BIOTECHNOLOGY. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling) Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling) DNA is...
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Transcript of BIOTECHNOLOGY. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling) Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling) DNA is...
Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)
DNA is extracted from sample (skin, blood, etc.)
DNA is “cut” with restriction enzymes to make different length pieces (restriction fragment length polymorphisms – rflps)
fragments are then separated using gel electrophoresis
Electrophoresis Simulation Website http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/gel/
The gel is stained or Xrays taken, producing an obvious band of fragments resembling bar codes on products
analyze evidence at crime scenes (some placed in CODIS-Combined DNA Index System)
evidence of paternitypersonal identity
Complete the Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab!
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualLabs.html
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
DNA from two organisms are combined
gene from one organism is spliced into another one
Uses of Recombinant DNA
manufacture of insulin manufacture of Factor VIII
manufacture of HGH (human growth hormone)
TPA for dissolving blood clots (for patients that have had heart attacks)
vaccines such as for hepatitis B and Gardasil (the genes for virus proteins are inserted into yeast)
medication that stimulates growth of bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant
anti-cancer medications
GM (genetically modified) food crops
In 2006, a total of 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries by 10.3 million farmers!
most GM food crops are insect-resistant, drought-resistant, etc.
some GM foods are engineered to have increased levels of vitamins, such as golden rice
Are you eating GM foods?More than 60% of food products on
grocery shelves contain some crop that has been genetically modified!
For example, 81% of the soybean products are GM
60% of canola products are from GM canola plants
Are you wearing GM plant products?
71% of the cotton used in textiles is GM
(cottonseed oil can also be found in salad dressing, peanut butter, crackers, cookies, and other foods)
How do you find out about the government’s regulations on GM products?
Get information from the government’s web site at http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/
Complete the Bacterial Transformation Virtual Lab!!
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualLabs.html
CLONING
Organisms with identical DNA are clones
Identical twins are clonesPlants produced by “rooting”
are clones
Some animals are cloned when they are damaged and divided, such as earthworms or starfish
We have cloned some animals are artificial means
In 1997, British scientists successfully cloned a sheep by transferring the nucleus from the cell of an adult sheep into the cytoplasm of an eunucleated fertilized egg. The egg was then transplanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother where it developed like a normal zygote into a lamb, which grew into a normal adult sheep called 'Dolly'
Benefits of Cloning
Survival of endangered species
a gaur is an
endangered animal
in Asia and has
been successfully
cloned
Maintenance of high quality livestock for food
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2008, concluded that “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals.”
Genetics Savings and Clone was a company that cloned pets for $50,000
Without many customers, the company closed
Statement issued 4/2/09 by the BioTechnology Industry Organization
“The biotechnology industry has developed and commercialized more than 300 drugs and diagnostics that are helping more than 325 million people worldwide and another 400 or so products are in the pipeline.”
The Human Genome Project
Project goals were to identify all the approximately
20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA
determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA
store this information in databases
improve tools for data analysis address the ethical, legal, and
social issues that may arise from the project
Francis Collins fromthe publicly-fundedHuman GenomeProject and J. CraigVenter, head of theprivate company Celera Genomics, jointlyannounce a workingdraft of the humangenome
In 1990, Ashantide Silva was thefirst person to becured with genetherapy; cured ofADA deficiency (animmune systemdisorder)
STEM CELLSUndifferentiated cells that have
the genes to become any type of cell of that organism
Primarily found in embryos, but can also be found in adults, such as stem cells in the bone marrow that divide to make all blood cells
If cells can be induced to differentiate into a specific type of cell, they can be used to repair damage, such as people with permanent spinal cord injuries or potentially treat Parkinson’s
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with a desired trait
Most domesticated animals and crops are selectively bred