Bioterrorism Awareness: Protection of Human and Animal Health Food animal producers.
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Transcript of Bioterrorism Awareness: Protection of Human and Animal Health Food animal producers.
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Bioterrorism Awareness:Protection of Human and Animal HealthFood animal producers
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Why Are We Here?Why Are We Here?
• September 11, 2001 changed many things−Worst terrorist act in U.S.
history−More than 3,000 presumed
dead−Occurred on American soil− Increased sense of
vulnerability
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Biological AttackBiological Attack
• Bioterrorism attacks of 2001• Anthrax in postal system
• 22 cases• 5 deaths
• U.S. public health realm changed forever
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
OverviewOverview
• Bioterrorism• Zoonoses and bioterrorism• Disease control and biosecurity • U.S. Government agencies involved• Bioterrorism agents/diseases• Your role and responsibility
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Biological agents targeting humans, animals, or plants
Biological, chemical or radiological agents targeting agriculture or its components
•Livestock•Food supply•Crops•Industry•Workers
TerrorismTerrorism
BioterrorismAgroterrorism Other
Conventional, radiological, nuclear, chemical,cyber
•Typically direct human targeting
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Characteristics of a Biological Attack
Characteristics of a Biological Attack
• Difficult to detect release• Dissemination may cover large area• Possible secondary spread • Recognition of agent may be delayed
days to weeks• Difficulties in catching perpetrator
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Time (Days)
No.
Aff
ecte
d
Exposure
Symptoms
Seek Care
Infectious Disease OutbreakInfectious Disease Outbreak
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Clues Suggesting Biological Agent Release
Clues Suggesting Biological Agent Release
• Clustering of morbidity or mortality−Temporally or geographically−Large numbers of animals and/or people−Atypical symptoms
• Normally healthy people affected • Unusual symptoms for area• Unusual age distribution• Disease occurring outside typical
season
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Many Agents are ZoonoticMany Agents are Zoonotic
• Zoonotic means a disease transmitted from animals to humans
• Disease may be seen in animals before humans
• Animals are sentinels− Pets, livestock, wildlife
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Factors That Promote Transmission of Zoonoses
Factors That Promote Transmission of Zoonoses
• Frequent contact with domestic or wild animals
• Overlap with wildlife habitat• Intensive livestock production• Poor animal sanitation• Poor personal hygiene• Poor animal health
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Routes of TransmissionRoutes of Transmission
• Direct contact − Gel, liquid, powder− Scratches− Droplet spray onto mucous membranes
• Indirect: Ingestion, injection− Contaminated food, water− Vector
• Aerosol
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Disease Control: Client EducationDisease Control: Client Education
• Disinfect/clean up areas contaminated with animal waste−Livestock, pets, wildlife, rodents
• Basic hygiene−Wash hands−Child supervision
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Zoonoses ControlZoonoses Control
• Proper pet selection• Use caution at petting zoos• Cook food properly• Control strays• Visit and communicate with physician
and veterinarian • Follow guidelines for
immunocompromised people
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Biosecurity Educationfor the Producer
Biosecurity Educationfor the Producer
• Develop and implement a biosecurity plan
• Train employees to help maintain the plan
• Post signs restricting access to areas of the farm and control traffic flow
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Biosecurity Educationfor the Producer
Biosecurity Educationfor the Producer
• Regulate visitors• Keep visitors sanitary
−Clean clothing, boots−Disposable plastic shoe/boot
covers
• Implement insect, bird and animal control
• Secure water, feed, and nutrient sources
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Biosecurity Educationfor the Producer
Biosecurity Educationfor the Producer
• Maintain healthy herd−Vaccinations−Proper hygiene for
animals and handlers• Purchase from
reputable sources• Quarantine newly
purchased animals• Separate sick animals
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U.S. Agencies
Dealing with terrorism
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act of 2002
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act of 2002
• June 12, 2002• Improve ability of the U.S. to prevent,
prepare for, and respond to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies
• $4.3 billion to various federal, state and local agencies−Upgrade facilities, enhance security, etc
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
• Established January, 2003• Mission
−Prevent, protect, and respond to acts of terrorism on U.S. soil
• Established four policy directorates −Responsibilities for coordinating HHS and
