Biotecnology and Its Application

8/10/2019 Biotecnology and Its Application

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BIOTECNOLOGY AND ITS

APPLICATION


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THE APPLICATION OFBIOTECHNOLOGY INCLUDES

DIAGNOSE AND THERAPEUTICS.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS FORAGRICULTURE.

WASTE TREATMENT. ENERGY PRODUCTION.

FOOD PROCESSING.

BIOREMEDIATION.


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RESEARCH AREAS OFBIOTECHNOLOGY

Providing the best catalyst in the form ofimproved organism usually a microbe orpure enzyme.

Creating optimal conditions throughengineering for a catalyst to act.

Downstream processing technologies topurify the protein or organic compounds.


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Biotechnological Applications inAgriculture.

There are three options to increase the foodproductions.

1.Agro-chemical based agriculture

2. Organic agriculture. 3.Genetically engineered crop-based

agriculture


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Genetically MODIFIED CROPS.

Plants, Bacteria ,Fungi and animals whosegenes have been altered by manipulation arecalled Genetically Modified Organism.(GMO).

GM crops are transgenic crops which containand express one or more useful foreign genescalled TRANSGENES.


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USES OF GENETICALLYMODIFIEDPLANTS

1.GM CROPS are more tolerant to abioticstresses.(cold,heat,drought,salt)

2.GM plant which have been made pest

resistant ,have reduced the use ofchemical pesticides.Ex. Bt cotton.

3.GM plants have helped to reduce postharvest losses..Ex.Flavr Savr.(TOMATO).

4.GM Plants enhance nutritional value offood Ex. Vitamine A enriched Golden rice.


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5.As the plants have increased efficiency ofmineral usage.

6.They have been used to create alternativeresources to industries in the form ofstarches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.


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PRODUCTION OF PEST RESISTANT


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PRODUCTION OF PEST RESISTANTPLANTS

Bt Cotton.(Bt stands for BACILLUSTHURINGIENS,a soil bacterium.

It produce a Crystal protein called a Cry

proteins, that are toxic to larvae of insectslike tobacco budworm ,army worm,beetlesand mosquitoes.

It exists as an inactive protoxins in bacteria,

once an insect ingest the inactive protein/toxin, it is converted into an active form oftoxin due to alkaline PH of the gut, whichsolubilise the crystals.


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Bacillus thuringiensis


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cotton ball worm


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The proteins are encoded by the followingcry genes control the following pests.

cry 1 Ac and cry 11Ab control cottonbollworms,

cry 1Ab control corn borer.

cry11 Ab controls colarado potato beetle.

cry 111 Bb controls corn root worm


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Colarado potato beetle and corn root worm


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Meloidogyne incognita


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PROTECTION AGAINST NEMATODE

A nematode Meloidogyne incognitainfectstobacco plants and reduce their yield.

The specific gene from the parasite are

introduced into the plant usingagrobactrium as the vector.

The genes are introduced in such a way thatboth sense/coding RNA and anti sense RNA

are produced, since these two RNAs arecomplimentary they form a double strandedRNA( ds RNA ).

This neutralizes the specific RNA of the

nematode, by a process called RNA


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As a result the parasite cannot live in thetransgenic host and the transgenic plant isprotected from the host.


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Production of hirudin

Hirudin is a protein that prevents blood clotting.

The gene coding hirudin was chemically synthesised.

This gene was then transferred into the brassica

nupus where hirudin accumulates in the seeds. The hirudin is purified and used as a medicine.


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FLAVR-SAVR-TOMATO

The expression of a native gene has been blocked inflavr- savr.

Fruit softening is promoted by the enzyme Poly-

galacturonase, which degrade pectin. The production of this enzyme was blocked, there

for this variety remain fresh and retain their flavr.

It can be ripen by ethylene application.


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GOLDEN RICE

It is a vitamine rich variety of rice.

The seeds of golden rice are yellow in colourbecause a provitamine A is produced in the

entire grain..


