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Transcript of Biotechnology
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Biotechnology
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Biotechnology
• Any process that uses our understanding of living things to create a product
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Genetic Engineering
The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
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Genetic engineering can be accomplished through transformation.
Transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA.
This can be accomplished with the help of bacteria.
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Bacterial Transformation
The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain
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Plasmid: a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria
F+ bacterium contains a plasmid
F- bacterium does not contain a plasmid
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
1-Remove the plasmid from the bacterium.
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
2-Isolate the gene of interest.
A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme
This leaves “sticky ends”
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Sticky Ends
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Sticky EndsThe restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA
at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A
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Sticky Ends
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Sticky Ends
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
4-Insert the gene of interest
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium.
Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene
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Bacterial Transformation
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Other Types of Transformation
• Plants:
-Use bacteria that insert their plasmid into plant cells
-removing cell walls sometimes allows plant cells to take up foreign DNA on their own
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Other Types of Transformation
• Animals:
-Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be directly injected
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Genetically Engineered
Products
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Production of Human Insulin
• Insulin regulates the blood sugar level.
• The gene for human insulin is inserted into yeast or bacteria, from which large quantities of the human insulin are manufactured
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/genetics/images/ch1_diagram.gif
http://www.ingenious.org.uk/media/4.0_SAC/webimages/1032/1/10321271_3.jpg
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Golden Rice
• Undernourished people in poorer countries may have blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A
• Contains beta-carotene, which forms Vitamin A
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http://www.jewishworldreview.com/toons/varvel/biotech.protest.gif
http://www.bairesbiotec.org.ar/images/speake1.jpg
Golden Rice• Genes for making
beta-carotene are taken from daffodils and inserted into the genome of rice
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http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/rBGH.jpg
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone
• rBGH is a genetically engineered version of a hormone, which is found in the pituitary gland of cows and controls milk production
• rBGH can increase cows’ milk production by as much as 20-30%
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Milk_glass.jpg
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Spider Silk
• Elastic, light weight fiber 5 times stronger than steel • One method involves inserting the gene from a
weaving spider into a fertilized goat egg. The resultant “spider-goat” produces milk that can be manufactured into strong fibers.
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/spider/goat.jpg
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Spider Silk
• To make flak jackets, rope, textiles, sutures, artificial tendons, and bandages for burn victims
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Glowing Organisms• Genes that make jellyfish glow are inserted
into other organisms • The organism glows under UV light
http://www.fluorescentpets.com/prod31.jpg
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• Bt is a bacterium that is toxic to some insects. In the lab, the gene that produces the toxic effect is inserted into the DNA of plants
• Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands of times more powerful than the chemical spray insecticides
Bt Crops
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Transgenic Organisms : Any organism whose genome incorporates and expresses genes from the same or a different species
Genetically modified products: Altering the DNA of an organism to get it to express different
traits.