BIOPHILIC DESIGN FOR THE ELDERLY: DESIGN OF A SENIOR LIVING

COMMUNITY ALONG THE DELAWARE

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty

of Philadelphia University

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science in Sustainable Design

By

Harshika Bhatt

May 2015

© 2015 Harshika Bhatt

i

i

ABSTRACT

There is an increase in demand of housing for the elderly. While there are

communities and organizations that cater to this age group, more effort to integrate

them to the larger community is required. Most senior living communities are

institutionalized and made to feel like a facility rather than a home. The elderly are

going through a lot of changes in this stage of their life and tend to suffer from

depression and a feeling of isolation. Putting them in an environment that feels like an

institution would exacerbate their depression and may lead to other problems, such as

deterioration in their health.

The Biophilia Hypothesis suggests that humans have an instinctive bond with nature

and that people tend to show a positive response when they experience a connection

with nature. It states that since humans originated from savannah-like environments

they have “the urge to affiliate with other forms of life” (Kellert & Wilson, 1995). When

connected with nature and natural systems, humans can feel more emotionally

content and this has the potential to increase their life span.

However, architecture since the Industrial Revolution has been alienated from nature.

The built environment and the natural environment have become separate entities.

People’s association with nature is lost and their knowledge of nature and the way it

works is limited.

This thesis explores the positive effects of biophilia and incorporates biophilic design

based on existing resources to develop a community that caters primarily to the

elderly but also to other age groups. It evaluates the positive effects of each pattern of

biophilic design and creates an example of biophilic design that can be used in the

ii

future by urban planners, designers and researchers as a theoretical case study to

design similar environments. The design attempts to create a healthy environment in

which people live in harmony with each other and with nature, and it tries to integrate

humans with nature making them a part of the natural system rather than just a by-

stander.

“Study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. It will never fail you” (Wright, n.d.).

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Professor Fryer and Professor Fleming who have been patient with me and guided

me throughout the process by providing me with the right advice and resources to take

me forward at every step in the thesis.

This project would not have been possible without the help of my advisor Ms. Helena

Van Vliet, who guided me through the design process and shared her expertise on

Biophilic Design, in spite of her busy schedule and was a key to the development of

the project.

I would also like to thank my classmates and the members of the Atria Senior Living

Community who were very welcoming and actively participated in the charrette,

sharing their views with us without any hesitation.

Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for encouraging me through the

process and for their unconditional love and support. Thanks to my parents who have

trusted, supported and believed in me. A special mention to my grandparents who

inspired me to pursue this topic for my thesis.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. iii

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1

CHAPTER TWO: AGING ........................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER THREE: DISCONNECTION OF OLDER ADULTS TO NATURE ..... 8

CHAPTER FOUR: BIOPHILIC DESIGN FOR THE ELDERLY ................................. 10

Community Living ..................................................................................................... 10

What is Biophilia ....................................................................................................... 11

Healing Through Nature ........................................................................................... 17

Site Selection ........................................................................................................... 21

Site Analysis and Programming ............................................................................... 24

The Design ............................................................................................................... 28

Biophilic Patterns used in the Design ....................................................................... 38

Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 48

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 53

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 56

v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Number of Persons 66+, 1900-2030 (numbers in millions) .................... 1

Figure 2: Deaths Attributed to 19 Leading Risk Factors, by Country Income Level 2004 ................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 3: Net Gain vs Net Loss of Wetlands in Coastal Louisiana...................... 12

Figure 4: Comparison of Self-esteem in both the walks...................................... 14

Figure 5: Comparison of Depression in both the Walks ...................................... 14

Figure 6: Table Showing the Positive Effects of Biophilic Design ....................... 16

Figure 7: Flyer used for the Charrette ................................................................. 17

Figure 8: Picture Taken During the Charrette ..................................................... 18

Figure 9: Picture Taken During the Charrette .................................................... 18

Figure 10: Table Showing the Site Selection Process ........................................ 22

Figure 11: Site Location – 1533 South Christopher Columbus Boulevard .......... 23

Figure 12: View of Columbus Boulevard Facing South....................................... 24

Figure 13: View of Reed St. and the I-95 ............................................................ 25

Figure 14: View of the Site from Columbus Boulevard ....................................... 26

Figure 15: Programming ..................................................................................... 27

Figure 16: Site Zoning ........................................................................................ 29

Figure 17: Circulation in the Open Spaces ......................................................... 30

Figure 18: Vehicular and Pedestrian Circulation ................................................ 31

Figure 19: Proposed Master Plan ....................................................................... 32

Figure 20: View of the Site .................................................................................. 33

Figure 21: View of the Street Intersection ........................................................... 33

vi

Figure 22: Amphitheater at the Entrance ............................................................ 34

Figure 23: View of the Entrance ......................................................................... 34

Figure 24: View of the Garden at the Entrance ................................................... 35

Figure 25: View of the Intersection near the Entrance ........................................ 35

Figure 26: View of the Entrance to the Recreation Center.................................. 36

Figure 27: View of the Water Feature near the Recreation Center ..................... 36

Figure 28: View of the Central Activity Area ....................................................... 37

Figure 29: View of the Site from the Apartment .................................................. 37 Figure 30: Visual Connection to Nature .............................................................. 39

Figure 31: Diffused Lighting in the Seating Area in the Garden at the Entrance 42

Figure 32: Diffused Lighting in the Seating Area on the Recreation Center ....... 42

Figure 33: Dry Streams Flowing Through the Community .................................. 43

Figure 34: Entire Site Perceived as Prospect and Refuge .................................. 44

Figure 35: View of the Courtyard ........................................................................ 45

Figure 36: Seating Area as Prospect and Refuge .............................................. 46

Figure 37: View of Central Area of Activity ......................................................... 46

Figure 38: View of the River from the Central Area ............................................ 47

Figure 39: View from the Apartment ................................................................... 48

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There is an increase in demand for housing that caters to the elderly because the

senior population is increasing. This population, - people that are 65years or

older, - numbered 39.6 million in 2009 (the latest year for which data is

available). As shown in Figure 1, the population of people 65 years or older is

only expected to increase.

