Biotic relationships Part 3 Some striking examples of … pollination
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Transcript of Biotic relationships Part 3 Some striking examples of … pollination
CONTENTS
Do not forget opening video links
4 What’s got Venus to do with pollination? 5 Bees triggering cross pollination on sage (Salvia sp.)
flowers 6 Nothing easier than using the right frequency to release
the pollen 7 UV absorbing flavonoids and UV reflecting carotenoids
guide bees to nectar and pollen 8 Cross pollination is enhanced by the earlier bloom of the
male flowers 9 Orchids driving bees crazy - Long-horned bee
pseudocopulating with bee orchids 10 Banging in the wrong kingdom – deceitful hammer
orchids and thynnid wasps 11 Darwin predicted in 1862 the existence of Morgan’s
sphinx mot (Xanthopan morganii) 12 Male euglossine bees (Euglossini) collecting scent oils
may be trapped in a bucket orchid
CONTENTS
13 Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) visits cardon cacti (Pachycereus pringlei) before a scorpion meal
14 Straw-coloured fruit (Eidolon helvum) bats can’t resist the smell of the baobab blossom
15 Anna’s hummingbird (Calypte anna) assisting in pitcher sage (Salvia spathacea) pollination
16 Bees and hummingbirds carry positive charges provoking attraction of negative charged pollen
17 By squeezing stamens tanagers (Thraupidae) expel pollen like a bellow and get a fructose reward
18 Quarrel between a sugarbird (Promerops sp.) and a four-striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio)…
19 The inestimable value of bee pollination services 20 Global threat to the bees: the spread of Varroa destructor
and its deformed wing viral vectors 21 Norway has found a simple solution to save endangered
pollinaters by building a bee highway 22 Closing video: ‘The beauty of pollination’
23 – 26 Credits
What’s got Venus to do with pollination?
Bull’s-eye absorbing pattern of a modest cucumber
flower (Cucumis sativus)
Bees triggering cross pollination on sage (Salvia sp.) flowers
Using the wind to disseminate pollen is a very
inefficient way for flowers to spread their genes
Nothing easier than using the right frequency to release the pollen
South African carpenter bees and sea rose flowers
(Orphium frutescens) are in a unique symbiosis
UV absorbing flavonoids and UV reflecting carotenoids guide bees to nectar and pollen
These UV marks draw a bull’s-eye with a transient UV fluorescence indicating floral development
Some flowers have the petal equivalent to landing lights at airports to guide
airborne pollinators
Plants also use nectaries and floral
scents to attract pollinators
Orange coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida)
Bidens ferulifolia
Cross pollination is enhanced by the earlier bloom of the male flowers
Seduced by the scent, it is executed by little sweat bees (Sarcophagidae) trapped overnight
Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum)
The beige male flowers are located on top of the red female carpels
A towering spadix disperses perfume as it mimics a large animal carcass
Orchids driving bees crazy - Long-horned bee pseudocopulating with bee orchids
The bee gets some orchid pheromone helping to lure a
female – Ophrus apifera, Eucera sp.
Banging in the wrong kingdom – deceitful hammer orchids and thynnid wasps
A male thynnid wasp (Thynnidae) mating the Drakaea gracilis dummy female, Western Australia
Darwin predicted in 1862 the existence of Morgan’s sphinx mot (Xanthopan morganii)
The moth and flower co-evolved favouring plants with a long spur and moths with a long proboscis
Having received a specimen of what is now known as
Darwin’s orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale), it was only in
1903 that a population of the moth pollinating a flower with a spur a foot long was discovered in Madagascar
Moths retracting (b) and depositing (c) pollinaria
Male moth with remnant nectar from a former pollinaria transfer (d)
Male euglossine bees (Euglossini) collecting scent oils may be trapped in a bucket orchid
The bucket orchid (Coryanthes sp.) provides only one pollinaria-escape-route to the drowning bee
Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) visits cardon cacti (Pachycereus pringlei) before a scorpion meal
This newbie pollinates better than the lesser long nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) specialized for nectar-feeding
Straw-coloured fruit (Eidolon helvum) bats can’t resist the smell of the baobab blossom
These bats never mind hanging upside down looking for sweets of the ‘upside-down tree’ (Adansonia digitata)
Anna’s hummingbird (Calypte anna) assisting in pitcher sage (Salvia spathacea) pollination
Hummingbird flowers are shaded in red without UV reflection making them inconspicuous to most insects
Bees and hummingbirds carry positive charges provoking attraction of negative charged pollen
Flowers can use electric fields besides patterns in the UV spectrum, petal temperatures, textures and shapes
By squeezing stamens tanagers (Thraupidae) expel pollen and get a fructose reward
Yellow-throated tanager (Iridosornis analis) finding food bodies on Axinaea confusa
