 80







Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Gardening - only occasional recommendations in our magazine and on the website. No systematic approach.


Urban species addressed: Common Swift (and Eurasian Jackdaw and Northern House-martin benefit as a byproduct)


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: None

Additional Comments: Currently we have no capacity to develop any programme on urban birds, however we plan to start a wide bird feeder project in the horizon of two or three years.


Page 81

Ecuador Continent: Americas Population: 13,000,000 Population Density: 5078 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 40% BirdLife Partner: Aves y Conservacion Contact Person: Adrian Soria, Director del Programa de Conservación Llanganates Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds

Produces a report on the state of urban birds



Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc.


Conducts a garden bird count


Supports bird friendly gardening


Page 82


Specific conservation measures on urban birds


Provides advice on city planning




Page 83

El Salvador Continent: Population: 6,500,000 Population Density: 317 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70% BirdLife Partner: SalvaNATURA Contact Person: Alvaro Moisés, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 250+

Species:


Species: House Wren, Rufous-naped Wren, Chimney Swift, Barn Owl, Clay-coloured Thrush, White-winged Dove


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:












Page 84









Page 85

Estonia Continent: Europe Population: 1,300,000 Population Density: 30 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70% BirdLife Partner: Estonian Ornithological Society Contact Person: Jaanus Elts, Project Manager (JE) Meelis Uustal (UM) Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 16 (UM)

Species: Herring Gull, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, White Wagtail, Black Redstart, Common Redstart, Northern Wheatear, Spotted Flycatcher, Great Tit (?), Eurasian Jackdaw (?), Hooded Crow, Common Starling, House Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Sparrow


9-12 (UM)

Species: Herring Gull, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, White-wagtail, Black Redstart, Northern Wheatear, Spotted Flycatcher, Eurasian Jacksaw, House Sparrow, Barn Swallow


Species:




Species: Herring Gull, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Jackdaw, Hooded Crow (all are nuisance rather than pests)

Iconic urban bird Characteristic urban birds are House Sparrow and Rock Pigeon, but they are not exactly flagship species.

Number of urban IBAs There are a few IBAs bordering some towns, but these IBAs are natural areas and do not have any urban characteristics


Names:


Names:






No


Page 86





Year first started 2010 Frequency Annual (last week of January)


1,000






Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Surveys have been conducted in Tallinn residential and green areas to find out the densities and composition of bird species. Urban bird (and biodiversity) conservation checklist for Estonian cityplanners and developers will be developed in 2012 (UM).

Additional Comments: Advice on the urban bird conservation checklist and other urban bird matters would be much appreciated (UM).


Page 87

Falklands/Malvinas Continent: Americas Population: 3,500 Population Density: 0.3 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 90% BirdLife Partner: Falklands Conservation Contact Person: Craig Dockrill, Chief Executive Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:




1



Species:




Species: Debatable: Farmers identify birds of prey (Turkey Vulture, Southern Caracara) as pests, and control permits are attainable.

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:






No







Page 88







Additional Comments: Urban areas are so limited that a program on urban birds seems unnecessary. Many species of bird are seen daily within the town of Stanley, ranging from House Sparrow (common) to Upland Goose to Red-backed Hawk (occasional) to King Penguin (uncommon).


Page 89

Gibraltar Continent: Europe Population: 28,000 Population Density: 4,000 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 95% BirdLife Partner: Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society Contact Person: Keith Bensusan, Strait of Gibraltar Bird Observatory Contact Person for Urban Birds: Keith Bensusan

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 4 More species occur, but not prime habitat.

Species: House Sparrow, Pallid Swift, Common Swift, Eurasian Collared-dove


4

Species: House Sparrow, Pallid Swift, Common Swift, Spotless Starling


Species:


Species:


Species: Yellow-legged Gull

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow



Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations 0 urban

Names:



Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes, as part of annual Gibraltar Bird Report



Yes







Page 90




Urban species addressed: Encouraging provision of nest sites for swifts in new buildings


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: No



Page 91

Greece Continent: Europe Population: 11,000,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Hellenic Ornithological Society Contact Person: Elina Sarantou, Media and Communications Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat

Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:













Page 92








Page 93

Hungary Continent: Europe Population: 10,045,400 Population Density: 108 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (MME) Contact Person: Károly Nagy, Head of Monitoring Centre Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: White Stork, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Barn Owl, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow


6

Species: Rock Pigeon, Barn Owl, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow


Species: Barn Owl


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird White Stork (villages), Barn Swallow (villages), Northern House-martin (villages, cities, town)

Number of urban IBAs 1 Öreg Lake of Tata


Names:


Names:






Yes




Page 94









Additional activities or programs on urban birds: White Stork Online Database: www.golya.mme.hu Swallows Online Database: www.fecskefigyelo.mme.hu



Page 95

Indonesia Continent: Asia Population: Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Burung Indonesia Contact Person: Fahrul Amama, Communication and Media Relations Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:















Page 96






Page 97

Iraq Continent: Middle East Population: 29,000,000 Population Density: unknown Urban Population (%): perhaps 50% BirdLife Partner: Contact Person: Mudhafar Salim & Richard Porter Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Eusrasian Collared-dove, House Sparrow, Laughing Dove, Rock Pigeon, Common Starling (in winter), White Wagtail (in winter), Barn Swallow, Barn Owl, Himalayan Bulbul Nine species in different cities. Of course this number differs from city to other, and from season to season.


7

Species: Eusrasian Collared-dove, House Sparrow, Laughing Dove, Rock Pigeon, Barn Swallow, Barn Owl, Himalayan Bulbul


Species:

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Laughing Dove

Species:


Species:




Names:


Names:






No




Page 98





Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Support the idea, but don’t conduct any activity in this field.







Page 99

Israel Continent: Europe Population: 7,000,000 Population Density: 239 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 60-70% BirdLife Partner: SPNI Contact Person: Amir Balaban, Urban Wildlife Cordinator and Co-Director of the Jerusalem Bird Observatory Contact Person for Urban Birds: Amir Balaban


Species: Black-crowned Night-heron, Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Glossy Ibis, Mallard, Common Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, Eurasian Hobby, Chukar, Eurasian Thick-knee, Spur-winged Lapwing, Yellow-legged Gull, Rock Pigeon, European Turtle-dove, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Collared-dove, Great Spotted Cuckoo, Tawny Owl, Long-eared Owl, Barn Owl, Little Owl, Common Scops-owl, Common Swift, Eurasian Hoopoe, White-throated Kingfisher, Syrian Woodpecker, Barn Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Northern House-martin, Rock Martin, White-spectacled Bulbul, Eurasian Blackbird, Sardinian Warbler, Graceful Prinia, Spotted Flycatcher, Great Tit, Palestine Sunbird, Eurasian Jay, Eurasian Jackdaw, Hooded Crow, House Crow, Tristram’s Starling, House Sparrow, European Goldfinch, European Greenfinch, European Serin, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Monk Parakeet, Common Myna, Vinous-breasted Starling


Species: House sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Rock Pigeon, Laughing Dove, Common Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel


Species: Lesser Kestrel, Black-eared Wheatear


Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Monk Parakeet Indian, Common Myna, Vinous-breasted Starling, House Crow


Species: Cattle Egret, House Sparrow

Iconic urban bird Lesser Kestrel, White-spectacled Bulbul, Palestine Sunbird

Number of urban IBAs About 20

Number of official city reserves About 20

Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations Eilat international bird center, Ashdod Lachish stream, Jerusalem Bird Observatory

Names:


Page 100






Yes









Urban species addressed: Lesser Kestrel, Common Swift


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: We are currently working on a national urban biodiversity survey



Page 101

Japan Continent: Asia Population: 128,000,000 Population Density: 343 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 65.2% BirdLife Partner: Wild Bird Society of Japan Contact Person: Seiji Hayama, Manager of Conservation Division Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Little Swift, Barn Swallow, Jungle Crow


2

Species: Little Swift, Barn Swallow


Species:





Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:






No



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We have a publication for an educational program that involves urban bird watching.