Figure 1: Number of Persons 65+, 1900-2030 (numbers in millions)

Source: (Administration for Community Living, 2011)

They represented 12.9% of the U.S. population, about one in every eight

Americans. By 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons, more than

twice their number in 2000. People 65+ represented 12.4% of the population in

2

the year 2000 but are expected to grow to be 19% of the population by 2030

(Administration for Community Living, 2011).

“Retirement is no longer an individual’s last few declining years but rather the

beginning of a significant portion of an individual’s life” (Wassum, 2013) . A

person can be expected to live at least two more decades after retirement.

Improved medical care, development of new drugs and cures to diseases have

caused a drastic increase in life expectancy in the late 21st century.

Development in the fields of medicine and technology, will only lead to an

increase in life expectancy and thus an increasing population of the elderly.

However, aging could be depressing and lonely if the environment provided for

the elderly is not supportive. Old age is accompanied by many problems such as

physical or mental disabilities due to aging, loss of a loved one, feeling of

isolation, and the inability to perform daily activities as easily as they once could.

Research says that staying connected to nature and elements of nature helps in

healing. Natural environments also help to improve sleeping patterns, reduce

pain, speed up recovery and even increase longevity (Rodiek, 2010). The

biophilia hypothesis introduced by Edward O Wilson, in his book Biophilia,

suggests that there is an innate connection between humans and nature. This is

the reason most people prefer savannah-like landscapes (Kellert & Wilson,

1995).

This thesis demonstrates an approach to design that may help seniors feel more

emotionally satisfied and increase their overall well-being. This approach uses a

3

biophilic design process to create a healing environment. Furthermore, the thesis

intends to demonstrate, to architects and designers, one example of how to

create environments that heal through design. While water consumption, energy

consumption and materials used are very important aspects of sustainable

design, a key element of making people comfortable and creating a feeling of

belonging often takes a backseat, when instead it is an important benefit of

sustainable design.

The project aims at designing a community in Philadelphia that specifically caters

to people over 60 years of age. The site selected is a 16.5 acre site on South

Columbus Boulevard by the Delaware River. The community shall cater to

people of all age groups with residences reserved depending on the age groups.

Through its design the community shall be focused on creating opportunities for

socialization and interaction.

This study aims at Designing a retirement community based on the principles of

biophilia will help architects understand the positive effects of biophilic design.

4

CHAPTER 2

AGING

Old age is the start of a new phase of life. As people age they have to face many

changes. Most of these changes might not be positive and so they could lead to

a feeling of depression. According to a report by the National Alliance on Mental

Illness, “Depression affects more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans

aged 65 years or older. Depression in older persons is closely associated with

dependency and disability and causes great suffering for the individual and the

family” (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2009, p. 1).Depression could be

caused due changes in the biological, personal, cultural, mental and economic

aspects of their life (Simon, 1951). In his book, Caring Environments for Frail

Elderly People, Geoffrey Salmon describes some of the major physiological

aspects of aging by classifying them into the following categories:

a. Muscular Skeletal - Movement, Balance, Flexibility, Strength and

Control: This includes bone and joint disorders affecting posture, mobility,

flexibility and dexterity. Arthritis and osteoporosis are two examples of this

kind of disorder. They lead to difficulty in walking, turning over in the bed,

difficulty in bending arms and cause a lot of pain.

Older adults also experience a weakening of their leg muscles which affects

their ability to sit and get up with ease. Another important everyday activity

that is affected due to old age is walking. A frail old male adult takes 16 times

longer to walk in comparison with an average healthy male adult.

5

In case of a sudden change in equilibrium, it is difficult for them to regain their

balance as quickly as younger adults making them more susceptible to fall

(Salmon, 1994).

b. Cardio-vascular and respiratory - Endurance and stamina: People over

the age of 65 are more likely to be affected by a cardiovascular disease. This

may lead to limited activity or the need for complete bed rest. Respiratory

disorders could lead to shortness in breath and difficulty in breathing (Salmon,

1994).

c. Psychiatric – Memory, Mental Health and a sense of well-being: This is

mostly caused due to changes in the personal lives. The children moving out

of the house or the recent loss of a loved one could make them feel more

lonely and sad. Relocation to a facility or a senior living community could

make them feel bereft and rejected. Retirement means loss of a job, which

implies loss of a source of income. It could mean that they might have lost the

purpose in life and feel dejected. Dementia and Alzheimer’s are examples of

mental ailment that a person could be suffering with. This could lead to

deficiency in social skills, tendencies to wander and reduced control of the

environment.

d. Perception and Sensory – Environmental Perception and

Communication: The efficiency of most of the parts of the body is reduced

due to their age. Their senses are not as sharp as they used to be, reflex and

reaction time is delayed, daily activities that were accomplished with ease

become tasking and tiring. They need assistance to complete simple tasks,

6

which could make them feel dependent. By age 45, the photoreceptors of an

average adult receive just 50% of light needed to fully stimulate circadian

rhythm. By age 55, this dips to 37%. By age 75, this is a mere 17% (Scott &

Harrington, 2014). There also could be changes in sleep patterns and

circadian rhythms. Also, certain loss of hearing, especially of high

frequencies is common due to aging. However, the degree of loss of senses

varies across different people.