USDA−Guard borders and airports, coordinate the
response for future emergencies, analyze threats and intelligence, protect our critical infrastructure
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• CDC's Mission−Promote health and quality
of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury and disability
• Preparing for bioterrorism since 1998• One of first agencies to respond to anthrax
incidents of 2001
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Strategic National StockpileStrategic National Stockpile
• 12-hour Push Package− Complete package of
medical materials
• Vendor Managed Inventory− Tailored to suspected agents
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Insert Your State’s Info HereInsert Your State’s Info Here
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Preparing IowaPreparing Iowa
• Iowa’s Homeland Security −Administered by
Iowa Emergency Management Division
−Works with public and private partners
www.iowahomelandsecurity.org
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Preparing IowaPreparing Iowa
• Iowa Department of Public Health www.idph.state.ia.us/odedp
• Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship− Highly infectious animal disease program− IRVIN: Iowa Rapid Veterinary Information
Network
• CFSPH training veterinarians to educate others
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Category ABC Agent Overview
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
ClassificationClassification
• Prepared by the CDC’s Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Office
• Category A: Highest priority• Category B: Second highest priority• Category C: Third highest priority
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
“Weaponization” of Agents“Weaponization” of Agents
• Alter characteristics of an agent, allowing it to cause a more serious disease−Enhance transmission− Increase virulence−Resistant to antibiotics−Evade vaccine protection −Alter clinical signs
Harder to diagnose
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Note to presenterNote to presenter
• As time allows select diseases you would like to review.
• If you have limited time you should focus on the Category A agents.
• The disease coverage is brief. If you would like more information on a disease, refer to the fact sheet or to the disease specific presentation.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Category A : Agents/DiseasesCategory A : Agents/Diseases
• Anthrax• Botulism• Plague• Smallpox• Tularemia• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Anthrax: The AgentAnthrax: The Agent
• Bacteria: Bacillus anthracis • Forms spores• Human disease
−Skin− Intestinal− Inhalation
• Animal disease−Spreads through the body−Rapid death
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Anthrax: The ResponseAnthrax: The Response
• Vaccine−Humans−Animals
• Antibiotics−Treatment−Prevention
• Hardy in environment −Difficult to disinfect
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Botulism: The AgentBotulism: The Agent
• Clostridium botulinum – Gram pos, spore-forming bacteria
• 7 different neurotoxins −Types A-G
• Clinical signs−Flaccid paralysis−Pigs, dogs and cats
fairly resistant
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Botulism: The ResponseBotulism: The Response
• Toxoids for high risk people• Antitoxin available
−Case-by-case basis
• Spores destroyed by moist heat
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Plague: The AgentPlague: The Agent
• Yersinia pestis−Gram neg, transmitted by fleabites,
aerosol, direct contact• Symptoms: Humans
−Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic• Symptoms: Animals
−Cat: Similar to human−Dogs, livestock: Somewhat
resistant
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Plague: The ResponsePlague: The Response
• Antibiotics generally effective if given early
• Killed vaccine available • Isolation of sick individuals• Susceptible to a number of common
disinfectants
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Smallpox: The AgentSmallpox: The Agent
• Variola virus• Eradicated from the world in 1977• Narrow host range: Humans only• Transmission: Person-to-person,
contaminated items• Clinical signs
−Flu-like, progressive skin eruptions
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Smallpox: The ResponseSmallpox: The Response
• No specific treatment• Vaccine has side effects• Vaccination of health care personnel• Isolation of infected individuals• Disinfection of clothing etc. with
steam, fire or bleach
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Tularemia: The AgentTularemia: The Agent
• Francisella tularensis• Transmitted by ingestion,
inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin
• Six clinical forms in humans
UlceroglandularGlandular
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Tularemia: The AgentTularemia: The Agent
• Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats• Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness,
prostration and death
• Wildlife• Usually find dead• Rabbits behave strangely
• Cattle, older pigs resistant
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Tularemia: The ResponseTularemia: The Response
• Person-to-person transmission not documented
• Antibiotics effective if early or preventative