Page 102






Additional activities or programs on urban birds: None



Page 103

Jordan Continent: Middle East Population: 6,100,000 Population Density: 68.8 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 82.6% BirdLife Partner: The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature Contact Person: Tariq Qaneer, Bird Researcher- Research & Survey Section Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Laughing Dove, White-throated Kingfisher, Syrian Woodpecker, Barn Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Northern House-martin, White-spectacled Bulbul, Eurasian Blackbird , Graceful Prinia, Great Tit , Palestine Sunbird, Eurasian Jay, Hooded Crow, House Crow, House Sparrow, European Greenfinch, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, Rose-ringed Parakeet


7

Species: House sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Rock Pigeon, Laughing Dove, Common Kestrel


Species:


Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, House Crow, Laughing Dove


Species: House Crow

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Palestine Sunbird, White-spectacled Bulbul



Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations No

Names:






No



Page 104













Page 105

Kenya Continent: Africa Population: Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Nature Kenya Contact Person: Mercy Ndalila, Programmes Assistant Contact Person for Urban Birds: Fred Barasa


Species: House Crow, House Sparrow


1



Species:


Species: House Crow, House Sparrow


Species: Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea), Speckled Mousebirds

Iconic urban bird House Crow

Number of urban IBAs 3 Dandora ponds, Nairobi National Park, Lake Naivasha


Names:


Names:






Yes



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We conduct Wednesday morning birdwalks and 3rd Sunday of the month Potluck; We do bird ringing at National Museums of Kenya every Tuesdays; We have produced fact sheets on Lake Naivasha.



Page 106



Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: The Bird Committee of Nature Kenya has been discussing how to initiate such a program in Kenya, recognising that other parners such as the RSPB has used the approach to attract the public to be members.







Page 107

Liberia Continent: Africa Population: 3,500,000 Population Density: 34 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 47% BirdLife Partner: ociety for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) Contact Person: Michael F. Garbo, IBA Officer/National Project Coordinator Contact Person for Urban Birds: Michael F. Garbo


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:






Page 108















Page 109

Luxembourg Continent: Europe Population: 511,840 Population Density: 194 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 30% BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Luxembourg Contact Person: Birgit Gödert-Jacoby Contact Person for Urban Birds: Patric Lorgé or Mikis Bastian, COL


Species: Barn Owl, Rook, Eurasian Jackdaw, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin


5

Species: Rock Pigeon, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow


Species: Barn Owl, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:




Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Long-term study on the birds of Luxembourg-city Park


Yes





Year first started 2004 Frequency Annual (January) Number of Participants

400-600


Page 110


Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We consult and produce some factsheets to bird-friendly gardening practice, promote hedge planting in gardens etc.


Urban species addressed: Nest boxes, monitoring Falco peregrinus in urban areas, nest boxes for Barn Owl


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: spring alive



Page 111

Macedonia Continent: Europe Population: 2,000,000 Population Density: 79 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): >60% BirdLife Partner: Macedonian Ecological Society Contact Person: Metodija Velevski, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Common Swift, Rook, Hooded Crow, House Sparrow, Eurasian Collared-dove, Black-billed Magpie, Northern House-martin


1

Species: Northern House-martin


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:






No







Page 112









Page 113

Malawi Continent: Africa Population: 13,000,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi Contact Person: Tiwonge I Mzumara, Conservation Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: House Sparrow, Common Bulbul, Blue-breasted Cordonbleu, White-browed Robin-chat, Pied Crow


1


Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1?

Species: Lanner Falcon


Species:


Species: Red-billed Quelea




Names: Michiru Conservation area (Blantyre City) Lilongwe nature sanctuary (lilongwe City) Mzuzu nature sactuary (Mzuzu City)


Names:






No






30


Page 114









Page 115

Nepal Continent: Asia Population: 26,494,505 Population Density: 181 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 17.7% BirdLife Partner: Bird Conservation Nepal Contact Person: Ishana Thapa, Senior Conservation Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Little Swift, Barn Owl, Spotted Owlet, Rock Pigeon, Black Kite, Cattle Egret, House Crow, Oriental Magpie-robin, Asian Pied Starling, Common Myna , Jungle Myna, Barn Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Common Tailorbird, House Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Sparrow


11

Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, House Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Red rumped Swallow, Barn Owl, Little Swift, Rock Pigeon, Oriental Magpie-robin, Common Myna, House Crow, Spotted Owlet


Species:


Species:


Species: , Rock Pigeon, House Crow,

Iconic urban bird Oriental Magpie-robin



Names:


Names:






Yes





Page 116



200




Urban species addressed: Nest box installation for House Sparrows and Oriental Magpie-robin


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird Watching, street exhibition, poster and booklet publication, urban bird song CD, radio and talk programme, school visits



Page 117

The Netherlands Continent: Europe Population: 16,686,684 Population Density: 401,4 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70% BirdLife Partner: Vogelbescherming Nederland / Birdlife Netherlands Contact Person: Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Programme Coordinator Urban Enviroments Contact Person for Urban Birds: Jip Louwe Kooijmans


Species: Peregrine Falcon, Common Swift, Crested Lark, Eurasian Collared-dove, Eurasian Blackbird, Eurasian Jackdaw, Magpie, House Sparrow


8

Species: Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Peregrine Falcon, Common Starling, Barn Owl


Species: Peregrine Falcon, Crested Lark, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow, European Serin


Species: Rock Pigeon, Rose-ringed parakeet, Muscovy Duck, Mandarin Duck, Greylag Goose (feral), House Crow, Canada Goose, Egyptian Goose


Species: Locally Rock Pigeon & roof nesting gulls are considered a nuisance

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Common Swift



Names:


Names:






Yes




Page 118

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Published book on urban bird conservation, Conduct bianual conference on urban birds, webcams: www.beleefdelente.nl Birdfair: not anual.



30.000 – 50.000


Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Conduct official garden bird program containing: website, volunteers, publications and more. Lso cooperate with other NGO’s on urban birds


Urban species addressed: House sparrow, common swift, Norhern House-martin, Barn Swallow, Peregrine Falcon, Barn Owl, Eurasian Oystercatcher, Sand Martin and garden birds in general.


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Checklist for bird-friendly building & cityplanning. Urban bird prize: contest for municipalities. Local expert meetings

Additional Comments: Network of volunteers giving advice and surveys, support of local species conservation working groups


Page 119

New Zealand Continent: Pacific Population: 4,400,000 Population Density: 16.4 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 86% BirdLife Partner: Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of NZ Contact Person: Mark Bellingham, North Island Conservation Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Mark Bellingham


Species:


4

Species: Welcome Swallow, House Sparrow, Common Starling, Common Myna


Species:


Species: House Sparrow, Common Starling, Common Myna, Australian Magpie, European Greenfinch, Yellowhammer, European Goldfinch, Eurasian Chaffinch, Common Redpoll, Eurasian Blackbird, Song Thrush, Hedge Accentor, Eastern Rosella, Spotted Dove (local), African Collared-dove (local), Mallard


Species: Australian Magpie and Common Myna are recognized by some Regional Councils as pest species

Iconic urban bird Not a definite yes, but indigenous species like Tui, Grey Fantail or Grey Gerygone could be 'used' as an iconic urban bird species.


Number of official city reserves Several There are some that could be listed here, especially Karori Wildlife Reserve in Wellington e.g. Karori (Zealandia) in Wellington

Names:


Names:




Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: New urban wildlife programme starting in Auckland,


Page 120

where the public provide bird species sightings to a website, so F&B can track the progress of urban forest restoration and animal pest control. This is our new Gardens for Wildlife programme.


Yes

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds In preparation




Year first started 2010 Frequency Annual (July) Number of Participants

1000+






Additional activities or programs on urban birds: We write about bird friendly practices in our magazine. In our advocacy role we discuss bird-friendly options with planners and developers.