They also have a lot of extra time at hand and reduced opportunities for social

interaction. There is also a need to come to terms with the gradual cultural

changes due to the generation gap. For instance, an elderly person might not

be comfortable using technology (computer, mobile devices etc.). Also, if a

person leads a sedentary life, he/she increases his chances of having

problems in his/her health in the future. These changes make them feel

isolated and out-of-place. These could also be reasons for a person to loose

contact with the larger community (Ball, et al., 2000).“No one is too old to

enjoy the benefits of regular physical activity” (U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, 1996, p. 1).

There is plenty of recent research on the health risks of leading a sedentary

life. It is said that “sitting is the new smoking” (Carmody, 2015, p. 1). In

today’s world, people spend most of their day sitting, either at work or at

home. Sedentary adults double their health risks in comparison to all day

smokers. As shown in Figure 2, the World Health Organization (W.H.O) has

7

identified physical inactivity as the fourth biggest killer – ahead of obesity

(World Health Organization, 2009).

Figure 2: Deaths attributed to 19 leading risk factors, by country income

level, 2004

Source: (World Health Organization, 2009, p. 16)

A sedentary lifestyle leads to slower metabolism, circulation and weakness

and stiffness in the muscles. Physical activity on the other hand, keeps the

lymph fluid circulating and boosting the immune system. Exercise helps the

body get rid of toxins. Constant exercise helps in instigating the hormones

that sharpens thinking and elevates the mood reducing depression (Ude,

2013).

8

CHAPTER 3

DISCONNECTION OF OLDER ADULTS TO NATURE

The second problem addressed in this thesis is the disconnect of older adults

with nature. As of 2008, more than half the world’s population lives in cities

(UNFPA, 2007). The general conception of a city today is something that is

totally disconnected from nature or natural elements. Nature and urban settings

have become two separate entities. However, while selecting a holiday spot or a

weekend getaway most people choose a place or an activity associated with

nature like going to the beach or hiking.

While there is a lot of research that says it very important for children to stay

connected to nature, there is very little research that stresses the importance for

older adults to stay connected to nature. In his book, The Last Child in the

Woods, Richard Louv, discusses the Nature Deficit Disorder (Louv, The Last

Child in the Woods, 2005). It is a hypothesis where he says that a lack of regular

connection with nature could lead to stunted academic and developmental

growth in children. In his book, The Nature Principle he extends this

phenomenon to adults. He says that growing disconnect with nature can dull our

senses eventually making them blunt to sensations (Louv, The Nature Principle:

Human Restoration and the End of Nature Deficit Disorder, 2011).

With growing developments in the field of technology, people immerse

themselves in a world created by humans. In his book, Louv wonders how life

could be different, if people would be immersed in nature instead. While

technology is important and necessary in our lives, it is also important to have a

9

balance. Humans might be getting ahead of themselves by having all their faith in

technology and turning away from nature. He also says that the future will belong

to the “nature-smart”. The loss of connection to nature threatens health, spirit,

economy and the future stewardship of the environment (Louv, The Nature

Principle: Human Restoration and the End of Nature Deficit Disorder, 2011).

There is a wide range of green-building rating systems like LEED, ASHRAE,

Passivhaus and others that deal with water and energy efficiency. While these

are very important aspects of sustainable development, a balance with the user

experience and human health and well-being is lost. There are very few rating

systems like the Living Building Challenge and WELL that address and insist on

reconnecting the built environment with nature. This is changing gradually and

people will want to stay in a building that is aesthetically pleasing and creates a

healthy environment.

While recent trends in sustainability have developed methods to reduce the

impact of the built environment on nature, attempts at reconnecting humans to

nature are few (Kellert, Heerwagen , & Mador, 2011). While LEED, Energy Star,

Passivhaus and other building rating systems concentrate on improving the

efficiency of the building, the connection of the building to the users is lost. Most

people spend 80% of their time indoors, inside a building. It is either their house,

their work-place or a mall. This makes it even more important for designers to

take into consideration, the effect the building will have on its users (Boluda,

2011).

10

CHAPTER 4

BIOPHILIC DESIGN FOR THE ELDERLY

Community Living or Co-housing

An integrated community catering to people of different age groups would be the

best possible solution to this problem. A community with people of different age

groups would be a major step towards preventing the elderly from feeling isolated

and would help them feel like an integral part of the society. The proposed

community shall have individual dwellings with shared facilities and amenities.

This helps the people maintain their individuality and keep their privacy while

they are still the part of a larger community in which the facilities and amenities

are maintained by the administration. Integrated housing facilities will offer the

seniors more opportunities to be integrated with society when compared to

housing catering specifically for the elderly. The need to stay connected to nature

is not just an option but a necessity (Beatley, 2011).

The proposed solution is to reconnect community with nature by designing a

biophilic community that caters primarily to the elderly. The design of the

community shall help the residents to gradually shift their lifestyles and lead a

healthy life by staying connected to nature and natural systems.

