BiosphereBiosphere. . Origin and evolutionOrigin and evolution. . Ecological system: structure. Ecological system: structure.

Classification operation. Structure Classification operation. Structure

social ecosystem.social ecosystem. . .

TheThe biosphere biosphere is the biological is the biological component of earth systemscomponent of earth systems

hydrosphere

lithosphere

atmosphere

other spheres

component of earth systemscomponent of earth systems

matter energy

global biogeochemical

cycling

carbon

nitrogen phosphorus

sulfur

other elements

ecosystem is called a set of organisms that live ecosystem is called a set of organisms that live together, and their conditions of existence that together, and their conditions of existence that are naturally in connection with one another, are naturally in connection with one another, pooling a biotic environment and living organisms pooling a biotic environment and living organisms that live in it. that live in it.

Basic ecosystem must include the Basic ecosystem must include the organisms of all tropic levels and organisms of all tropic levels and have a vicious cycle of basic have a vicious cycle of basic elements. elements.

To be sure ecosystems are producers To be sure ecosystems are producers that provide storage of solar energy that provide storage of solar energy and the creation of organic matter, and the creation of organic matter, monument engaged in processing, monument engaged in processing, and consumenty that dispose of and consumenty that dispose of waste producers and waste producers and redutsenty.redutsenty.

Characteristics of ecosystemsCharacteristics of ecosystems

To use characteristics of ecosystems:

species composition of living organisms, typical for the ecosystem

ratio in the ecosystem of organisms with different types of power;

the intensity of energy flow through ecosystems and the speed of rotation of substances

mode a biotic conditions and resources

Bio-geocenosis - a set on a specific surface area of homogeneous natural phenomena

atmosphere

rocks

vegetation

animals

microorganisms

soil

hydrological conditions

A bioticA biotic

A biotic components of A biotic components of ecosystems ecosystems a biotic factors a biotic factors determining the existence determining the existence of groups of organisms in of groups of organisms in a particular environmenta particular environment

A biotic factors in A biotic factors in ecosystems act as a ecosystems act as a link that connects the link that connects the different groups of different groups of organisms and to organisms and to provide structural provide structural and functional and functional integrity of integrity of ecosystems.ecosystems.

According to its value a biotic According to its value a biotic factors in ecosystems are divided factors in ecosystems are divided

into two groups:into two groups:

1. Resources, factors that 1. Resources, factors that are used by living are used by living organisms and are shared organisms and are shared between them. This, for between them. This, for example, water, nutrients, example, water, nutrients, etc..etc..

2.Conditions of existence, 2.Conditions of existence, indivisible a biotic factors indivisible a biotic factors that are not spent in the that are not spent in the

process of life and to have process of life and to have the same impact on all the same impact on all living organisms in this living organisms in this

ecosystem.ecosystem.

A biotic factors are divided into three groups:

a) climatic factors - temperature, illumination mode, the air and some others

b) soil and water factors include the resources and conditions associated with the soil: this type of soil, its physical and chemical characteristics of soil solution composition, etc.

c) factors that operate in water depth and relevance to aquatic ecosystems.

d) tropical zone is defined by an average temperature of the coldest month is lower than 15 ° - 20 ecosystems

Climatic zoneClimatic zoneThe temperature here never fall below 0 °. Vegetation plants continues throughout the year

subtropical zone - lies to the north and south of the tropical zone. The temperature of the coldest month is higher than the temperature plus 4 ° C. Reducing the temperature below 0 ° are rarely observed

temperate zone - is under north and south subtropical. It is well expressed within the seasonal changes, the pip. Duration of vegetation period of plants at least 2 - 3 months. In winter snow falls, for the fall and spring characteristic frizzing

cold zone - adjacent to the North and South poles. The vegetation period lasts only 1,5-2 months

Solar radiationSolar radiation

light for plants is the energy source for light for plants is the energy source for photosynthesis, causing a change form and photosynthesis, causing a change form and growth is a signal to transition from one growth is a signal to transition from one phase of development to another. For most phase of development to another. For most species light, at least the minimum, provides species light, at least the minimum, provides for the developed organs of orientation in for the developed organs of orientation in space. This same role and perform light to space. This same role and perform light to humans. In humans and some animals only humans. In humans and some animals only under the influence of light is the synthesis under the influence of light is the synthesis of vitamin D. of vitamin D.