Page 121

Nigeria Continent: Africa Population: 150,000,000 Population Density: 134 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 48.7% BirdLife Partner: Nigerian Conservation Foundation Contact Person: Ruth Akagu, Coordinate all matters related to species and IBA activities within the technical programme department Contact Person for Urban Birds: Oluwabunmi Jegede

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat >20

Species: Common Bulbul, Laughing Dove, Cattle Egret, Variable Sunbird, Village Weaver, Northern House-martin, Pied Crow, Western Grey Plantain-eater, Speckled Pigeon, Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Bronze Munia, Woodland Kingfisher, Black Kite, African Jacana, Common Kestrel, Hooded Vulture, Red-cheeked Cordonbleu, Red-billed Firefinch, Piacpiac


3

Species: Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Speckled Pigeon, Laughing Dove


Species: Hooded Vulture

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Unknown

Species:


Species: Red-Headed Quelea, Village Weavers

Iconic urban bird Common Bulbul, Laughing Dove, Speckled Pigeon, Pied Crow, Piacpiac

Number of urban IBAs 2 Amurum Woodland (NG020) the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (NG011)


Names: Lekki Conservation Center


Names:






No


Page 122



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: The Lekki Bird Club (LBC) under the auspices of Nigerian Conservation Foundation goes on monthly bird walk pulling together data on urban birds as most sites visited are in the city. This is mostly reported in an e-bulletin circulated mostly to members.











Page 123

Palau Continent: Pacific Population: 20,000 Population Density: 40 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 80% BirdLife Partner: Palau Conservation Society Contact Person: Anuradha Gupta, Conservation and Protected Area Program Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Anuradha Gupta


Species: Micronesian Myzomela (regionally-restricted, also in forest), House Sparrow(introduced), Chestnut-breasted Mannikin (introduced), Palau Scops-owl (endemic, also in forest), Palau Swiftlet (endemic, also in forest, Micronesian Starling (regionally-restricted, also in forest), Collared Kingfisher (also in forest)


1



Species:


Species: House Sparrow, Chestnut-breasted Mannikin


Species:

Iconic urban bird

Number of urban IBAs 1 Peleliu - encompasses entire island including village


Names:


Names:






No





Page 124








Additional activities or programs on urban birds: If we run a field trip or morning birdwatching activity, it is usually at the urban location of Ngermalk because people can easily drive to it. But it provides views of all birds.

Additional Comments: Not really relevant to Palau


Page 125

Panama Continent: Americas Population: 3,100,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Sociedad Audubon de Panamá Contact Person: Rosabel Miro, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Rosabel Miro

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 300 in Panama City

Species:


?

Species: Swifts, swallows, and pigeons


Species:


Species: House Sparrow, Saffron Finch


Species:

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Great-tailed Grackle, Tropical Mockingbird, Rock Pigeon

Number of urban IBAs 2 Bay of Panama, Metropolitan Nature Park


Names: Ancon Hill, the Metropolitan Nature Park, the Bay of Panama Wildlife Refuge


Names:






Yes



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Hold a World Bird Festival for school kids every year


Year first started Frequency Number of


Page 126

Participants




Urban species addressed: We have just put together a Conservation Plan for the Bay of Panama wetlands, mostly to protect migratory shorebirds.





Page 127

Paraguay Continent: Americas Population: 6,348,917 Population Density: 16 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 60% BirdLife Partner: Asociación Guyra Paraguay Contact Person: Cristina Morales, Species Coordinator Contact Person for Urban Birds: Silvia Centrón


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird Glittering-bellied Emerald, Picui Ground-dove, Yellow-rumped Marshbird, Rufous Hornero, Gilded Hummingbird, White-tipped Dove, Monk Parakeet, Great Kiskadee, Rufous-collared Sparrow, Sacaya Tanager



Names:


Names:






Yes





Page 128









Additional Comments: Estamos apoyando el Plan de Manejo que es una Reserva vecina a la ciudad [We support the Plan de Manejo which is a reserve near the city].


Page 129

Philippines Continent: Asia Population: 94,000,000 Population Density: 313 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 48% BirdLife Partner: Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources Contact Person: Don Geoff Tabaranza, Research Specialist Contact Person for Urban Birds: Nikki del Castillo

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 4+

Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, White-spectacled Bulbul (possibly the 2nd most abundant bird species in urban areas in the Philippines), Asian Glossy Starling, Rock Pigeon (domesticated varieties / races). Many more species have adapted to living in green spaces in urban areas but are not using urban areas as prime habitat.


4+

Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Rock Pigeon (Columba livia - domesticated varieties / races – raised by humans in cages & bird houses in many urban areas), Glossy Swiftlet (nests are also found in eaves of houses & buildings), Pacific Swallow (nests are also found in eaves of houses & buildings)

Number of urban species that are Red Listed 4+

Species: Chinese Crested Tern (migrant, recorded in Manila Bay 1905), Chinese Egret (migrant, frequently recorded in coastal areas near built-up areas such as Manila Bay), Java Sparrow (introduced, has established small populations built-up areas and surrounding agricultural areas such as Metro Manila), Philippine Duck (endemic; a population of at least 80 individuals have taken up residence in the coastal lagoons of the Las Pinas – Paranaque Critical Habitat & Ecotourism Area in Manila Bay).

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 6-7

Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Java Sparrow, Crested Myna, Chinese Francolin, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Rock Pigeon, Zebra Dove

Number of acknowledged pest species 3+

Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow (in very large numbers can devastate rice fields during harvest period with munia species), Asian Glossy Starling (roosts in large flocks and can easily foul buildings and other human structures), Rock Pigeon (large flocks can easily foul buildings and other human structures).

Iconic urban bird Eurasian Tree Sparrow— Probably found on every human inhabited island of any size in the Philippines (Kennedy et al 2000). Locally called “Maya” or “Mayang-bahay”, the most widely recognized and probably the most widely distributed bird species in urban areas in the Philippines. Often mislabelled as the former National Bird of the Philippines, which is also locally called “Maya” - the Tricoloured Munia or Chestnut


Page 130

Munia.

Number of urban IBAs 29 In or adjacent to cities: PH006 Camp O'Donnel PH007 Candaba Swamp PH008 Bataan Natural Park and Subic Bay Forest Reserve PH009 Mariveles Mountains PH010 Manila Bay PH011 Mts Palay-palay – Mataas na Gulod National Park PH19 Angat Watershed PH022 Mt Makiling Forest Reserve PH023 UP Land Grants (Pakil and Real) PH024 Mt Banahaw – San Cristobal National Park PH026 Pagbilao and Tayabas Bay PH031 Mt Isarog National Park PH038 Puerto Galera PH050 El Nido Managed Resource Reserve Protected Area PH052 St. Paul's Subterranean River National Park PH053 Victoria and Anapalan Ranges PH060 North-west Panay (Pandan Peninsula) PH062 Mt. Silay and Mt. Mandalagan PH063 Mt. Canlaon National Park PH068 Tabunan PH070 Mactan, Kalawisan and Cansaga Bays PH082 Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape PH084 Mt Diwata Range PH086 Bislig PH097 Lake Lanao PH101 Mt. Apo Natural Park PH107 Mt. Malindang National Park PH109 Mt. Sugar Loaf PH112 Pasonanca Natural Park


Names:


Names:






Yes



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: HF has a field guide for frequently observed birds in urban areas. Haribon participates in Bird Fairs organized by the Wild Bird Club of the Philippines


Year first started Frequency Number of


Page 131

Participants


Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Haribon promotes Bio-Intensive Gardening (BIG) which is suitable for gardening in areas with limited spaces.





NUVALI Evoliving - Ayala Land's Urban Cornerstone in the South Biodiversity Survey Recommendations

for Bird & Wildlife Sanctuary Establishment, Bird Eco-tour Guide Training,

United Coconut Planters' Bank – Coconut Industry Investment Fund Foundation Biodiversity Survey at

UCPB Reforestation Site in Antipolo City, Recommendations for improved reforestation site

management −improvement of nursery structures −advocated use of native tree species for

reforestation

Shangri-La Boracay Resort and Spa Biodiversity Survey at Boracay Island (densely populated tourism

destination) Development of Wildlife Management Program Establishment of Wildlife Sanctuary and

Nature & Bird watching trails Tree Species Tagging and Inventory Bird Monitoring Survey

Introduction to Bird Watching & Birdwatching Course, Bird Watching Orientation, Bird Watching Trips

include Green Spaces within Urban Centers (particularly Metro Manila)

Municipal Bird Eco-tourism Program in Municipality of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, Bird Eco-tourism

Planning Workshop , Bird Eco-tour Guide Training Program , Identification of Bird Watching Sites

Buhay Punlaan: A Haribon Nursery of Native Tree Species (Caliraya Lake, Laguna) - a nursery to raise

native tree species to support rainforestation activities and the ROAD to 2020 - also serves as a

rainforestation training center and biodiversity conservation education center

ROAD to 2020 Campaign - a campaign to restore 1 million hectares of Philippine forests using native

tree species by the year 2020 - Million Hectare Walk (2007, 2008 and 2009) – an awareness and

fund-raising event for ROAD2020 - Advocating use of native tree species in all reforestation activities

Additional Comments: Haribon provides assistance to many Local Government Units and private land developers in Land Use Planning.