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ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS.

1. Genetic modification has made crops moretolerant to abiotic stresses like cold. Drought,heatand salt.

2.Viral resistance can be introduced. 3. Over ripening can be reduced.ex. Flvr-Savr.

4.It can enhanced nutritional value of the food. Ex .Golden rice.

5.Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.


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DIS ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS.

1. Transgenes in a crop plants can endanger nativespecies. Ex the gene of Bt toxin expressed in pollenmight end natural pollinators like honey bees.

2.Weeds also become resistant. 3.Products of transgene may be allergic or toxic.

4.They cause damage to the natural environment.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION IN


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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION INMEDICINE

A number of therapeutic drugs are producedthrough genetic engineering.

Ex.INSULIN.

Earlier insulin was extracted from pancreas ofslaughtered cattle or pigs which caused allergy orother types of reaction.

Human insulin consists of 51 aminoacids arranged in

two chains A bearing 21 aminoacids and B bearing30 aminoacids.

The two chains are interconnected by disulphidebridges


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HUMAN PRO-INSULIN


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Eli-Lilly company.


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In mamals including human insulin is synthesisedas a pro-hormone.

The pro-hormone insulin contains an extra stretch of

C-peptide. The C-peptide is not present in the matured insulin.


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An American company ( Eli Lilly in 1983 ) preparedtwo DNA sequences corresponding to A and Bchains of human insulin and introduced them intoplasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.

Chains A and B produced separately and combinedby creating disulphide bonds to form human insulincalled HUMULIN.

rDNA INSULIN


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GENE THERAPY.

It is the technique of replacement or alteration of adefective gene responsible for a hereditary disease.

Gene therapy is being tried for sickle cell anaemia

and Severe Combined Immuno -DeficiencyDiseases.(SCID)-it is caused due to deletion of a genefor the enzyme adenosine deaminase(.ADA --

Adenosine De Aminase.).

The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a4-year old girl with ADA.


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In some children ADA deficiency can be cured bybone marrow transplantation.

In some cases it can be treated by enzyme

replacement therapy. In enzyme replacement therapy ADA is given to the

patient by injection.

But both of these approaches are not completely

curative.


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In gene therapy lymphocytes of the blood of thepatient are grown in a culture out side the body.

A functional ADA cDNA is introduced into these

lymphocytes. Which are subsequently returned tothe patient.

These genetically engineered cells are not immortal,the patient requires periodic infusion of such cells.

If these gene isoated from bone marrow cellsproducing ADA is introdued into cell at earlyembryonic stages, the disease could be curedpermanently.


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MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS

The techniques like r DNA technology, PCR ,Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay.(ELISA) canserve the early detection of some diseases likecancer,AIDS.(HIV).

The presence of pathogen is suspected only whenthe pathogen has produced a disease symptoms. Bythat time the number of pathogens is already very

high in the body. Very low concentration of pathogen can be detected

by amplification of their nucleic acid by PCR.


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PRINCIPLE OF ELISA

It is based on the principle of antigen

antibody interaction.

Infection by pathogen can be detected by the

presence of antigens such as proteins,glycoprotein's etc or by detecting antibodiessynthesized against the pathogen


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ADVANTAGES OF TRANGENIC


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ADVANTAGES OF TRANGENICANIMALS.

1. Biological products.

1. Human protein production like Alpha-1-antitrypsin to treat emphysema.

2.Human-Lactalbumin. The first transgenic cowcalled Rosie, produced human protein(Human-Lactalbumin ) enriched milk ,2.5 grams/ lit.

It is more balanced product for human babies than

natural cow milk .


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2.Study of disease.

Transgenic models for many human diseases suchas Cancer, Cystic fibrosis, Rheumatoid arthritis,

Alzheimer's etc for the trial of new drugs andtreatments.


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3.Vaccine safety.

Transgenic mice are being formed for use in testingthe safety of vaccines before they are used on human

beings.