WATERWATER

In all organisms cells are highly Water present - In all organisms cells are highly Water present - to 80 - 98 ° / o.to 80 - 98 ° / o. This water is essential for life. This water is essential for life. Overland water present source for living Overland water present source for living organisms are Air and ground waters. Additional organisms are Air and ground waters. Additional inflows of moisture, dew, including underground inflows of moisture, dew, including underground fogs and dew (at night appearance of water fogs and dew (at night appearance of water droplets in the upper layer of soil). droplets in the upper layer of soil).

THE PLANT DIVED 3 GROUPSTHE PLANT DIVED 3 GROUPS

Plants are divided into three Plants are divided into three main groups: main groups: Hydrophytes Hydrophytes Mezofites Mezofites

XerophytesXerophytes

hydrophytes - growing in water bodies and hydrophytes - growing in water bodies and areas with high humidity. areas with high humidity.

MezofitMezofit - for residents with an average - for residents with an average humidity. humidity.

Xerophytes -suited to the steppe and Xerophytes -suited to the steppe and desert ecosystems, where the humidity desert ecosystems, where the humidity conditions are poor.conditions are poor.

Gas composition Gas composition of airof air

carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide oxygenoxygen

In C4 plants such sinks two: In C4 plants such sinks two: to add more zoobiophosfat to add more zoobiophosfat phosphorus phenol acidphosphorus phenol acid

C3C3 C4C4

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Living organisms. Living organisms. BiocenosisBiocenosis

A set of all living organisms is called A set of all living organisms is called biocenosisbiocenosis of of ecosystems. ecosystems. BiocenosisBiocenosis (group) called the group of (group) called the group of organisms of different species that organisms of different species that coexist on the same site area and coexist on the same site area and interact through interact through trophictrophic

and spatial relationships. and spatial relationships.

Among the structures bio enosis Among the structures bio enosis usually produce three to usually produce three to types: types:

a) species, which shows the Species of living organisms;a) species, which shows the Species of living organisms;

b) strophic demonstrating the nature of the relationship b) strophic demonstrating the nature of the relationship between food organisms bio enosis; between food organisms bio enosis;

c) spatial, showing the physical location of plants, animals c) spatial, showing the physical location of plants, animals and microorganisms. and microorganisms.

•

composition biocenosiscomposition biocenosis

composition biocenosis composition biocenosis biocenosis composition conforms to biocenosis composition conforms to one general rule: the natural one general rule: the natural biocenosis must be producers, biocenosis must be producers, consumentsconsuments andand redutsenty. redutsenty.

..

Periphyton Biocenosis divided into: Periphyton Biocenosis divided into: a) phytocenoses that established plants; a) phytocenoses that established plants; b) zoocenozy that represent a b) zoocenozy that represent a combination of all animal ecosystems;combination of all animal ecosystems; a) microbiccenozy, which are formed by a) microbiccenozy, which are formed by microorganisms that inhabit the microorganisms that inhabit the underground part of the ecosystem. underground part of the ecosystem.

Form ties biocenosesForm ties biocenoses

1. Topical relations arising due to the fact that one organism modifies the environment in the direction favorable for other organisms. For example, sfahnovi moss pidkyslyuyut soil solution and create favorable conditions for the settlement of these wetlands sundew, cranberry and other plants typical of wetlands Ukrainian Polesie.

2. Trophic relationships - are that the specimens of one species using another type of products his life or dead remains a source of food. For example, only on the basis of trophic links storks belong to the water marsh tsenoziv and elk inhabit mainly aspen forests.