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WHITE STORK (CICONIA CICONIA) PHOTO: JOUKE ALTENBURG


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Poland Continent: Europe Population: 38,2000,037 Population Density: 12,092 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 61% BirdLife Partner: Ogólnopolskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptaków (OTOP) Contact Person: Antoni Marczewski, Communication Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Eurasian Jackdaw, House Sparrow


~12

Species: Eurasian Collared-dove, Rock Pigeon, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Common Swift, Eurasian Jackdaw, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow, Starling, Common Kestrel, Black Redstart, Peregrine Falcon


Species: Peregrine Falcon


Species: Canada Goose, Egyptian Goose (Canada Goose breeds in one city – Gdańsk, Egyptian Goose breeds outside cities)


Species:


Number of urban IBAs At least 3 That are the fragments of bigger IBAs, esp. in Warsaw - the river Valley within the city is also treated as IBA. There are no IBAs that are situated totally within urban areas. They are situated fragmentarly within Warsaw, Kołobrzeg and Toruń.

Number of official city reserves There are lots of city reserves in Poland. In the capital city - Warsaw we have 12 of them: Each big city in Poland has at least several city reserves.

Names: In Warsaw: - Bagno Jacka - Jeziorko Czerniakowskie - Kawęczyn - Las Bielański - Las im. Jana III Sobieskiego - Las Kabacki - Las Natoliński - Lawice Kiełpińskie - Olszynka Grochowska - Morysin - Skarpa Ursynowska - Wyspy Zawadowskie.

Migration Monitoring Stations 1

Names: Stacja Badania Wędrówek Ptaków (Bird Migration Research Station) (works as a part of Gdansk University). Migrating birds are monitored mainly outside cities. The Station has two ringing camps on Polish seacoast. There is also one NGO (“Drapolicz”) counting migrating birds from one point of Wiślana Split (also seacoast, close to border with Kaliningrad).

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No specific programme (some grids from Common Breeding Birds Scheme are


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localized within urban areas)





There are plans to do it (for different target groups, grant from government is expected)

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds A leaflet about Common Swift and its protection has been prepared by one of local groups of OTOP with the city council

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Not own (a video from German nest of Common Swifts was promoted through the website of Spring Alive project). Other webcams from Common Swift nests were prepared and managed by other Polish NGOs in Szczecin and Warsaw. There was also a webcam from Kestrel nests from Pruszków, close to Warsaw (other NGO responsible).

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: There is a very big and serious problem with renovation of building on urban areas, where nests and habitats of birds (especially Common Swifts, Eurasian Jackdaws and House Sparrows) are destroyed. Many NGOs are involved in promoting knowledge about this group of birds, about legal activities which can be done against people who destroy habitats. Many materials (educational, technical, scientific) is accessible in PDF form online. OTOP is being prepared for a new educational project about birds in towns and cities. The project has been approved to be granted by National Fund for Environment Protection and Water Industry.



~2700


Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: The count is rather a mass event and has no scientific methodology, so data received is rather impossible to be used to show trends of changes among birds. The count is organized each year in the last weekend of January.


Urban species addressed: mainly nestboxes for Common Swifts and Eurasian Jackdaws.


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: OTOP and other NGOs take part in procedures when some habitats of urban birds are destroyed or when there are public consultations about green areas in towns and cities. Generally it’s really hard to protect birds on urban areas, where many people are against them. The situation and public attitude changes slowly.

Additional Comments: Perhaps OTOP will lead local conservation project for Eurasian Jackdaws in Bydgoszcz (western Poland) where nestboxes are planned to be placed in parks. We know that Eurasian Jackdaws, in contrary to Swifts, easier and faster inhabit nestboxes both on buildings and trees. Nestboxes on trees can be easier to placed and will generate less amount of conflicts between birds and people.


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Rwanda Continent: Africa Population: Population Density: 407 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 17% BirdLife Partner: ACNR(Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda) Contact Person: Serge Nsengimana, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat Unknown

Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names:


Names:






No








Page 136








Page 137

Singapore Continent: Asia Population: Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): BirdLife Partner: Nature Society (Singapore) Contact Person: Lim Kim Keang Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird



Names: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Sungie Buloh Wetland Reserve, Labrador Nature Reserve


Names:






Yes








Page 138



Urban species addressed: Purple Swamphen, Common Moorhen, Lesser Whistling-duck, White-browed Crake and Little Grebe


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Yearly Parrot counts. Monitoring of movement of resident forest species. Field studies of Grey-headed Fish-eagles and Changeble Hawk-eagles.

Additional Comments: The Bird Group of the Nature Society ( Singapore) is the most active NGO studying, monitoring and protecting bird life in Singapore


Page 139

Slovenia Continent: Europe Population: 2,048,000 Population Density: 101 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 44% BirdLife Partner: DOPPS - Birdlife Slovenia Contact Person: Jurij Hanžel, Volunteer Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Jackdaw


5

Species: Rock Pigeon, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Black Redstart


Species: Common Kestrel, Yellow-legged Gull, Eurasian Jackdaw


Species:


Species:

Iconic urban bird 0

Number of urban IBAs 1 Skocjanski zatok


Names:


Names:






No



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: With our stands we are frequently participating in several fairs which are mostly held in urban areas around the country.


Year first started 2009 Frequency Annual, end of Number of 200-500


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January Participants




Urban species addressed: Common Kestrel



Common garden bird species (mounting of nestboxes, establishment of birdwatching trails in city

parks)

Common Kestrels (mounting of nestboxes, webcam)

Eurasian Jackdaws (mounting of nestboxes)

Mute Swan (protecting urban nests of this species in Maribor)

"Ornithophone" (special phone number for questions concerning birds)



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South Africa Continent: Africa Population: 49,990,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): ~51% BirdLife Partner: BirdLife South Africa Contact Person: Ernst Retief, IBA Programme Data Manager and Regional Conservation Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Ernst Retief


Species:


30

Species: Black-collared Barbet, Crested Barbet, Cape Bulbul, House Crow, Ring-necked Dove, Laughing Dove, Red-eyed Dove, Rock Pigeon, Common Fiscal, Fiscal Flycatcher, Grey Go-away-bird, Eurasian Hoopoe, Hadada Ibis, Blacksmith Lapwing, Crowned Lapwing, Rock Martin, Red-faced Mousebird, Speckled Mousebird, Common Myna, Speckled Pigeon, Cape Robin-chat, Cape Sparrow, House Sparrow, Red-shouldered Glossy-starling, Red-winged Starling, White-breasted Sunbird, African Palm-swift, Karoo Thrush, Common Starling, Rose-ringed Parakeet


Species:


Species: House Sparrow, Common Myna, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Common Starling, House Crow, Rock Pigeon, Mallard


Species:

Iconic urban bird

Number of urban IBAs ~11 IBAs that also include built up areas

Number of official city reserves Many

Names: I do not have this number - but most cities in South Africa have reserves, parks or a green belt of some sort Too many to mention - must be 100s

Migration Monitoring Stations None

Names:




Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: BirdLife South Africa and the Animal Demography Unit at the University of Cape Town have started a project called MyBirdPatch where people can submit data for their gardens (see mybirdpatch.adu.org.za)


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No



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We are trying to create a garden bird membership category.




Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Published in the BirdLife South Africa magazine Africa Birds and Birding




Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Through our club structures and magazine articles we do promote gardening for birds etc.