• Vaccine−For high risk individuals−Unknown effectiveness against inhalation tularemia
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers:The Agents
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers:The Agents
−Early: Fever, fatigue−Severe: Bleed from internal
organs, body orifices−Progression to shock,
seizures
• Animals: Only non-human primates susceptible
• Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Machupo • Human clinical presentation
Vincent Massey
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
VHF: The ResponseVHF: The Response
• Intensive supportive care• Antiviral medications have shown
some efficacy • Susceptible to various disinfectants
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Category B: Agents/DiseasesCategory B: Agents/Diseases
• Brucellosis• Glanders• Melioidosis • Psittacosis • Q Fever
• Typhus fever• Viral encephalitis• Toxins• Food Safety Threats • Water Safety Threats
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Brucellosis: The AgentBrucellosis: The Agent
• Bacteria: Brucella spp.• Transmission by
− Ingestion− Inhalation−Direct contact
• Clinical signs−Humans: Cyclic fever
and flu-like symptoms−Animals: Reproductive signs
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Brucellosis: The ResponseBrucellosis: The Response
• Long term antibiotics generally effective
• Vaccinate calves, no human vaccine• Eliminate reservoir• Standard precaution to
avoid exposure• Thorough disinfection
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Glanders: The AgentGlanders: The Agent• Bacteria: Burkholderia mallei • Transmission by ingestion,
inhalation or direct contact−Animal-to-human transmission
is inefficient
• Clinical signs−Humans & horses: Cutaneous &
pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Glanders: The ResponseGlanders: The Response
• No vaccine • Antibiotic therapy likely effective• Destroyed by various chemicals
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Melioidosis: The AgentMelioidosis: The Agent
• Bacteria: Burkholderia pseudomallei
• Transmission: Contact, ingestion, inhalation
• Clinical signs: Humans, sheep, goats and pigs−No symptoms to pneumonia,
lung and wound abscesses
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Melioidosis: The ResponseMelioidosis: The Response
• Long-term, multiple antibiotics effective
• Vaccine not available in U.S.
• Easily destroyed by disinfectants
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Psittacosis: The AgentPsittacosis: The Agent
• Bacteria: Chlamydophila psittaci • Occurs worldwide• Reportable in U.S.• Clinical disease
−Humans and birds: Ranges from no symptoms to systemic illness with severe pneumonia
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Psittacosis: The ResponsePsittacosis: The Response
• Antibiotics generally effective
• Decontamination possible with most disinfectants
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Q Fever: The AgentQ Fever: The Agent
• Bacteria: Coxiella burnetii • Transmission: inhalation, direct
contact, ingestion, ticks• Disease symptoms
− Humans: Acute: Flu-like, pneumonia, liver disease Chronic: Heart complications, bone inflammation
− Animals: Most have no signs Sheep, cattle and goats: Abortions
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Q Fever: The ResponseQ Fever: The Response
• Antibiotic therapy may limit the disease
• Vaccine developed, not available in U.S.
• Some disinfectants are effective
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Typhus Fever: The AgentTyphus Fever: The Agent
• Bacteria: Rickettsia prowazekii• Endemic in Eastern Europe, Middle
East, and parts of Africa• Transmitted in feces of
human body louse • Clinical signs: Humans
−Fever, headache, red blotches, and a red-dot rash
• Not seen in domestic animals
J. Kalisch
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Typhus Fever: The ResponseTyphus Fever: The Response
• Antibiotics are generally effective• Vaccine, not commercially available
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Viral Encephalitis: The AgentViral Encephalitis: The Agent• Viruses causing EEE, WEE, and VEE• Transmitted via mosquito• Clinical signs
• Birds do not become ill but are carriers; act as sentinels
−Humans, horses, donkeys, mules: Often no signs to flu-like illness
−Brain inflammation in some patients
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Viral Encephalitis:The Response
Viral Encephalitis:The Response
• Supportive care• Vaccine
−Equine−Human: high risk
• Virus cannot live in environment
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Toxins: The AgentsToxins: The Agents
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)
• Ricin toxin from castor plant
• Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin
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SEB: The AgentSEB: The Agent
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)• A common cause of food poisoning • Clinical signs: Humans
−Fever, chills, headache, aches−Non-productive cough if inhaled−GI signs if ingested
• Animals: Likely similar to human
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Ricin: The AgentRicin: The Agent
• Ricin toxin from bean of castor plant • Available worldwide• Clinical signs