Quarrel between a sugarbird (Promerops sp.) and a four-striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio)…
… fighting for the nectar of Proteo obtusifolia – S.-Africa Photo: four-striped mouse pollinating Proteo humiflora
The inestimable value of bee pollination services
The vicinity of a forest or wild grasslands with native pollinators near crops can improve their yield by 20%
Global threat to the bees: the spread of Varroa destructor and its deformed wing viral vectors
Today only a few countries are unaffected – sanitary care and bee movement restrictions can limit infections
Norway has found a simple solution to save endangered pollinaters by building a bee highway
This world’s first ‘highway for bees’ will be a network of green zones of Oslo such as flower beds and gardens
Closing video: ‘The beauty of pollination’
That which is not good for the bee-hive cannot be good for the bees – Marcus Aurelius
CREDITS
4: https://dotsub.com/view/6bba17ef-9ab3-4002-ab19-2458afd901b1 http://thenaturegeek.blogspot.be/2012/04/wanted-single-white-flower-
seeking.html http://www.naturfotograf.com/UV_flowers_list.html 5: http://sciencesourcevideo.com/video/detail/bee-triggering-sage-
flower https://dotsub.com/view/6bba17ef-9ab3-4002-ab19-2458afd901b1
6: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_bee https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGKK7BRQHVQ
7: http://www.naturfotograf.com/UV_flowers_list.html#top/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16983115
http://www.visualnews.com/2013/04/08/hidden-patterns-how-a-bee-sees-the-world-of-flowers/
8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHaWu2rcP94 http://www.arkive.org/titan-arum/amorphophallus-titanum/image-
G8035.html 9: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophrys_apifera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucera
CREDITS
10: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmgKABRCZpo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9dhcEW9-7c
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakaea http://www.gdaywa.com/wildflowers/orchids/750/drakaea_gracilis_2.jpg
11: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMVN1EWxfAU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angraecum_sesquipedale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthopan_morgani http://www.lt-wasserthal.de/page8/page18/page18.html
12: http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/wild/videos/an-orchids-trap/ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/nine-ways-to-lure-a-
lover-orchid-style-21933475/?no-ist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryanthes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglossini
13: http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/12/bat-pollinators.html https://vimeo.com/134290445 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallid_bat
https://tosea.wordpress.com/2015/06/09/battle-of-the-baja-bats/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycereus_pringlei
14: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia_digitata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-coloured_fruit_bat
http://23thorns.com/2013/09/26/3112/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsTOLm0zF-Q
CREDITS
15: http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/794--salvia-spathacea-powerline-pink http://www.laspilitas.com/movie-
players/628/native-plants/hummingbird-sage/salvia-spathacea-powerline-pink-hummingbird.m4v
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird 16:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Electr
ostatic-Charge-on-Flying-Hummingbirds-and-Its-Potential-Role-in-Pollination-pone.0138003.s001.ogv/640px--Electrostatic-Charge-on-
Flying-Hummingbirds-and-Its-Potential-Role-in-Pollination-pone.0138003.s001.ogv.jpg
http://www.npr.org/2013/02/22/172611866/honey-its-electric-bees-sense-charge-on-flowers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wmrkXGurw4 17:http://www.slate.com/blogs/wild_things/2014/07/16/birds_pollinating_flowers_bellows_mechanism_blows_pollen_from_stamen_onto.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqQbK0Ypk5M https://vimeo.com/100131611
CREDITS
18: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cU1FTHtN-U https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomys https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarbird
http://www.colinpatersonjones.co.za/gallery3/index.php/150109CPJ98ed 19: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdfMkr1pXrM http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zg4dwmn
20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8CA-iOrAyY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varroa_destructor
21: http://collectivelyconscious.net/articles/norway-creates-worlds-first-bee-highway-to-save-endangered-pollinators/?utm_source=cc-articles3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xODhghc5GP0 22: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQiszdkOwuU
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https://gunsmokeandknitting.wordpress.com/tag/geeky-science-blogging/page/2/