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Spain

Continent: Europe Population: 46,951,532 Population Density: 91 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 90% BirdLife Partner: SEO/BirdLife Contact Person: Virginia Escandell, Breeding Bird Survey Coordinator Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species:


8

Species: Group A: Big cities: House Sparrow, Common Swift, Rock Pigeon, Northern House-martin, Monk Parakeet, Rose-ringed Parakeet Group B: Small cities: White stork, Barn Swallow, Lesser Kestrel, Spotless Starling, Tree Sparrow, Eurasian Collared-dove


Species: Lesser Kestrel


Species: Monk Parakeet, Rose-ringed Parakeet (they are in gardens inside urban areas)


Species:


Number of urban IBAs ~5


Names:


Names:

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes, Vitoria





Yes



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We ran a census of Delichon urbicum in the city of Madrid in 2007



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Urban species addressed: Strategy for biodiversity conservation in the city of Santander


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird Festival in Madrid in 2008 and 2009 Banding birds in two gardens in Madrid

Additional Comments: During the international day of birds a lot of activities take place in cities and other urban areas


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Switzerland Continent: Europe Population: 8,000,000 Population Density: 195 people/ km2 But this is very different between the Alps and the lowlands (more than 380 people/ km2) Urban Population (75%): BirdLife Partner: SVS/BirdLife Switzerland Contact Person: Werner Müller, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Christa Glauser


Species: Eurasian Collared-dove, Barn Owl, Alpine Swift, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, White Wagtail, Black Redstart, Eurasian Blackbird, House Sparrow


8

Species: Barn Owl, Alpine Swift, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, White Wagtail, Black Redstart, House Sparrow


Species:


Species:





Number of official city reserves ?

Names: There are many types of reserves in the country and no overview exists,.

Migration Monitoring Stations 0

Names:

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds There are some inventories of birds in cities (e.g. for Zurich). Monitoring schemes include urban areas but are not especially designed for them.

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds N

Produces a report on the state of urban birds N



Y

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Y

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. N



Page 146

Conducts a garden bird count In earlier years


Supports bird friendly gardening Y, with advice, not financially


Specific conservation measures on urban birds Y

Urban species addressed: Barn Owl, Alpine Swift, Common Swift, Northern House-martin

Provides advice on city planning Y

Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Biodiversity in urban areas is an important part of the Swiss Biodiversity Strategy. This will be concretised in the Biodiversity Action Plan (SVS/BirdLife Switzerland is influencing this process)



Page 147

Taiwan Continent: Asia Population: 23,000,000 Population Density: 640 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 60% BirdLife Partner: Chinese Wild Bird Federation Contact Person: Dabby Ding, Research Conservation Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Little Grebe, Yellow Bittern, Little Egret, Cattle Egret, Striated Heron, Black-crowned Night-heron, Malaysian Night-heron, Black Kite, Crested Serpent-eagle, Crested Goshawk, Besra, Black Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, White-breasted Waterhen, Ruddy-breasted Crake, Common Moorhen, Kentish Plover, Little Ringed Plover, Black-winged Stilt, Pheasant-tailed Jacana, Barred Buttonquail, Greater Painted-snipe, Little Tern, Ashy Wood-pigeon, Oriental Turtle-dove, Red Collared-dove, Spotted Dove, Emerald Dove, White-bellied Green-pigeon, Lesser Coucal, Mountain Scops-owl, Collared Scops-owl, Collared Owlet, Brown Wood-owl, Brown Hawk-owl, Savanna Nightjar, Fork-tailed Swift, Little Swift, Common Kingfisher, Taiwan Barbet, Grey-capped Woodpecker, Grey-faced Woodpecker, Grey-chinned Minivet, Oriental Skylark, Plain Martin, Pacific Swallow, Collared Finchbill, Light-vented Bulbul, Asian Black Bulbul, White Wagtail


13

Species: Java Sparrow, Society Finch, Zebra Finch, Gouldian Finch, Long-tailed Finch, Chestnut Munia, White-headed Munia, White-throated Munia, Orange-cheeked Waxbill, Common Waxbill, Red Avadavat, Zebra Waxbill, Black-rumped Waxbill


Species: Peregrine Falcon, Black-naped Oriole, Black Eagle


Species: White-vented Myna, Jungle Myna, Vinous-breasted Starling, Asian Glossy Starling, Black-collared Starling, White-throated Munia, African Sacred Ibis, Indian Peafowl, Common Pheasant, Blue Magpie, White-rumped Shama, Zebra Dove, Village Weaver, Pin-tailed Wydah, Chestnut-tailed Starling, Azure-winged Magpie, Orange-cheeked Waxbill, Common Waxbill, Black-throated Laughingthrush, Common Myna


Species: White-vented Myna, Common Myna, Black-collared Starling, White-throated Munia

Iconic urban bird Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Japanese White-eye, Light-vented Bulbul

Number of urban IBAs 15 TW001, TW002, TW003, TW004, TW011, TW013, TW025, TW026, TW027, TW028, TW029, TW030, TW031, TW035 TW037


Names: TW002, TW003, TW004, TW013, TW029


Page 148


Names:






Yes














Page 149

Tunisia Continent: Africa Population: 10,500,000 Population Density: 67 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 66% BirdLife Partner: Association "Les Amis des Oiseaux" (AAO) Contact Person: Claudia Feltrup-Azafzaf, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Hichem Azafzaf


Species: White Stork, Common Swift, Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, Common Bulbul, European Robin, Eurasian Blackbird, Blue Tit, Common Starling (roosts in winter), Spotless Starling, Spanish Sparrow, House Bunting


7

Species: White Stork, Common Swift, Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, Spotless Starling, Spanish Sparrow, House Bunting


Species:


Species:


Species: Common Starling, Spanish Sparrow

Iconic urban bird Spanish Sparrow and Pallid Swift (in the North) House Bunting (in the South)

Number of urban IBAs 4 TN009 Lake Tunis, TN010 Sebkhet Sedjoumi, TN014 Lagune de Korba, TN027 Salines de Thyna


Names: There are no city reserves in Tunisia, only urban parks


Names:






No


Page 150



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: AAO ran an annual programme on garden birds with environment clubs in 2008 and 2009.






Urban species addressed: Common Swift, Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird walks in urban IBAs and Parc du Belvédère in Tunis



Page 151

Turkey Continent: Europe Population: 73,722,988 Population Density: 95 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 66% BirdLife Partner: Doga Dernegi

Contact Person: Süreyya İsfendiyaroglu, Conservation Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Common Swift, Carrion Crow, Black-billed Magpie, Alpine Swift, Pallid Swift, Rose-ringed Parakeet, House Sparrow, Common Starling, Alexandrine Parakeet, Eurasian Collared-dove, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Jackdaw, Yellow-legged Gull, Common Myna, Rock Pigeon


12

Species: Common Swift, Alpine Swift, Pallid Swift, Rose-ringed Parakeet, House Sparrow, Common Starling, Eurasian Collared-dove, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Jackdaw, Yellow-legged Gull, Common Myna, Rock Pigeon


Species:


Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Common Myna


Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Common Myna

Iconic urban bird Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)

Number of urban IBAs 8 Antalya plains, Bosphorus, Büyükcekmece Lake, Küçükcekmece, Lake Prenses Islands, Mogan Lake, Sapanca Lake , Uluabat Lake


Names:


Names:





Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No


Page 152

public














Page 153

Uganda Continent: Africa Population: 33,000,000 Population Density: 140 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 25% BirdLife Partner: Nature Uganda Contact Person: Achilles Byaruhanga, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Dianah Nalwanga-Wabwire, Research & Monitoring Coordinator


Species:


30

Species:


Species: Grey Crowned-crane, Hooded Vulture, Grey Parrot, Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Warbler


Species: House Sparrow, Fischer’s Lovebird


Species:

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Pied Crow, Rock Pigeon, Speckled Pigeon, White Wagtail



Names:


Names:






No



Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conduct nature walks, participate in big birding festivals and conduct public talks



Page 154





Urban species addressed: Hooded Vulture, Marabou Stork, Grey Crowned Crane


Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Ringing of some urban species, Common Birds Monitoring Programme in urban sites

Additional Comments: We do conduct annual Vulture counts in areas around the city including abatours and rubbish bumps. This encompasses all scavenging birds around the city and has been done since 2009.