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4.To study normal physiology and development. Transgenic animals are specifically developed to

study how genes are regulated , How they affect thenormal functions of the body and its development ex.Influencne of insulin like growth factor


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5.Chemical safety and testing.(toxicity /safetytesting).

Transgenic animals are made that carry geneswhich make them more sensitive to toxic substances.

They are then exposed to the toxic substances andthe effects studied.

Ethical issues related to transgenici l


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ganimals

Biosafety is the measures taken to prevent any riskto plants ,animals and microbes from transgenicorganisms.

Genetic Engineering and ApprovalCommittee(GEAC) of Govt. of India makesdecisions regarding validity of GM Research andsafety of introducing GM organisms for publicservices.


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BIOPIRACY

It refers to the use of bioresources by multinationalcompanicies and other organisations without properauthorisation from the countries and peoplesconcerned.

The developed nations are rich financially, but poorin biodiversity and traditional knowledge, while thedeveloping and underdeveloped countries are richin bioresources and traditional knowledge.


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Ex. Basmati rice grown in India is distinct for itsunique flavor and aroma , but an American companygot patent rights on Basmati rice through the USpatent and trademark office.

The new Basmati rice has been developed by thiscompany by crossing an Indian variety with the semidwarf varieties .

Now some nations developing laws to prevent suchunauthorized exploitation of their bioresources andtraditional knowledge.


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.Nematode specific genes.+ Agro bacterium

Host plant with nematode gene

a b

d s RNA

Control of pest


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BIOETHICS


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BIOETHICS

It includes rules of conduct that may be used toregulate our activities in relation to the biological

world.

The main bioethical concerns pertaining tobiotechnology are .

1.Introduction of a transgene from one species intoanother species violates the integrity of species.

2.Use of animals in biotechnology causes greatsuffering to them.

3.Transfer of human gene into animals and viceversa dilutes the concept of humanness.

.Biotechnolo ma ose unforeseen risks to the


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Terms


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Terms

BIO PATENT :- A right given to inventor toget the economic benefits of the product. Italso prevents the others to get benefitwithout permission.

BIOPIRACY :- The use of bio resources bymultinationals companies & otherorganizations with out proper authorizationfrom the countries & people concernedwithout compensatory payment.

ELISA :- It is a diagnostic technique based onthe principle of antigen- antibody

interaction.


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GENE THERAPY :- A collection of methodsthat allow correction of agene defect that hasbeen diagnosed in a child / embryo.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM(GMO):- Plants, bacteria , fungi&animals(organisms) whose genes have beenaltered by manipulations are called G.M.O.

GREEN REVOLUTION :- The process ofincrease in crop yields with the use ofimproved crop varieties, better managementpractices& use of agrochemicals


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PROBE :- These are the detectable sequenceof polynucleotide which are used to detectthe presence of complimentary DNAsequence.

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS :- Animals that hadtheir DNA manipulated to possess & expressan extra (Foreign) gene are known astransgenic animals.

TRANSPOSONS :- these are the mobilegenetic elements which replicate via

an RNA intermediate.


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1.How cryIAb differs from cryIIAb gene? 2. A method to present infestation of a nematode

Meloidegyne incognitia on roots of tobacco issilencing the specific mRNA. What is the scientific

name of the technique? How is this performed byds- RNA?

3.A baby loses his mother in infancy .He was totally

depended on breast feeding as cows milk createsdigestive problems. Name the first cow whose milkis nutritionally more balanced than normal cowsmilk. Which extra nutritional element does it

contain and how much magnitude?

Self evaluation


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Self evaluation

1. A four years old girl suffered from ADA deficiency.She was cured by inserting a correct gene into her.a)

what is this process called? b) In which cells are thegenes introduced ?

2. What is the other name of mobile geneticelements?

3. Differentiate between insulin and pro insulin? 4.

Explain down stream processes? 5. Differentiate exonuclease and endonuclease. 6.

Expand the term PCR.

Wh i i i i i i i ?

Biotecnology and Its Application

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