Biotechnology in Agriculture A World View. Global Food Cost Food for thought – The average...
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Transcript of Biotechnology in Agriculture A World View. Global Food Cost Food for thought – The average...
Biotechnology in AgricultureA World View
Global Food Cost
Food for thought – The average American spent $120 on Valentine's Day!
Income / Capita % spent on foodUSA $47,000 6.90%Ukarine $6,900 42.10%China $600 32.90%India $2,800 35.40%EU $33,400 NAGlobal Ave. $10,500 NA
Hunger is the World’s #1 Heath Risk
• 913,000,000 Undernourished• Starvation kills more people every year than
AIDs, Malaria, &TB combined• There are more hungry people in the world than
the combined populations of the USA, Canada & EU.
• 10.9 million children under 5 in developing countries die each year! Hunger and malnutrition causes 60% of these deaths.
Global Population Growth
More than 10 billion More than 10 billion people by year 2050people by year 2050
•
People / Ha.
Food / Ha.
7
Human Challenges
• Biodiversity protection
Lack of reliable food sources and malnutrition
Limited arable land
Insufficient fresh water
Soil degradation
Better diet, better health
A growing need for renewable energy
Agriculture & Natural Resources
Water – Ag accounts for 70+% freshwater withdrawals
Soil– Top soil erosion rate of 2.7 tons/acre
Energy– Agriculture is an energy intensive sector
Biodiversity– Crop monocultures can impact diversity
Lost land
• 5-7 million HA. of Ag land is lost each year due to soil erosion.
• Almost every new home takes land out of production.
• Desertification takes more land every year.
Trends Shaping Agriculture Today
Shrinking Arable Land Per Capita
1961 1980 2000 2030F
0.5
0.75
1.0
0.25
2020
ACRES
ARABLE LAND PER CAPITA WORLDWIDE
Increasing World Population
Over 9 billion
people by 2050
Increasing Protein Demand
Increasing Grain Demand
Future Crop Technologies Poised to Help Address These Challenges
Agriculture’s Environmental Footprint
•Nitrogen-Use Efficiency Crops
A Combination of Biotechnology, Breeding Advances and Agronomic Practice Improvements Will Help Agriculture Address These Challenges
Global food security•Enhanced productivity•Higher-Yielding Crops•Sustainable production
Water availability• Drought-tolerant crops• Partnering to share
technology with developing world farmers (WEMA)
Biofuel Demands • Yield technologies to help
meet demand for both food and fuel
Demand for Healthier Diets•Vistive® & Vistive® Gold
Soybeans•Omega-3 Soybeans
Man’s Genetic manipulation
* Photo credit: AAAS, ARS, Nature
1980 – 2000Gene
Sequencing, Biotech Crops,
Human Insulin
2001Human Genome,Plant Genome,
Animal Genome
10000 BCFermentation & Leavening
1800’s Mendel’s Pea,
Darwin’s Species, Pasteur’s Microbes
1950-1980DNA,
Human Nutrition, Fortification,
Green Revolution
1900-1950Antibiotics,
Pasteurization, Preservation, Crop Breeding
Building on centuries of science, biotechnology is a
collection of tools used to improve and enhance
plants, animals, and microorganisms for the
benefit of society.
Building on centuries of science, biotechnology is a
collection of tools used to improve and enhance
plants, animals, and microorganisms for the
benefit of society.
Plant biotechnology builds on centuries of science
Modern cornTeosinte
Centuries of plant improvement provide modern plants such as corn
Plant Biotechnology: Precise and Predictable Plant Breeding
Desired gene
Traditional/ Conventional plant breeding
DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once.
Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety
Desired Gene
X =(crosses)
(many genes are transferred)
Plant biotechnology
Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand.
Desired gene Commercial variety
New variety
(transfers)
=
Desired gene
(only desired gene is transferred)
Farmers choose biotech crops
“Farmers have made up their mind… they continue to rapidly adopt biotech crops because of the significant agronomic, economic, environmental, and societal benefits.”
- Clive James, ISAAA
19952001Today
Source: Monsanto Data and ISAAA
APPROVING RESEARCH FIELD TRIALS PROCESS UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR
DELAYED
GROWING BIOTECH GRANTING IMPORT APPROVALS
29 Countries are Growing Biotech Crops Today
Two Categories of Traits Constitute the Majority of Biotech Crops to Date
Insect resistant crops- Bt genes- Corn and cotton
Herbicide tolerant crops- Tolerance to Roundup or Liberty- Soybean, corn, canola and cotton
Insect Resistant Cotton Herbicide Tolerant Corn
Controlling Bugs and Weeds
What are the traits out there today?
BT•Same protein as made by Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacteria used as a “organic insecticide.•Greatly reduces need to spray cotton and corn, only kills insects feeding on the crops.•Protects the plant from low level insect damage•Greatly reduces openings in plant that allow fungi to grow…reducing occurance of vomitoxin and aflatoxin.
What are the traits out there today?
Herbicide Tolerance
•RoundUp Ready and Liberty Link
•Great weed control
•Low toxicity chemistry
•Reduces trips over the field
•Allows no-till agriculture
•No soil carry-over.
Toxicity – LD50
• RoundUp – 5600 mg./Kg.• Ignite (LL) -1400 mg./Kg.• Caffeine -192 mg./Kg• Aspirin – 1000 mg./Kg.• Table salt – 3000 mg./Kg.• Tylenol – 332 mg./Kg.• Both RoundUp and Ignite are considered to
have NO Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, or Teratogenicity by the EPA.
Insecticides Replaced by BTLD-50
• Temik – 1mg./Kg.
• Deildren – 40 mg./Kg.
• Methyl Parathion – 3 mg./Kg.
• Diazinon – 300 mg./Kg.
• Lindane – 88 mg./Kg.
Biotech Patents – ownership1976 - 2000
• BASF -228
• Monsanto – 674
• Bayer – 516
• DuPont – 565
• Dow – 234
• Syngenta – 425
• Lots of competition
Acknowledgments
• Civileats.com
• Monsanto
• USDA/ARS
• Worldometers.info