−Acute onset of fever,chest tightness, cough,
dyspnea, nausea
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Epsilon Toxin: The AgentEpsilon Toxin: The Agent
• Clostridium perfringens type B and D• Increases intestinal and vascular
permeability, liver and neurological damage
• Clinical signs−Calves: Diarrhea, abdominal pain,
listlessness, neurologic−Sheep, goats: Watery to bloody
diarrhea, neurologic−Humans: Little information
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Toxins: The ResponseToxins: The Response
• Supportive care• No vaccines currently available for
SEB or ricin• Vaccines for animals for clostridial
disease• Toxins are inactivated with common
disinfectants
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Food Safety ThreatsFood Safety Threats• Campylobacter species• Salmonella species• E. coli 0157:H7 • Viruses, parasites,
chemicals, toxins• Ingestion of
contaminated food• Gastrointestinal upset
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Food Safety Threats: The Response
Food Safety Threats: The Response
• Constant vigilance to improve food safety
• Food irradiation at processing plants
• Wash hands and utensils frequently
• Proper cooking temperature and storage
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Water Safety ThreatsWater Safety Threats
• 53% of US drinking water is from ground water
• Cryptosporidium parvum- protozoa
• Vibrio cholerae- bacteria
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Cryptosporidium: The AgentCryptosporidium: The Agent
• Cryptosporidium parvum- protozoa• Transmission: Inhalation, ingestion• Clinical signs: Humans, calves,
others−Acute gastroenteritis
• Dogs, cats, horses, pigs: Resistant
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Vibrio cholerae: The AgentVibrio cholerae: The Agent
• Vibrio cholerae- bacteria• Transmission: fecal-oral,
contaminated shellfish• Clinical signs: humans
−Acute, mild diarrhea−5% severe disease
• Animals are resistant to disease
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Water Safety: Public Health Significance
Water Safety: Public Health Significance
• Cryptosporidum parvum −1993: Municipal water supply
contaminated in Milwaukee−40,000 ill−1997: Decorative water fountain at the
Minnesota Zoo−369 cases −Mostly young children
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Water Safety Threats: The Response
Water Safety Threats: The Response
• Government has laws to protect our water supply
• Treatment facilities are equipped and will likely inactivate most organisms
−Chlorination, filtration, ozone
• Dilution factor
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Category CCategory C
• Nipah virus• Hantavirus
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Nipah Virus: The AgentNipah Virus: The Agent
• Fruit bats• Clinical signs
−Humans: Brain inflammation−Pigs: Respiratory; neurological−Dogs and cats: “Distemper”
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Nipah Virus: The ResponseNipah Virus: The Response
• Avoid contact with all infected animals and fluids
• Vaccine being researched• Call authorities
immediately
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Hantavirus: The AgentHantavirus: The Agent• Bunyaviridae family• Asymptomatic reservoir: Rodents• Transmission: Inhalation,
ingestion, direct contact• Human clinical signs
−Fever, myalgia, headache−Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome −Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
• Not seen in domestic animals
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Hantavirus: The ResponseHantavirus: The Response
• Supportive care• Limit exposure to
rodent excrement• Virus is
deactivated with bleach
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Other Important Diseases
Other Important Diseases
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)
• Rift Valley Fever• Hendra Virus• West Nile Virus• Foot and Mouth Disease• Monkeypox
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy: The AgentTransmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathy: The Agent• Prions
−Proteinaceous infectious particles−Mutated proteins
• Very long incubation period• Neurological signs in all species• No treatment available
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
• “Mad cow disease”• Incubation: 2 to 8 years• 1995, United Kingdom
−vCJD−People exposed to BSE
Before bovine offal ban in 1989
• Active U.S. surveillance since 1990
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
TSE: The ResponseTSE: The Response
• Very resistant−Heat, sterilization and disinfectants
• Early identification not possible −Lack of host immune response−Long incubation period
• No effective treatment or vaccine • Surveillance program• Import restrictions
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Rift Valley Fever: The AgentRift Valley Fever: The Agent
• Virus• Transmission: mosquito, inhalation,
contact with infected body fluids• Clinical signs
−Humans: Flu-like, fever, headache Severe disease: Vision complications,
bleeding with fever−Animals: Abortions, death in newborns
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Rift Valley Fever: The Response
Rift Valley Fever: The Response
• Vaccinate ruminants in endemic areas
• Control mosquitoes• Avoid contact with