The World Health Organization (W.H.O) defines health as: “a state of complete

physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or

infirmity” (World Health Organization, 1948, p. 100). Hence, healthy community

11

shall be designed not only to promote the physical and mental health of its

residents but also provide scope for social interaction.

What is Biophilia?

Bio means life and philia in Greek means fondness. Biophilia is a term coined by

Erich Fromm in his book The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Fromm,

1973). Edward O Wilson popularized the hypothesis in his book The Biophilia

Hypothesis. He suggests that humans originate from nature and hence have the

innate tendency to get attracted to life and life-like processes (Wilson & Kellert,

1995). Biophilic design is the design of spaces in a manner that promotes and

encourages the interaction of humans with nature and natural systems. It is the

experience with nature and natural elements that a person has while in natural

environment. The flow of water, being able to see the changes in the times of the

day and experience the changes in seasons are some examples of connections

to nature. It is not just important for humans to stay connected to nature but also

interact with it and be a part of the natural process. This connection would make

a person feel that they are a part of a bigger system creating empathy for the

system, which in turn creates a shift in their thinking from “I” to “we”.

However, there are some aspects of nature that are not very appealing to

humans and can cause adverse reactions. This is known as biophobia. Some

common elements that instigate biphobic reactions are rats, spiders, predators

and heights. Care should be taken to avoid these biophobic reactions.

12

Biophilic Design not only helps improve human health but also the health of the

environment. It helps in making the community more resilient. Ecosystem

services are the natural conditions and processes that humans rely on.

(Millenium Ecosystem Assesment, 2005). According to a report by the Ecological

Society of America, New Orleans could have avoided some expenses during

hurricane Katrina if the natural wetlands had been preserved (Costanza, Mitsch,

& Day Jr, 2006) . The wetlands surrounding New Orleans had been preventing

storm surges. Figure 3 shows the net wetland loss over the last 6000 years.

Figure 3: Net gain vs net loss of wetlands in costal Louisiana

Source: (Costanza, Mitsch, & Day Jr, 2006)

13

Trees and green cover clear the air of pollutants by absorbing the carbon dioxide

present in the air and releasing oxygen into the air hence helping to reduce the

carbon emissions. An acre of tree plantation absorbs the carbon dioxide amount

equivalent to the CO2 produced when a car is driven for 26000miles. They also

help to cool the surroundings through evapo-transpiration and by blocking direct

sun-light and providing shade. The cooling provided by a single tree equals that

of 10 air-conditioners running 20 hours a day. Trees also help reduce urban

storm-water runoff by absorbing the water and recharging the ground water

system (Evans, 2002).

Nature also helps in nurturing a sense of place. Sense of place is a phrase used

to describe a person’s relationship or association with a place and a community

attachment to the place (Cross, 2001). Once a person has an association to a

place, he or she tries to protect and preserve the place.

Green neighborhoods and natural environments have been associated with

stress reduction and improved physical and mental health. There is plenty of

research and evidence to support this claim. One such research is by an

organization called MIND in the United Kingdom. In this research the results of

people taking a walk in a shopping center was compared with the results of the

same group of people taking a walk in the park. Figure 4 shows that the feeling of

self-esteem increased when they went for a walk in the park. Figure 5 shows the

decrease in depression while in the park (Mind, 2007).

14

Figure 4: Comparison of self-esteem in both the walks

Source: (Mind, 2007)

Figure 5: Comparison of depression in both the walks.

Source: (Mind, 2007)

15

Biophilic design is the design of any kind of space that promotes health by

creating connections with nature. In their report, The 14 Patterns of Biophilic

Design, Terrapin Bright Green has enlisted 14 patterns of nature and how each

pattern helps in promoting human health. Each pattern has a citation along with it

that provides the research for the pattern. Figure 6 shall be used as a benchmark

for the design.

16

Figure 6: Table showing the positive effects of Biophilic Design

Source: (Terrapin Bright Green , 2014)

17

Healing through Nature

In order to understand the requirements of the elderly and get their opinion on

biophilic design, a charrette was conducted in the Atria Senior Living Community,

Philadelphia, PA. Figure 7 shows the flyer used to invite the people in community

for the charrette. Figures 8 and 9 show some pictures from the charrette.

Figure 7: Flyer used in the charrette

18

Figure 8: Picture taken during the charrette

Figure9: Picture taken during the charrette

19

At the end of the charrette, the group had a list of preferences as given by the

seniors in the community. These preferences were later segregated into different

categories to develop a set of guiding principles.

Health

It should be green as possible. Natural materials should be used.

There should be plenty of green spaces.

The community needs to be restful and peaceful

The facility should have plants and small trees.

Operable windows with views of greenery is preferred. Views into other

buildings should be avoided

Maximize the use of available natural daylighting.

The community could have a flower garden and rooftop gardens.

A vegetable garden to grow your own food.

Solar energy and photovoltaic panels to generate energy

Energy efficient appliances.

Based on these points the first guiding principle was “creating a nurturing and

healthy environment by providing access to natural elements”.

Social Aspect

Community spaces where people can interact with each other.

Spaces for lectures, theaters and music concerts

Small restaurants throughout the facility.

Display art

20

The second guiding principle which would promote the social well-being of the

residents is “Enhancing community connections by providing spaces that create

opportunities for social interaction”.

Equity

Outdoor and indoor spaces that are accessible to all.

Special outlets for oxygen and space for tanks.

Design to enhance the senses.