3. Name ties - ties, in which the specimens of 3. Name ties - ties, in which the specimens of one species using another type of individuals one species using another type of individuals or their body parts needed to build their or their body parts needed to build their nests or shelters. Such, for example, the nests or shelters. Such, for example, the relationship of forest birds in the forest relationship of forest birds in the forest biocenosis providing them hollows or biocenosis providing them hollows or branches to build nests. branches to build nests. 4. Foruc relationships - relationships that 4. Foruc relationships - relationships that provide individuals carrying one type of provide individuals carrying one type of species other species. Settlement and species other species. Settlement and germination of many plants with juicy fruits germination of many plants with juicy fruits on the presence of animals that ensure the on the presence of animals that ensure the transfer of their seeds. transfer of their seeds.

CONTENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS CONTENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

1) of limited natural resources. Some 1) of limited natural resources. Some scientists believe that solar energy is scientists believe that solar energy is practically inexhaustible, but it does not practically inexhaustible, but it does not take into account that the major obstacle take into account that the major obstacle to its use of a biosphere, anthropogenic to its use of a biosphere, anthropogenic changes in which more than permissible changes in which more than permissible limit (for the rule - 1%) can cause serious limit (for the rule - 1%) can cause serious and dire consequences: the artificial and dire consequences: the artificial introduction of energy biosphere has introduction of energy biosphere has reached a value close to the boundary; reached a value close to the boundary;

2) reduction of natural resources - within 2) reduction of natural resources - within the same socio-economic formations or the same socio-economic formations or production method and one type of production method and one type of technology - is the fact that natural technology - is the fact that natural resources are becoming increasingly less resources are becoming increasingly less accessible and require increased costs of accessible and require increased costs of labour and energy for their extraction and labour and energy for their extraction and transportation; transportation;

3) pyramid of energy - from one 3) pyramid of energy - from one strophic level ecological pyramid is strophic level ecological pyramid is moving to other levels of less than moving to other levels of less than 10% of energy, the law allows you to 10% of energy, the law allows you to calculate the required land area for calculate the required land area for the provision of food, etc.; the provision of food, etc.;

4)same all of life - all the natural 4)same all of life - all the natural conditionsconditions environment necessary for environment necessary for life, play life, play equal role; equal role;

5) development of the natural 5) development of the natural system by the environment - any system by the environment - any

natural system can evolve only usenatural system can evolve only use

materialmaterial energyenergy

a) totally non-waste production is a) totally non-waste production is impossible;impossible;

b) any highly organized system of biotic b) any highly organized system of biotic use and chancing their living environment use and chancing their living environment

is a potential threat to the more highly is a potential threat to the more highly organized systems;organized systems;

cc) in the Biosphere of the Earth as a ) in the Biosphere of the Earth as a system developed not only by the system developed not only by the resources of the planet, but also resources of the planet, but also indirectly, through and under the indirectly, through and under the

influence of space systems;influence of space systems;

6) system genetic6) system genetic

many natural many natural systemssystems

specimensspecimens biotic biotic communitiescommunities

ecosystemsecosystems

in particular in particular geological geological formationformation

periodicallyperiodically systemsystem

functioningfunctioning compositiocompositionn

natural systemsnatural systems

combination of environmental factorscombination of environmental factors

9)9) sucsesytivity slowdown - processes that sucsesytivity slowdown - processes that occur in mature balanced systems usually occur in mature balanced systems usually show a tendency to slow down, here is show a tendency to slow down, here is unpromising attempts to "create" nature of unpromising attempts to "create" nature of economic activities without the withdrawal economic activities without the withdrawal of its system with a balance or creating any of its system with a balance or creating any other special conditions for business other special conditions for business promotion. For example, domestication of promotion. For example, domestication of new species of cultivated plants gives effect new species of cultivated plants gives effect first, then Population explosion fades away, first, then Population explosion fades away, and if this species does not become a and if this species does not become a massive pest, its economic value decreases massive pest, its economic value decreases dramatically; dramatically;