infected tissues & blood−Wear protective clothing
• No person-to-person transmission
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Hendra Virus: The AgentHendra Virus: The Agent
• Newly discovered− Australia
• Fruit bats• Transmission: Urine, body fluids• Incubation: 6-18 days• Humans
− Flu-like illness, respiratory failure
• Horses, cats− Acute respiratory signs, nasal discharge,
fever, encephalitis, sudden death
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Hendra Virus: The ResponseHendra Virus: The Response
• Little is known about disease• Potentially serious consequences
−High death rate−Lack of treatment
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
West Nile Virus: The AgentWest Nile Virus: The Agent
• Flavivirus• Transmission
− Mosquitoes: Culex species− Blood transfusion, organ
donation, breast feeding• Animals: Horses, birds,
mammals and reptiles• Humans
− Duration: 3-6 days− 80% have no signs− 20% develop “West Nile Fever”
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
West Nile Virus: Public Health Significance
West Nile Virus: Public Health Significance
• Human illness in U.S. in 2003−9,100 cases, 222 deaths
• Horses illness in U.S. in 2003−4,554 cases−40% of ill result in death
• Method of introduction to U.S. unknown
*data current as of 1/30/04
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Spread of WNV in the U.S.: 1999-2002
Spread of WNV in the U.S.: 1999-2002
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
West Nile Virus: The Response
West Nile Virus: The Response
• Treatment: Supportive care• Vaccine available for horses, not humans• Source elimination
− Mosquito larval habitats• Personal protection
− Reduce time outdoors− Wear long pants and sleeves− Use mosquito repellent
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Foot and Mouth Disease: FMDFoot and Mouth Disease: FMD
• Picornavirus• Transmission: Direct contact,
aerosol, fomites• Species: Cloven-hooved
animals (not horses)• Signs: Fever, vesicles,
salivation, lameness• Extremely rare, mild
symptoms in people
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FMD: Agroterrorism ThreatFMD: Agroterrorism Threat
• Most important livestock disease in the world
• U.S. agriculture as a target−One sixth of the U.S. domestic
product is tied to agriculture− Immunologically naive population
• Vulnerabilities− Increased travel, poor biosecurity
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
FMD: The ResponseFMD: The Response• USDA upgrading safeguarding
measures• Strict biosecurity• Notify authorities immediately• Response and
recovery plans−Quarantine−Depopulation−Disinfection
• Vaccination – complex decision
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Monkeypox: The AgentMonkeypox: The Agent• Orthopoxvirus, related to
smallpox• Transmission
− Reservoir may be African squirrel
− Bites, aerosol, direct contact− Zoonotic, animal-to-animal,
person-to-person• Animals: Fever, rash, pustules,
red eyes• Humans: Flu-like, rash,
pustules, swollen lymph nodes
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Monkeypox: Public Health Significance
Monkeypox: Public Health Significance
• 2003 U.S. Outbreak− Zoonotic disease− 6 Midwestern states
• Animal illness− Suspect cases: 93− Confirmed cases: 10
• Human illness− Suspect cases: 72− Confirmed cases: 37
All had contact with infected prairie dogs
• Potential bioweapon
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
Monkeypox: The ResponseMonkeypox: The Response
• Treatment: Supportive care• Smallpox vaccination
− Moderately protective (85% of cases)− 30 individuals in 2003, no adverse events
• Infection Control− EPA registered detergent disinfectant− 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
• Embargo• Euthanasia of animals• Quarantine for 6 weeks
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Conclusion
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
What to do if bioterrorism is suspected
What to do if bioterrorism is suspected
• Stay informed and remain calm• Response is event specific• Response is everyone's responsibility• Follow the advice of public health
officials • Follow federal and state guidelines• Movement restrictions may be
necessary
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
ContactsContacts
• Phone numbers to know−Local veterinarian−Local physician−Public health officials
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
SummarySummary
• Bioterrorism is a real threat • Public health infrastructure is being
strengthened• Many bioterrorism agents are
zoonotic• Awareness education is an important
component of preparedness and protection
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
SummarySummary
• Prevention, recognition and response involves everyone
• Report any suspicious activity, unexplained behavior or death loss in your herd or flock
• You play a critical role
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
ConclusionConclusion
“The best prescription,is knowledge.”
Dr. C. Everett KoopFormer U.S. Surgeon General
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2005
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Authors:
Reviewers:
Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVMJamie Snow, DVM
Radford G. Davis, DVM, MPHGayle B. Brown, DVM, PhDJean Gladon, BS