The third guiding principle that is a major step to include everyone is “Encourage

equity by creating spaces that are accessible and could be experienced by

everyone”

Safety and Privacy

Privacy

Allowance for independence.

Safety

A very important aspect for a residential community the fourth guiding principle is

“providing a sense of safety and privacy by suing connection to nature”.

Response to Site

The fifth guiding principle was one that was not developed through the charrette.

Biophilic design is also called restorative design. While the first four guiding

principles deal with the health of the humans, the fifth guiding principle addresses

21

the health of the site. “To create a restorative environment by providing a site

sensitive design”.

These guiding principles, along with the benchmarks, help inform the design and

make it respond to the users, the surroundings and the environment.

Site Selection

Based on the availability of land and proximity to certain facilities four sites were

short-listed. Figure 10 lists out the criteria for site selection. The green shows

criteria that is the most favorable for the project and the red shows the least

favorable criteria.

22

Figure 10: Table showing the site selection process

Site Selection

Criteria

4900 W

Jefferson St

GRAYS FERRY AVE.

& 34TH ST. –

University City

1533 S Christopher

Columbus Blvd –

Between Tasker and

Reed Street

7777 STATE ROAD

– former Marine

Terminal –

Site Area 7.2acres 7.5 acres 16.5 acres 70acres

Current zoning Medium

Industrial (I-2)

Medium Industrial (I-2) Community

Commercial Mixed

Use (CMX-3)

Residential Mixed

Use (RMX)

Proximity to

public transport

3 bus stops

adjacent to the

site and a train

station @ 0.8

miles

4 bus stops adjacent to

the site and a AMTRAK

station @ 2.5 miles

6 bus stops adjacent

to the site and a train

station @ 3.1 miles

Nearest bust stop

0.3 miles from the

site and a train

station @ 0.5 miles

Proximity to a

Hospital

1.1 miles 0.8 miles 0.6 miles Health center @ 1.2

miles

Proximity to a

grocery

0.3 miles 0.3 miles 0.6 miles 1.3 miles

Proximity to

center city

4.9 miles 3 miles 2.4 miles 10 miles

Proximity to

parks/ green

spaces

0.7 miles 0.4 miles Delaware river trail

that runs across the

site, 0.5 miles to the

nearest park

1.3 miles

Ranking based on

site selection

criteria

4 2 1 3

23

Based in the criteria shown in Figure 10, the selected site was 1533 South

Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19148.This site was selected mainly due

to its proximity to various services and facilities that would be important for the

residents. The site lies between Tasker St. and Reed St. Initially, Foxwoods

proposed for a casino to be built on the site. Due to protests by the residents of

the Pennsport community, the casino was moved to The Gallery at Market East

(Parmley, 2006). Figure 11 shows the location of the site. The site lies along the

Delaware River with a shopping complex to its south. The shopping complex

includes Walmart and a HomeDepot. The I95 runs parallel to Christopher

Columbus Boulevard to the West. The United Artists Theater is right across the

road to the west of the site.

Figure 11: Site Location – 1533 S Christopher Columbus Boulevard

Source: (Google Earth, 2015)

N

24

Site Analysis and Programming

Figure 12: View of Columbus Boulevard facing south

Christopher Columbus Boulevard caters to fast moving traffic. Figure 12 shows a

view of Christopher Columbus Boulevard with traffic.It would be intimidating for

pedestrians to cross the road to get to the site.

Figure 13 shows the I95 that runs parallel to the Columbus Boulevard. The

presence of the I95 and the Columbus Boulevard (both catering to fast moving

traffic) would make the periphery of the site noisy.

25

Figure 13: View of Reed St. and the I95

The presence of the shopping complex near the site should be taken advantage

of by providing easy access to it. Also, with the United Artist’s theater opposite

the site, there is the opportunity for some parts of the site to be accessible to the

public to make the surroundings livelier and connect the neighborhood to the

river. Figure 14 shows a view of the site from Columbus Boulevard facing south.

As seen in the figure, the existing site condition is not favorable for pedestrians.

26

Figure 14: View of the site from Columbus Boulevard

With the Delaware River to the east and a view of the city skyline to the north-

west most of the site has desirable views. A part of the site lies in the 100year

flood plain and hence cannot be used for construction. The prevailing wind

direction in the winter is from the south-west in the winter. Hence, the western

part of the site needs a noise barrier. A river trail runs across the site. A

connection to this trail would encourage activity on the site.

Based on standards and existing prototypes, a program for the community was

developed as shown in Figure 15

27

Figure 15: Programming

Requirements/ spaces Spaces Areas Total

Area

number of

occupants

1 50 individual units 2bhk, 1bhk (20+30) 1000sft/1bhk + 1600sft/2bhk (house). 1300/lot for 1bhk +

2080/lot for 2bhk-

80600 50-70

2 Apartment(2 blocks) 2bhk, 1bhk and shared housing

(20+40+40)

1600sft/2bhk +1000sft/1bhk + 1300sft/shared housing =

14260sft/block

142600 140-160

3 Health and Recreation Center gymnasium 2000sft (20ppl) including showers and toilets for swimming

pool

7995

Clinic 200sft

meditation center 13sft/person = 520sft

Pool 1200

Library 1000sft

Multipurpose spaces for lectures,

movie screenings, live bands

2500sft

Lounge 25sft/person = 575sft (20ppl)

4 Community Kitchen and dining Kitchen +community kitchen 50% of dining =400sft

1150 Community dining with barbeque area

(2-3 spread out)

