biosphere includes all living things and all UNIT 1 ......UNIT 1: INTRODUCING BIOLOGY Chapter 1:...
Transcript of biosphere includes all living things and all UNIT 1 ......UNIT 1: INTRODUCING BIOLOGY Chapter 1:...
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UNIT 1: INTRODUCING BIOLOGY
Chapter 1: Biology in the 21st Century
UNIT 1: INTRODUCING BIOLOGY Chapter 1: Biology in the 21st Century
I. The Study of Life (1.1)
A. Earth is home to an incredible diversity of
life
1. The biosphere includes all living things and all
the places they are found.
2. Every part of the biosphere is connected with
every other part.
3. The biosphere includes many environments
a. Land environments
Tidepool Estuary
b. Saltwater and freshwater environments
c. Portions of the atmosphere
4. Biodiversity is the variety of life
a. Generally increases
from the poles to the
equator
b. Greater in areas with
consistently warm
temperatures.
5. A species is one particular type of living thing.
a. Members of a species can interbreed and
reproduce.
b. About 2 million
different living species
identified.
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B. All organisms share certain characteristics
1. Biology is the scientific study of all forms
of life.
2. An organism is any individual living thing.
a. All are made of one or more cells
b. All need energy for metabolism
c. All respond to their environment
d. All have DNA that they pass on to offspring.
II. Unifying Themes of Biology (1.2)
A. All levels of life have systems of related parts
1. A system is an organized group of interacting
parts.
a. A cell is a system of chemicals and
processes.
b. A body system includes organs that interact
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c. An ecosystem includes living and nonliving
things that interact.
2. Biologists study many different systems
B. Structure and function are related in biology
1. Structure determines function
a. Proteins with different structures
perform different functions.
b. Heart muscle cells have a different
structure and function than
stomach muscle cells.
c. Different species have different
anatomical structures with different
functions.
C. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to
survive in diverse environments.
1. Homeostasis is the maintenance of
constant internal conditions.
a. Homeostasis is usually maintained through
negative feedback
b. Negative feedback systems return a condition
to its normal (set) point.
2. Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain
homeostasis.
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D. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
1. Evolution is the change in living things
over time.
a. The genetic makeup of a population
of a species changes
b. Evolution can occur through natural
selection of adaptations.
c. Adaptations are beneficial inherited
traits that are passed to future
generations.
2. Evolution accounts for both the diversity and
unity of life.
III. Scientific Thinking and Processes (1.3)
A. Like all science, biology is a process of
inquiry
1. Scientists make careful and systematic
observations.
2. Scientists record observations as data
3. Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible
answer to a question
4. Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their
data.
Francesco Redi (1600’s)-
designed one of the first
controlled experiments.
Redi designed experiment
to determine what caused
appearance of maggots on
meat
B. Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses
1. Observational studies allow scientists to
describe a phenomenon
2. Experiments allow scientists to determine
what causes a phenomenon
Pasteur’s experiment showed that boiled broth would remain
free of microorganisms even if air was allowed in, as long as
dust and other particles were kept out
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a. Independent variables are manipulated
b. Dependent variables are observed and
measured.
c. Constants are conditions that are kept the same
C. A theory explains a wide range of observations
1. Theories explain a wide range of
observations and experimental results.
2. A theory is supported by a wide range of
scientific evidence.
3. Theories can
change based on
evidence
IV. Imaging technologies provide new views of life
(1.4)
A. A microscope provides enlarged image of
an object.
stoma
1. Light microscope
2. Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
stoma
3. Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
stoma
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B. Imaging technology is used in medicine
1. X-ray images
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MR)
3. Functional MRI (fMRI)
C. Complex systems are modeled on computers
1. Computer models are used to study
systems that cannot be studied directly
a. Heart attacks
Normal heartbeat Heart attack
b. Effect of medicines on the human body
c. Movement of water molecules into and out of a
cell
d. Spread of a diseases through a population
Computer model of
flu pandemic
2. Computer models are used when experiments
are not safe, ethical, or practical
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D. The tools of molecular genetics five rise to new
biological studies.