Page 155

United States of America Continent: Americas Population: 312,000,000 Population Density: 34 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 82% BirdLife Partner: National Audubon Society Contact Person: Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: Chimney Swift, Common Nighthawk


1

Species: House Finch


Species: Chimney Swift (NT)


Species: Rock Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow


Species: Monk Parakeet

Iconic urban bird Chimney Swift (Eastern US)

Number of urban IBAs Unknown


Names: We don’t have these, but we do have urban nature centers in many US cities


Names:




Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: We often use the term "urban birds" for species that persist in the face of urbanization because we have so few that do better in urban areas than in rural. Even so, it is hard to define urban birds. Some cities do monitor urban birds, but not every year. We include many urban areas in our Christmas Bird Count, Great Backyard Bird Count and local citizen science efforts.


Yes





Page 156



Over 60,000


Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have the Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon at Home and Hummingbirds at Home programs.




Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Urban oases initiative works to identify and improve habitat used by migrating birds in urban areas.

Additional Comments: We do some work with city planners, but much more with regional planners focused on IBAs rather than city habitats.


Page 157

Uruguay

Continent: Americas Population: 3,340,000 Population Density: 19 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 91% BirdLife Partner: Aves Uruguay Contact Person: Agustin Carriquiry, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:


Species: White-tufted Grebe, Pied-billed Grebe, Great Grebe, Neotropic Cormorant, Whistling Heron, Snowy Egret, Cattle Egret, Striated Heron, Black-crowned Night-Heron, Bare-faced Ibis, White-faced Ibis, Yellow-billed Pintail, Yellow-billed Teal, Silver Teal, Brazilian Teal, Harris’s Hawk, Roadside Hawk, Southern Caracara, Chimango Caracara, Peregrine Falcon, American Kestrel, Giant Wood-rail , Grey-necked Wood-rail, Red-gartered Coot, White-winged Coot, Common Moorhen, Southern Lapwing, Greater Yellowlegs, Lesser Yellowlegs, Kelp Gull, Brown-hooded Gull, Snowy-crowned Tern, Royal Tern, Picazuro Pigeon, Rock Pigeon, Eared Dove, Picui Ground-dove, Monk Parakeet, Guira Cuckoo, Barn Owl, Tropical Screech-owl , White-throated Hummingbird, Glittering-bellied Emerald, Gilded Hummingbird, Campo Flicker, Green-barred Woodpecker, White-spotted Woodpecker, White Woodpecker, Rufous Hornero, Cattle Tyrant, Great Kiskadee, Tropical Kingbird, Fork-tailed Flycatcher, White-crested Tyrannulet, Small-billed Elaenia, Grey-breasted Martin, Brown-chested Martin, White-rumped Swallow, Blue-and-White Swallow, House Wren, White-banded Mockingbird, Chalk-browed Mockingbird, Creamy-bellied Thrush, Rufous-bellied Thrush, House Sparrow, Tropical Parula, Saffron Finch, Rufous-collared Sparrow, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch, Screaming Cowbird, Shiny Cowbird


27

Species: American Kestrel, Southern Lapwing, Picazuro Pigeon, Rock Pigeon, Eared Dove, Picui Ground-dove, Monk Parakeet, Barn Owl, Tropical Screech-owl, White-throated Hummingbird, Glittering-bellied Emerald, Gilded Hummingbird, Rufous Hornero, Great Kiskadee, White-crested Tyrannulet, Grey-breasted Martin, Brown-chested Martin, White-rumped Swallow, Blue-and-White Swallow, House Wren, Creamy-bellied Thrush, Rufous-bellied Thrush, House Sparrow, Tropical Parula, Saffron Finch, Rufous-collared Sparrow, European Greenfinch


Species:


Species: Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch


Species: Rock Pigeon, Eared Dove, Monk Parakeet, House Sparrow


Number of urban IBAs 1 Playa Penino y Humedales del Santa Lucía (UY012)


Names: Playa Penino


Page 158


Names:






No







Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have frequent talks about garden birds at 2 bird clubs.







Page 159

B. RESPONSES FROM INDEPENDENT AUDUBON CHAPTERS (USA)

In the United States, the National Audubon Society is organized into migratory flyways staffed by 26 state offices. In addition, there are nearly 500 local Audubon chapters affiliated with the national organization. Four states are represented by independent Audubon organizations that are not associated with the national society.

The online survey collected 41 responses from 38 chapters and one state Audubon office. Most responses provided little more than a contact name, but more detailed responses were received from 17 chapters and one Audubon state office (see table).

Organization Location

Audubon Montana Montana

Audubon Society of the Capital Region Upstate New York

Bucks County Audubon Society Bucks County, Pennyslvania

Buffalo Audubon Society Buffalo, New York

Cape Arago Audubon Society Coos Bay, Oregon

Central New Mexico Audubon Society Albuquerque, New Mexico

Choctawhatchee Audubon Society Walton County, Florida

Discovery Coast Audubon Society Long Beach, Washington

Forsyth Audubon Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Fort Collins Audubon Society Fort Collins, Colorado

Maricopa Audubon Society Phoenix, Arizona

Palomar Audubon Society Northern San Diego County, California

Piedmont Audubon Spartanburg, South Carolina

Redwood Region Audubon Society Arcata, California

San Diego Audubon Society San Diego, California

Snake River Audubon Society Idaho Falls, Idaho

Wisconsin Metro Audubon Society Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Yuma Audubon Society Yuma, Arizona

SPECIES WITH CITY OR URBAN AREAS AS PRIME HABITAT

Audubon chapters reported up to 250 species (San Diego Audubon) in their local urban environments. Most chapters that responded to this question provided a number of species regularly found or reported within their local cities or towns. Audubon Society of the Capitol Region reported 61 species breeding in the most urban local blocks of their recent state breeding bird atlas. Choctawatchee Audubon reported 37 common urban species, but 131 species recorded in the residential yard of their local bird count coordinator. At least 142 species were reported from Idaho Falls, Idaho. In the mostly rural state of Montana, the state Audubon office listed only eight species considered to be using cities as prime habitat.


Page 160

Species: 85 listed by name.

Canada Goose, Wood Duck, American Black Duck, Mallard, Wild Turkey, Double-crested Cormorant, Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Cooper’s Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Killdeer, Spotted Sandpiper, Rock Pigeon, Mourning Dove, Eurasian Collared-dove, Great Horned Owl, Barred Owl, American Kestrel, Peregrine Falcon, Common Nighthawk, Chimney Swift, Vaux’s Swift, Belted Kingfisher, Red-bellied Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Northern Flicker, Pileated Woodpecker, Costa’s Hummingbird, Anna’s Hummingbird, Eastern Phoebe, Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Kingbird, Yellow-throated Vireo, Warbling Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Blue Jay, American Crow, Fish Crow, Tree Swallow, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Sand Martin, Barn Swallow, Verdin, Black-capped Chickadee, Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, Brown Creeper, Carolina Wren, House Wren, Eastern Bluebird, Veery, Hermit Thrush, Wood Thrush, American Robin, Grey Catbird, Northern Mockingbird, Common Starling, Cedar Waxwing, Black-throated Green Warbler, Pine Warbler, Yellow Warbler, American Redstart, Ovenbird, Louisiana Waterthrush, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Towhee, Chipping Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Scarlet Tanager, Northern Cardinal, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle, Great-tailed Grackle, Brown-headed Cowbird, Baltimore Oriole, House Finch, American Goldfinch, House Sparrow.


Responses ranged from two to six species.

Species: 13 species listed

Rock Pigeon, Mourning Dove, Chimney Swift, Northern Flicker, Eastern Phoebe, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, Barn Swallow, Cliff Swallow, Carolina Wren, Common Starling, House Finch, and House Sparrow.


Two chapters each listed one species, and one reported two species. There appears to have been a wide range of interpretations to this question, based again on definitions of urban as well as local red list classifications. While most chapters did not report any urban red list species, San Diego Audubon indicated that the list was too long to include in the survey, and would depend on “where the ‘cut-off’ should be on the continuum of how commonly a given species (particularly a migratory one) is encountered in local prime habitat.”