16sft/person =750sft 40ppl

Community garden to grow vegetables

5 Green House

6 Administration Reception space 500sft

1060

Office space 400sft

Conference Hall (2) 100sft

Pantry 60sft

7 Parking 70+45 spots = 115 153sft/spot 17595

Access driveways and aisles min 25% 4398.75

8 Apartment blocks(2 blocks with

50 units in each)

1bhk, 2bhk and 3bhk (20+50+30) 1000sft/1bhk+1600sft/2bhk+2000sft/3bhk 184000

28

The Design

Figure 16 shows the basic zoning of the site. The entrance is through the corner

of Reed Street and Columbus Boulevard. This entrance was chosen because the

other roads are too busy, and having an entrance on those roads would increase

the already existing traffic congestion. The amphitheater with a water feature to

the northwest of the site could serve as a public place where people could come

and spend some time while waiting to watch a movie or just walk along the site

and go to the river. The administration block is also to the north-west of the site

just east of the amphitheater. The location of the administration is such that a

vehicle will need do drive around the administration block to drive into the

community. The views of the river are to the east of the site. Hence, the tallest

buildings, i.e the apartment blocks are to the west of the site and the individual

units are to the east. The individual units in the front are aligned facing the river

along the contour of the 100 year flood plain. The units continue to become two

separate clusters. The recreation center is in the center of the site so that it is

close to all the residents and can serve as a central area for socialization. A

central axis connects the apartments through the recreation center to the

Delaware River trail that runs along the site. The green house and vegetable

garden is located to the south to take advantage of the sun light. Since there are

many birds that migrate along the Delaware, a bird sanctuary is proposed on this

part of the site.

29

Figure 16: Site Zoning

The outdoor spaces gives form to the buildings around it. The outdoor spaces

are designed in such a way that they are protected by buildings on all the sides

and each outdoor space opens up into the next space as illustrated in Figure 17.

30

Figure 17: Circulation of open spaces

Figure 18 shows the vehicular and pedestrian circulation on the site. The roads

are designed in a manner that a vehicle would need to slow down to navigate

through the space. This is done so that the pedestrians are not intimidated by the

fast moving traffic. An exit is provided to the eastern end of the site to provide

easy access to the shopping center. Both the pedestrian and vehicular paths are

paved with the same brick paving so that the vehicles can slow down.

31

Figure 18: Vehicular Circulation on Site

Figure 19 shows the proposed master plan for the site.

32

Figure 19: Proposed Master Plan

Figure 20 shows a 3 dimensional view of the site.

33

Figure 20: View of the Site

Figure 21 shows a redesigned view of the street intersection. The intersection

has been redesigned to make it more pedestrian friendly.

Figure 21: View of Street Intersection

34

Figure 22 shows a view of the amphitheater and the water feature at the

amphitheater.

Figure 22: Amphitheater at the Entrance

Figure 23: View of the Entrance

35

Figure 24: View of the Garden at the Entrance

Figure 25 shows a view of the intersection near the entrance. The bocce ball

court is to the left and the apartments are to the right.

Figure 25: View of Intersection near the Entrance

36

Figure 26: View of entrance to the recreation center

Figure 27: View of water feature near the recreation center

37

Figure 28: View of central area in front of the recreation center.

Figure 29: View of the site from the apartment

38

Biophilic Patterns used in the Design

1. Visual connection to Nature

In Figure 30, the red lines are the view lines showing the views to the river. As

already mentioned in the table, research shows that visual connection to nature

lowers blood pressure and heart rate. It also improves mental engagement and

attentiveness and impacts positive attitude and overall happiness. The impact of

the nature does not increase with the quantity of views but the quality of the view.

The more variety and biodiversity in the view the more is the impact of the

pattern (Terrapin Bright Green , 2014). Studies show that a visual connection to

nature helps people gain a sense of place and provides an environment that

helps them shift their focus and relax the eye muscles. Views of biodiversity is

preferred over the quantity of land provided for view (Terrapin Bright Green ,

2014). With the site being located along the Delaware River, it provides an

excellent opportunity to attract migratory birds, seagulls and other species of

wildlife. Many species inhabiting the lower and upper Delaware have been listed

as endangered or threatened species. (Bird and Wildlife Watching, n.d.). The bird

sanctuary extends to the rooftops and the whole site acts as a bird sanctuary.

The green roofs on the individual units shall be designed to attract birds. Below is

a list of birds that are native to or migrate to the Delaware River.

Spring – Bay breasted warbler, Canada Warbler, Henslow’s sparrow, ovenbird,

Prairie Warbler

39

Fall – Black-throated Blue Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Pine Warbler, and Prairie

Warbler (Spring and Fall Migration Time Table, n.d.)

Native species – Brant, Canada Goose (feed primarily on mowed grass in

athletic fields, golf courses, park lawns, median strips etc. while using wetlands,

lakes, and rivers mainly as resting and roosting areas), American Black Duck,

Mallard, Ring-necked duck, Greater Scaup, Lesser Scaup, White-winged scoter,

Long-tailed duck, Bufflehead, Common goldeneye, red-breasted merganser, red

throated loon, common loon, red-necked grebe, double crested cormorant, great

blue heron, American kestrel, Laughing Gull, Bonaparte’s gull, Great Black-

backed Gull, Caspian Tern, Fish Crow, Bank Swallow, American Pipit.