1. A gene is segment of DNA that stores
genetic information
2. Through our understanding DNA, we can study
genetics on a molecular level
a. molecular genetics
b. Genomics
V. Your health and the health of the environment
depend on your knowledge of biology (1.5)
A. Knowledge of biology helps you
understand your health
1. Food allergies
2. Potential effects of
obesity
3.cancer
4. Effects of alcohol,
tobacco, and other drugs.
B. Knowledge of biology can help you understand
environmental issues.
1. Interactions in ecosystems
2. Pollution
3. Biodiversity
C. Biotechnology offers great promise but also
raises many issues.
1. Biotechnology is the use and application
of living things and biological processes.
a. DNA testing in medicine and
forensics
b. Transgenic (genetically modified)
crops
c. Transgenic bacteria
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Tracy (1990-1997) was a transgenic ewe that had
been genetically modified by the Roslin Institute,
near Edinburgh, Scotland, so that her milk
produced a human protein called alpha antitrypsin,
a potential treatment for the disease cystic fibrosis.
2. Questions are raised about the use of
biotechnology
a. Safety of genetically modified crops
b. Spread of undesirable genes
c. Decrease in biodiversity
d. Ethical considerations
D. Biology presents many unanswered
questions
1. Over the past 50 years, biological
knowledge has greatly increased.
2. There are still many questions to answer in
biology.
3. Advances in technology may help answer
questions.
a. How are memories
stored in the brain?
b. How do viruses mutate?
Tools and Procedures
A. A common Measurement System
1. Scientist use the Metric System (SI
system)- a decimal system based on certain
standards and scaled on multiples of 10
2. System is easy to use because based on
units of 10
B. Analyzing Biological Data– many times use
data tables and graphs to more easily detect
patterns of change
C. Interpreting the Evidence
a. Observation alone has little meaning in
science
b. Observation usually followed by
inference (a logical interpretation based on
prior knowledge and experience)
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Chapter 1
The Nature of Life
The work of scientists begins with
a. testing a hypothesis.
b. careful observations.
c. creating experiments.
d. drawing conclusions.
The work of scientists begins with
a. testing a hypothesis.
b. careful observations.
c. creating experiments.
d. drawing conclusions.
Science differs from other disciplines, such as
history and the arts, because science relies on
a. facts.
b. testing explanations.
c. observations.
d. theories.
Science differs from other disciplines, such as
history and the arts, because science relies on
a. facts.
b. testing explanations.
c. observations.
d. theories.
Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3
cm over a two-week period results in
a. inferences.
b. variables.
c. hypotheses.
d. data.
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Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3
cm over a two-week period results in
a. inferences.
b. variables.
c. hypotheses.
d. data.
You state that the presence of water could
accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is a(an)
a. conclusion.
b. hypothesis.
c. experiment.
d. analysis.
You state that the presence of water could
accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is a(an)
a. conclusion.
b. hypothesis.
c. experiment.
d. analysis.
Hypotheses may arise from
a. prior knowledge.
b. logical inferences.
c. imaginative guesses.
d. all of the above
Hypotheses may arise from
a. prior knowledge.
b. logical inferences.
c. imaginative guesses.
d. all of the above
Which of the following is a valid hypothesis for why a
plant appears to be dying?
a. The plant is not being watered enough.
b. The plant is being watered too much.
c. The plant is receiving too much sunlight.
d. all of the above
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Which of the following is a valid hypothesis for why a
plant appears to be dying?
a. The plant is not being watered enough.
b. The plant is being watered too much.
c. The plant is receiving too much sunlight.
d. all of the above
In science, a hypothesis is useful only if
a. it is proven correct.
b. it can be proven incorrect.
c. it can be tested.
d. the explanation is already known.
In science, a hypothesis is useful only if
a. it is proven correct.
b. it can be proven incorrect.
c. it can be tested.
d. the explanation is already known.
Which of the following is NOT a part of doing
science?
a. experimenting
b. observing
c. generalizing
d. hypothesizing
Which of the following is NOT a part of doing
science?
a. experimenting
b. observing
c. generalizing
d. hypothesizing
Which of the following variables present in Redi’s
experiment on spontaneous generation is NOT a
controlled variable?
a. gauze covering that keeps flies away from
meat
b. types of jars used
c. types of meat used
d. temperature at which the jars were stored
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Which of the following variables present in Redi’s
experiment on spontaneous generation is NOT a
controlled variable?
a. gauze covering that keeps flies away from
meat
b. types of jars used
c. types of meat used
d. temperature at which the jars were stored
When enough experimental data supports a
hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a(an)
a. fact.
b. theory.
c. inference.
d. conclusion.