Species: Peregrine Falcon, Chimney Swift, Willow Flycatcher, Yellow-billed Cuckoo


Most chapters listed three or four species. The most commonly listed species were Eurasian Collared-dove (4), Common Starling (7), and House Sparrow (10). Interestingly, the nearly ubiquitus Rock Pigeon was only listed by three chapters, while the newly invasive Eurasian Collared-dove was given notice by four chapters.

Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Red-crowned Parrot, Lilac-crowned Parrot, Red-masked Parakeet, Back-throated Magpie Jay, Common Starling, Northern Cardinal, Brown-headed Cowbird, Great-tailed Grackle, House Finch, House Sparrow,


Most frequently listed species were Rock Pigeon (4), Common Starling (8), and House Sparrow (6).

Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Starling, Brown-headed Cowbird, Great-

tailed Grackle, House Finch, House Sparrow.


Page 161

Iconic urban bird

11 chapters indicated listed iconic urban bird species. Species listed ranged from the Greater Roadrunner found in and around Albuquerque, to Brown Pelicans found in coastal San Diego, and the ubiquitous exotic Common Starling and House Sparrow.

Species: Brown Pelican, Red-tailed Hawk, Rock Pigeon, Greater Roadrunner, American Crow, Blue

Jay, Northern Mockingbird, American Robin, Common Starling, House Finch, House Sparrow.


Seven Audubon chapters listed the presence of urban IBAs, with most listing one IBA and San Diego Audubon listing a high of four urban IBAs.

Names: Coos Estuary IBA (Oregon), Gilbert Riparian Institute IBA (Arizona), Owen Sowerwine Natural Area (Montana), San Pasqual Valley-Lake Hodges (California), North San Diego Lagoons (California), Mission Bay (California), San Diego Bay (California), Tijuana River Reserve (California).


Most chapters (12) left this question blank. The rest gave a wide diversity of interpretations of this question—ranging from none, to unknown, and Central New Mexico Audubon including mention of 25 city parks that are declared open space, and Fort Collins Audubon reporting 20 parks with significant wildlife habitat. San Diego Audubon only listed the Mission Trails Regional Park.

Migration Counting Posts

Migration monitoring stations were reported by only three Audubon chapters, Piedmont Audubon, Forsyth Audubon, and Central New Mexico Audubon. In addition, Choctawhatchee Audubon reported

countywide spring and fall migration counts.


Two chapters reported urban breeding bird censuses—Central New Mexico Audubon and Forsyth Audubon.


Six chapters reported wintering bird surveys—Cape Arago Audubon, Central New Mexico Audubon, Forsyth Audubon, Fort Collins Audubon, Snake River Audubon, and Wisconsin Metro Audubon.


Fort Collins Audubon was the only chapter indicating that hey produce a report on the state of urban birds.


Four chapters indicated that their wintering bird census was part of the annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count. Central New Mexico Audubon reported weekly monitoring at the Rio Grande Nature Center Park.


Four chapters indicated they publish popular brochures on urban birds for the general public—Fort Collins Audubon, Maricopa Audubon, Piedmont Audubon, and San Diego Audubon.


Page 162


None reported by any of the responding chapters.

Bird Fairs

Eight chapters indicated that they hold some sort of bird fair or festival—Fort Collins Audubon, Redwood Regional Audubon, San Diego Audubon, Snake River Audubon, Wisconsin Metro Audubon, and Yuma Audubon.


None reported by any of the responding chapters.


Forsyth Audubon was the only chapter to indicate that the conduct a garden bird cont.


Ten chapters and one state Audubon office reported supporting bird-friendly gardening—Cape Arago Audubon, Choctawatchee Audubon, Discover Coast Audubon, Fort Collins Audubon, Audubon Montana, Palomar Audubon, Piedmont Audubon, Redwood Regional Audubon, San Diego Audubon, Snake River Audubon, Wisconsin Metro Audubon.


Four chapters reported conservation measures on urban birds. Cape Arago and Wisconsin Regional Audubons reported work on Purple Martin colonies. Central New Mexico Audubon reported working with their state Audubon office on a new urban wildlife refuge, and San Diego Audubon reported work on endangered and threatened subspecies and populations including California Least Terns, Western Snowy Plover, Light-footed Clapper Rail, Belding's Savannah Sparrow, Coastal Cactus Wren.


Eight chapters and one state office indicated that they provide advice on city planning—Central New Mexico Audubon, Choctawhatchee Audubon, Fort Collins Audubon, Maricopa Audubon, Audubon Montana, Redwood Regional Audubon, San Diego Audubon, Snake River Audubon, Yuma Audubon.


San Diego Audubon reported working with the zoo to raise awareness and to develop collaborative efforts to reduce bird collisions as part of a lights out program. Wisconsin Metro Audubon provides informational booths to cities interested in becoming certified in a statewide Bird City Wisconsin effort. Maricopa Audubon reported occasional field trips to urban locations and bird identification classes for the public.


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C. LOCAL URBAN REDLIST SPECIES BY CONTINENT

PACIFIC

Australia Cook islands IUCN

Pacific Reef Heron X LC

Red Junglefowl X LC

Bush Thick-knee X NT

Bristle-thighed Curlew X VU

Pacific Golden Plover X LC

Wandering Tattler X LC

White Tern X LC

Cook Islands Fruit Dove X VU

Superb Parrot X VU

Regent Honeyeater X EN

Common Myna X LC

House Sparrow X introduced

LC

AFRICA

Nigeria Uganda Malawi IUCN

Hooded Vulture X X EN

Grey Crowned-crane X

National bird VU

Grey Parrot X NT

Papyrus Gonolek X NT

Papyrus Yellow Warbler X VU

Lanner Falcon ? LC


Page 164

ASIA

Philippines Taiwan IUCN

Chinese Egret X EN

Philippine Duck endemic VU

Peregrine Falcon X LC

Black Eagle X LC

Chinese Crested Tern X CR

Black-naped Oriole X LC

Java Sparrow introduced VU

EUROPE

Azerb Belg Czech Hung Israel Lux NL Pol Slov Spain IUCN

Common Swift NT LC

Little Owl EN VU LC

White Stork NT LC

Rook VU LC

Eurasian Jackdaw NT X LC

Northern House-martin VU NT NT NT LC

Lesser Kestrel X X X LC

Peregrine Falcon NT X LC

Common Kestrel X LC

Crested Lark CR LC

Barn Swallow LC NT NT LC

Yellow-legged Gull X ?

House Sparrow LC NT NT LC

Barn Owl EN X VU LC

Status on local red list, X = on local red list, but no status mentioned


Page 165

D. ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED

As taxonomy and common names frequently vary around the globe, this report uses the English and scientific bird names currently listed in the BirdLife International taxonomic checklist.

Common Name Scientific Name

African Collared-dove Streptopelia roseogrisea

African Jacana Actophilornis africanus

African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus

African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus

Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria

Alpine Swift Apus melba

American Black Duck Anas rubripes

American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos

American Goldfinch Spinus tristis

American Kestrel Falco sparverius

American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla

American Robin Turdus migratorius

Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna

Ashy Wood-pigeon Columba pulchricollis

Asian Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus

Asian Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis

Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra

Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen

Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus

Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula

Bare-faced Ibis Phimosus infuscatus

Barn Owl Tyto alba

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator

Barred Owl Strix varia

Belding's Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi

Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon

Besra Accipiter virgatus

Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis

Black Kite Milvus migrans

Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros

Black-billed Magpie Pica pica

Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus

Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis

Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax

Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica

Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis


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Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes

Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus

Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens

Black-throated Laughingthrush Garrulax chinensis

Black-throated Magpie Jay Calocitta colliei

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus

Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata

Blue Magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha

Blue Tit Parus caeruleus

Blue-and-White Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca

Blue-breasted Cordonbleu Uraeginthus angolensis

Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis

Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis

Bronze Munia Lonchura cucullata

Brown Creeper Certhia americana

Brown Hawk-owl Ninox scutulata

Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis

Brown Wood-owl Strix leptogrammica

Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera

Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater

Brown-hooded Gull Larus maculipennis

Bush Thick-knee Burhinus grallarius

California Least Tern Sterna antillarum browni

Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris

Canada Goose Branta canadensis

Cape Bulbul Pycnonotus capensis

Cape Robin-chat Cossypha caffra

Cape Sparrow Passer melanurus

Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis

Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus

Carrion Crow Corvus corone

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosa

Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus

Changeble Hawkeagle Nisaetus cirrhatus

Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla

Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax

Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus

Chimango Caracara Milvago chimango

Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica


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Chinese Crested Tern Sterna bernsteini

Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes

Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanus

Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina

Chukar Alectoris chukar

Clay-coloured Thrush Turdus grayi

Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Coastal Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus sandiegensis

Collared Finchbill Spizixos semitorques

Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris

Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei

Collared Scops-owl Otus bakkamoena

Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus

Common Fiscal Lanius collaris

Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula

Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus

Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus

Common Myna Acridotheres tristis

Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor

Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea

Common Redstart Phoenicurus pheonicurus

Common Scops-owl Otus scops

Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris

Common Swift Apus apus

Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild

Common Wood-pigeon Columba palumbus

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Cook Islands Fruit Dove Ptilinopus rarotongensis

Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii

Costa’s Hummingbird Calypte costae

Creamy-bellied Thrush Turdus amaurochalinus

Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii

Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus

Crested Lark Galerida cristata

Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus

Crested Serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela

Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus

Cyprus Wheater Oenanthe cypriaca


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Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus

Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens

Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata

Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis

Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus

Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe

Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius

Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica

Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula

Eurasian Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs

Eurasian Collared-dove Streptopelia decaocto

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo

Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops

Eurasian Jackdaw Corvus monedula

Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius

Eurasian Linnet Carduelis cannabina

Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus

Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus

European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis

European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris

European Robin Erithacus rubecula

European Serin Serinus serinus

European Turtle-dove Streptopelia turtur

Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla

Fiscal Flycatcher Sigelus silens

Fischer's Lovebird Agapornis fischeri

Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus

Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus

Galah Cacatua roseicapilla

Giant Wood-rail Aramides ypecaha

Gilded Hummingbird Hylocharis chrysura

Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon lucidus

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus

Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta

Gouldian Finch Erythrura gouldiae

Graceful Prinea Prinia gracilis

Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias


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Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus

Great Grebe Podiceps major

Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus

Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus

Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius

Great Tit Parus major

Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis

Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus

Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca

Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus

Green Heron Butorides virescens

Green-barred Woodpecker Colaptes melanochloros

Grey Catbird Dumetella carolinensis

Grey Crowned-crane Balearica regulorum

Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa

Grey Gerygone Gerygone igata

Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor

Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus

Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea

Grey-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus

Grey-chinned Minivet Pericrocotus solaris

Grey-faced Woodpecker Picus canus

Grey-headed Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus

Greylag Goose Anser anser

Grey-necked Wood-rail Aramides cajaneus

Guira Cuckoo Guira guira

Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash

Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus

Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus

Hedge Accentor Prunella modularis

Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus

Herring Gull Larus argentatus

Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys

Hooded Crow Corvus cornix

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus

House Bunting Emberiza striolata

House Crow Corvus splendens

House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus

House Sparrow Passer domesticus

House Swift Apus nipalensis

House Wren Troglodytes aedon


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Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus

Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea

Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus

Java Sparrow Padda oryzivora

Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus

Karoo Thrush Turdus smithi

Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus

Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus

Killdeer Charadrius vociferous

King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus

Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos

Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis

Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis

Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni

Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica

Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca

Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes

Light-footed Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris levipes

Light-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis

Lilac-crowned Amazon Amazona finschi

Little Egret Egretta garzetta

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis

Little Owl Athene noctua

Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius

Little Swift Apus affinis

Little Tern Sterna albifrons

Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris

Long-eared Owl Asio otus

Long-tailed Finch Poephila acuticauda

Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla

Malaysian Night-heron Gorsachius melanolophus,

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus

Micronesian Myzomela Myzomela rubratra

Micronesian Starling Aplonis opaca

Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus

Mountain Scops-owl Otus spilocephalus

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura

Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata

Mute Swan Cygnus olor


Page 171


Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus

New Zealand Bellbird Anthornis melanura

New Zealand Robin Petroica australis

Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis

Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus

Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus

Northern House-martin Delichon urbicum

Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos

Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida

Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda

Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis

Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula

Oriental Turtle-dove Streptopelia orientalis

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla

Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva

Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra

Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica

Palau Scops-owl Otus podarginus

Palau Swiftlet Collocalia pelewensis

Palestine Sunbird Nectarinia osea

Pallid Swift Apus pallidus

Papyrus Gonolek Laniarius mufumbiri

Papyrus Yellow Warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus

Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus

Philippine Duck Anas luzonica

Piapiac Ptilostomus afer

Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro

Picui Ground-dove Columbina picui

Pied Crow Corvus albus

Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps

Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus

Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus

Pin-tailed Wydah Vidua macroura

Plain Martin Riparia paludicola

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua

Purple Martin Progne subis

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio

Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus


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Red Avadavat Amandava amandava

Red Collared-dove Streptopelia tranquebarica

Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus

Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma

Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus

Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala

Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea

Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus

Red-crowned Amazon Amazona viridigenalis

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus

Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus

Red-gartered Coot Fulica armillata

Red-masked Parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys

Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica

Red-shouldered Glossy-starling Lamprotornis nitens

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus

Red-tailed Hawk Buteao jamaicensis

Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus

Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio

Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza Phrygia

Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola

Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris

Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula

Rock Pigeon Columba livia

Rook Corvus frugilegus

Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus

Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri

Royal Tern Sterna maxima

Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca

Rufous Hornero Furnarius rufus

Rufous-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris

Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis

Rufous-naped Wren Campylorhynchus rufinucha

Sacaya Tanager Thraupis sayaca

Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola

Sand Martin Riparia riparia

Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala

Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis

Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata


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Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea

Screaming Cowbird Molothrus rufoaxillaris

Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus

Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis

Silver Teal Anas versicolor

Small-billed Elaenia Elaenia parvirostris

Snowy Egret Egretta thula

Snowy-crowned Tern Sterna trudeaui

Society Finch Lonchura striata

Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia

Song Thrush Turdus philomelos

Southern Caracara Caracara plancus

Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis

Southern Masked-weaver Ploceus velatus

Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus

Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea

Splendid Fairywren Malurus splendens

Spotless Starling Sturnus unicolor

Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata

Spotted Owlet Athene brama

Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus

Spotted Sandpiper Actitus macularius

Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus

Striated Heron Butorides striata

Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus

Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita

Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus

Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii

Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus

Taiwan Barbet Megalaima nuchalis

Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides

Tawny Owl Strix aluco

Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor

Tricoloured Munia Lonchura malacca

Tristram's Starling Onychognathus tristramii

Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus

Tropical Parula Parula pitiayumi

Tropical Screech-owl Megascops choliba

Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor


Page 174


Tui Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae

Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura

Upland Goose Chloephaga picta

Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta

Vaux’s Swift Chaetura vauxi

Veery Catharus fluscescens

Verdin Auriparus flaviceps

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus

Vinous-breasted Starling Sturnus burmannicus

Wandering Tattler Tringa incana

Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus

Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena

Western Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer piscator

Western Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus

Whistling Heron Syrigma sibilatrix

White Stork Ciconia ciconia

White Tern Gygis alba

White Wagtail Motacilla alba

White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus

White-banded Mockingbird Mimus triurus

White-bellied Green-pigeon Treron sieboldii

White-bellied Sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster

White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis

White-breasted Sunbird White-breasted Sunbird

White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus

White-browed Crake Porzana cinerea

White-browed Robin-chat Cossypha heuglini

White-crested Tyrannulet Serpophaga subcristata

White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi

White-headed Munia Lonchura maja

White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus

White-rumped Swallow Tachycineta leucorrhoa

White-spectacled Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos

White-spotted Woodpecker Veniliornis spilogaster

White-throated Hummingbird Leucochloris albicollis

White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis

White-throated Munia Lonchura malabarica

White-throated Seedeater Sporophila albogularis

White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi

White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland

White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis


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White-winged Coot Fulica leucoptera

White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica

Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii

Wood Duck Aix sponsa

Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis

Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis

Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechial

Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus

Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica

Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris

Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella

Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis

Yellow-rumped Marshbird Pseudoleistes guirahuro

Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons

Zebra Dove Geopelia striata

Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata

Zebra Waxbill Amandava subflava

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