A list of birds that pass by the Delaware and their preferred habitats is mentioned

in the Appendix

Figure 30: Visual Connection to nature

40

Non-visual Connection with Nature

Sounds of nature make a person more motivated and energetic. The smell of

plant oils and herbs help in healing. Gardening reduces joint pain and helps in

relaxation. Non-visual connection helps in reducing systolic and stress

hormones. There is also a perceived improvement in mental health and

tranquility (Terrapin Bright Green , 2014).

This design has features with moving water – the water fountain at the entrance,

the dry streams that run through the site and the water feature near the

swimming pool. The sounds of birds also serves as a non-visual connection with

nature.

The garden at the entrance shall be designed to have flowering plants in the

center and sweet smelling blueberry shrubs at the entrance so that the wind

brings in the smell of blueberry. The vegetable garden would be resident run and

provides a space where people could grow their own food. Also, all the building

materials used shall have a natural finish so that they are inviting to touch.

Presence of Water

Water has a high restorative response. Research says that a view of a natural

setting without water and the view of an urban setting with a water feature has

the same response. This pattern helps reduce stress, increases a feeling of

tranquility and lowers heart rate and blood pressure. It also evokes a positive

emotional response (Terrapin Bright Green , 2014).

41

As shown in Figures 23, 26 and 28 there is a strong presence of water

throughout the community. The water feature at the amphitheater shall bring the

neighborhood together, fostering social interaction. An example of this is the

water feature at the Millennium Park in Chicago.

Dynamic and Diffused Daylighting

The use of this pattern in design provides better sleep quality, reduces

depression and elevates the mood. It deals with variations in lighting patterns.

The main aim is to create a gradual change in the pattern of lighting so that there

is not a huge variation in lighting or monotonous lighting. This pattern also

impacts the circadian system and increases visual comfort (Terrapin Bright

Green , 2014). Seating areas and entrances, where people are likely to spend an

extended period of time, are provided with trellises to provide visual as well as

thermal comfort. Figures 31 and 32 represent some examples of diffused

daylighting used in the design.

42

Figure 31: Diffused Lighting in the Seating Area in the Garden at the Entrance

Figure 32: Diffused Lighting in the Seating Area on the Recreation Center

43

Connection with Natural Systems

This is perhaps of the most important pattern. It helps foster empathy leading to

a shift in perspective from “I” to “we”. It makes the residents feel like they are a

part of a bigger system. It enhances positive health responses and helps change

the people’s perception of the environment.

In this design, there are many connections to natural systems. The dry streams is

the connection to the natural storm water systems. Figure 33 shows the dry

streams flowing through the site. These are an integral part of the community and

can be seen everywhere while walking through the community.

Figure 33: Dry streams flowing through the community

44

The dry streams are used to manage the storm water on the site. All the storm

water is directed to flow, and to be reused, in the various water features on the

site. In case of overflow, it is directed to the wetland.

Another interesting natural system experienced on the site is the migration of

birds along the Delaware. This would make the residents more educated about

the birds and also help nurture a bond between the birds and the people.

The growth and decay of plants is another system that is a part of the

community. The vegetable garden would help the people bond with their own

food.

Prospect and Refuge

This pattern is a very important pattern with respect to the way a person feels

while he/she is in a space. Humans are predators and hence like to be in cave

like spaces that overlook some kind of activity. The cave-like space is called the

refuge and the overlook is called the prospect. The whole site is designed to be a

refuge with everything to the east being the prospect. As seen in Figure 34, the

taller buildings to the west provide shelter to the smaller buildings to the east.

45

Figure 34: Entire Site perceived as Prospect and Refuge

Figure 35 shows the design of the courtyard in the apartment blocks the taller

part is to the back with the open area overlooking the outdoor spaces in the front.

The tree in the center represents a sculpture that would depict nature or a natural

element.

Figure 35: View of Courtyard

46

Figure 36 shows the seating area that is sheltered by the taller apartments and

overlooking the croquet court. This feature repeats itself in different parts of the

design. Some seating area overlooks the bocce ball court, some faces the

croquet court and some faces water feature near the recreation center.

Figure 36: Seating Area as Prospect and Refuge

Figure 37 shows the space in front of the recreation center that is sheltered by

the recreation center, facing the river. This is the central area of activity with a

campfire in the center that could be used in the winters to attract people

outdoors. The space under the stairs also acts as a refuge area.

47

Figure 37: View of Central Area of Activity

Figure 38 shows a view of the river when a person is standing at the top of the

stairs.

Figure 38: View of the River from the Central Area

Figure 39 shows a view of site from the apartment. The stairs beside the

recreation center also acts as a refuge space where people can sit and watch

people playing bocce ball or croquet without being seen. This pattern helps

reduce stress, boredom, irritation and fatigue. It also improves comfort and

perceived safety (Terrapin Bright Green , 2014).

48

Figure 39: View from Apartment

Since the community is designed to help the residents maintain their individuality,

the individual units shall be designed as per the client’s requirements. However,

to maintain the whole experience of the site and to ensure that the design of the

individual units do not deviate from the principles of the community, a set of

guidelines has been developed.

Guidelines

Guidelines for the design of the individual units:

1. No individual unit shall be more than 12’ high.

2. All units shall be designed so they have at least one point indoors from where

they get a view of the river.

3. For houses that do not get a view of the river, views to desirable outdoor

spaces could be provided.

49

4. No windows should open to face another house.

5. All habitable rooms should have at least 2 windows that are on different

directions.