When enough experimental data supports a
hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a(an)
a. fact.
b. theory.
c. inference.
d. conclusion.
A theory
a. is always true.
b. is the opening statement of an experiment.
c. may be revised or replaced.
d. is a problem to be solved.
A theory
a. is always true.
b. is the opening statement of an experiment.
c. may be revised or replaced.
d. is a problem to be solved.
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad
range of observations is a(an)
a. hypothesis.
b. inference.
c. theory.
d. controlled experiment.
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A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad
range of observations is a(an)
a. hypothesis.
b. inference.
c. theory.
d. controlled experiment.
Biology is the study of
a. the land, water, and air on Earth.
b. the living world.
c. animals and plants only.
d. the environment.
Biology is the study of
a. the land, water, and air on Earth.
b. the living world.
c. animals and plants only.
d. the environment.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
all living things?
a. growth and development
b. ability to move
c. response to the environment
d. ability to reproduce
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
all living things?
a. growth and development
b. ability to move
c. response to the environment
d. ability to reproduce
Which of the following characteristics of living
things best explains why birds fly south for the
winter?
a. Living things respond to their environment.
b. Living things maintain internal balance.
c. Living things are made up of units called
cells.
d. Living things are based on a universal
genetic code.
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Which of the following characteristics of living
things best explains why birds fly south for the
winter?
a. Living things respond to their
environment.
b. Living things maintain internal balance.
c. Living things are made up of units called
cells.
d. Living things are based on a universal
genetic code.
The process by which organisms keep their
internal conditions relatively stable is called
a. homeostasis.
b. evolution.
c. metabolism.
d. photosynthesis.
The process by which organisms keep their
internal conditions relatively stable is called
a. homeostasis.
b. evolution.
c. metabolism.
d. photosynthesis.
What is the term for a group of organisms of one
type living in the same place?
a. biosphere
b. ecosystem
c. population
d. environment
What is the term for a group of organisms of one
type living in the same place?
a. biosphere
b. ecosystem
c. population
d. environment
Which is NOT a unit of measurement in the metric
system?
a. meter
b. inch
c. liter
d. gram
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Which is NOT a unit of measurement in the metric
system?
a. meter
b. inch
c. liter
d. gram
To observe a small living organism, a scientist
might use a(an)
a. electronic balance.
b. TEM.
c. compound light microscope.
d. electron microscope.
To observe a small living organism, a scientist
might use a(an)
a. electronic balance.
b. TEM.
c. compound light microscope.
d. electron microscope.
Which of the following is the best reason for using
a scanning electron microscope?
a. ability to magnify objects that are larger than
0.2 micrometers
b. ability to observe live organisms
c. ability to see three-dimensional images of
the surfaces of objects
d. ability to see movement within living cells
Which of the following is the best reason for using
a scanning electron microscope?
a. ability to magnify objects that are larger than
0.2 micrometers
b. ability to observe live organisms
c. ability to see three-dimensional images
of the surfaces of objects
d. ability to see movement within living cells
An instrument that allows light to pass through the
specimen and uses two lenses to form an image
is a(an)
a. compound light microscope.
b. electron microscope.
c. TEM.
d. SEM.
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An instrument that allows light to pass through the
specimen and uses two lenses to form an image
is a(an)
a. compound light microscope.
b. electron microscope.
c. TEM.
d. SEM.
Safety procedures are important when working
a. in a laboratory.
b. in the field.
c. with animals.
d. all of the above
Safety procedures are important when working
a. in a laboratory.
b. in the field.
c. with animals.
d. all of the above
Which of the following is NOT considered a safety
procedure?
a. Read all the steps in your activity before
doing it.
b. If in doubt about any part of an activity, trust
your instincts.
c. Follow your teacher’s instructions.
d. Follow the textbook direction exactly.
Which of the following is NOT considered a safety
procedure?
a. Read all the steps in your activity before
doing it.
b. If in doubt about any part of an activity,
trust your instincts.
c. Follow your teacher’s instructions.
d. Follow the textbook direction exactly.