10) 10) accelerated evolution - the speed of the accelerated evolution - the speed of the forming run of geological time increases, and forming run of geological time increases, and the average length of existence inside a big the average length of existence inside a big Unity (group) decreases, highly organized Unity (group) decreases, highly organized forms are less time than organization. The forms are less time than organization. The acceleration of evolution and provides a more acceleration of evolution and provides a more rapid disappearance of species, their rapid disappearance of species, their extinction, which occurs slower pace than extinction, which occurs slower pace than forming as a result the number of species in forming as a result the number of species in the biosphere in the evolution of increase. the biosphere in the evolution of increase. Cross process - increase the rate of Cross process - increase the rate of extermination of certain species - linked to extermination of certain species - linked to anthropogenic impacts, and not with actions anthropogenic impacts, and not with actions above the law; above the law;

11) 11) ) evolution, which are in three aspects:) evolution, which are in three aspects:

a) how animals communicate with the a) how animals communicate with the outside world, living elements;outside world, living elements;

b) the gradual formation of everything b) the gradual formation of everything - in nature, nothing eternal, - in nature, nothing eternal, everything has its history;everything has its history;

c) complication of the organization - is c) complication of the organization - is the complication of a particular the complication of a particular organism and ecosystems due to the organism and ecosystems due to the growth and differentiation of functions growth and differentiation of functions that perform these functions;that perform these functions;

12) 12) environmental correlations - in the environmental correlations - in the ecosystem, as in any natural holistic ecosystem, as in any natural holistic education, all its components are education, all its components are functionally responsible to one functionally responsible to one another, pulling one part of the another, pulling one part of the system (the destruction of species) system (the destruction of species) inevitably leads to exclusion of all inevitably leads to exclusion of all closely related to that part of its other closely related to that part of its other parts to a functional change in the parts to a functional change in the law of the internal dynamic law of the internal dynamic equilibrium. equilibrium.

General patterns General patterns environmental factorsenvironmental factors : :

1) of optimum;1) of optimum;

2) the ambiguity of the factor for different functions of the body or 2) the ambiguity of the factor for different functions of the body or group;group;

3) variability, variability and diversity of the relevant reactions 3) variability, variability and diversity of the relevant reactions to effect environmental factors in some animals species;to effect environmental factors in some animals species;

4) adaptation of species to each of the environmental 4) adaptation of species to each of the environmental factors are relatively independent means;factors are relatively independent means;

5) environmental incompatibility of certain types of spectra;5) environmental incompatibility of certain types of spectra;

6) interaction factors;6) interaction factors;

7) rule limiting factors.7) rule limiting factors.

Kommoner B. (1974) formulated Kommoner B. (1974) formulated four environmental laws:four environmental laws:

1) is concerned with all;1) is concerned with all;

2) it should get to go somewhere;2) it should get to go somewhere;

3) nature knows best;3) nature knows best;

4) nothing is given for free.4) nothing is given for free.

Oles Berdnikov Oles Berdnikov "basic principles of a new vision of the world""basic principles of a new vision of the world"

1) community - all around;1) community - all around;

2) protein - eternal escape 2) protein - eternal escape stress, that modern stress, that modern scholars identify as the scholars identify as the principle non basic;principle non basic;

3) eternal metamorphosis;3) eternal metamorphosis;

4) analogy, identity;4) analogy, identity;

5) correlations - 5) correlations - instantaneous interaction in instantaneous interaction in the universe;the universe;

6) saturation - the 6) saturation - the completeness or loss;completeness or loss;

7) appointment - all in 7) appointment - all in the life of "appointed" the life of "appointed" for something, as in any for something, as in any organism, a significant organism, a significant number of accidents and number of accidents and misunderstandings misunderstandings caused by the violation caused by the violation of this principle.of this principle.