6. Windows shall be designed to bring in diffused light from the east and south

and direct dynamic light from the north.

7. All open spaces or courtyards shall be provided to the south of the parcel of

land.

8. All rooms should have at least 1 set of operable windows.

9. All materials used should have a natural textured finish or should be made of

natural material.

10. All flat roofs should be green roofs with plants that attract birds or butterflies

or should serve as a vegetable garden.

11. No garage or space for parking shall be provided in the individual units.

12. Every unit must have storm water infrastructure to collect the 1st inch of

rainwater that needs to be stored and reused.

50

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

This design is an example of how biophilic principles can be used in the design of

a community to help the residents live a healthy life. It stands by the guiding

principles. Based on previous research it has many of the biophilic patterns

which would create a huge impact on the users.

It connects the people to nature at many different levels. The connections with

nature are meaningful, such as natural organic patterns, connections to the

natural systems and processes such as changes in seasons and growth and

decay. The environment will strive only when the residents are involved in its

growth. For example, the vegetable garden would need the residents to help and

maintain it while getting the benefit of being able to watch their food grow. It not

only helps the residents be a part of nature but also helps them learn about

nature and its processes. The bird sanctuary would play a major role in this

aspect. It could become a point of interest and bring people from different parts

of the world to watch birds. It also attempts at creating a healthy environment not

only by encouraging physical activity but also through fresh food, fresh air,

sounds of water, walking or cycling by the river.

It also promotes physiological health by providing social spaces that foster

interaction with nature at large, and with humans and other species. Most of the

spaces throughout the design are spaces where a person could either walk past

51

or stop and linger around for a while. Some spaces are designed so that people

to stay in the space for a longer period of time.

All the spaces are designed so that they are accessible to everyone. All the

slopes and grades are provided so that they are never steeper than 1:12 ratio of

slope i.e. for every 1” elevated the length of the slope is 12”. The variations in the

flow of water throughout the site will help the people who are visually impaired.

The use of natural materials would help in guiding people through touch. The

different smells from the healing garden to the smell of rainwater flowing through

the dry streams to the smell of the vegetable garden and finally the smell of the

river will help direct people through the site.

Care has been taken to provide privacy and safety throughout the site. The

individual units have been designed so that they have their own private

backyards. The use of prospect and refuge in the design leads to perceived

safety.

The design is extremely site sensitive. While some techniques could be

replicated and used in other designs, this design is not a prototype that can be

regenerated on a site other than the current location. The design attempts at

restoring a tiny part of the damage done to the environment through different

decisions made at different points in the design process. These decisions have

been enlisted at various points in the report.

This project could be taken further by using the biophilic design principles to

design the apartment buildings.

52

Humans are a part of nature’s system. Hence it is important for us to work within

that system for our survival.

53

Bibliography

Administration for Community Living. (2011). Profile of Older Americans. Retrieved March 30,

2015, from http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/4.aspx

Ball, M. M., Whittington, F. J., Perkins, M. M., Patterson , V. L., Hollingsworth, C., King , S. V., &

Combs, B. L. (2000). Quality of Life in Assisted Living Facilities: Viewpoints of Residents.

Journal of Applied Gerontology, 304-325.

Beatley, T. (2011). Biophilic Citites: Integrating Nature into Urban Cities and Planning.

Bird and Wildlife Watching. (n.d.). Retrieved from Delaware Riverkeeper Network:

http://www.delawareriverkeeper.org/pdf/Wildlife_Wonders.pdf

Boluda, A. (2011, May 30). Health within the walls- how do buildings affect us? Retrieved from

Fundacio Roger Torne: http://www.fundrogertorne.org/health-childhood-

environmental/divulga/inspira-nuevo/2011/05/30/health-within-the-walls-how-do-

buildings-affect-us/

Bovill, C. (1996). Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design. Boston: The Maple Press

Company.

Carmody, B. (2015, March Friday). Sitting is the new Smoking l inc.com. Retrieved from Inc. -

Small business ideas and Resurces for entrepreneurs : http://www.inc.com/bill-

carmody/sitting-is-the-new-smoking.html

Costanza, R., Mitsch, J. W., & Day Jr, W. J. (2006). A New Vision for New Orleans and the

Mississippi Delta: Applying Ecological Economics and Ecological Engineering. Ecological

Society of America.

Cross, J. E. (2001). What is Sense of Place. Western State College.

Evans, E. (2002, October 30). Trees of Strength. Retrieved from North Carolina State University:

http://www.ncsu.edu/project/treesofstrength/

Fromm, E. (1973). The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. Holt Paperbacks.

Kellert, S. R., & Wilson, E. O. (1995). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, D.C: Island Press.

Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen , J., & Mador, M. (2011). Biophilic Design: The theory practice and

science of bringing buildings to life. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Louv, R. (2005). The Last Child in the Woods. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.

Louv, R. (2011). The Nature Principle: Human Restoration and the End of Nature Deficit Disorder.

Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books .

Marsh, J. (n.d.). Brookfield Place: Calatrava's Atrium of Light l Toronto in Time. Retrieved

December 14, 2014, from http://citiesintime.ca/toronto/story/brookfield-p/

54

Millenium Ecosystem Assesment. (2005). Eco-systems and Human Well-being: Sysnthesis.

Washington D C: Island Press.

Mind. (2007). Ecotherapy: The Green Agenda for Mental Health. London: Mind Week Report.

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2009). Depression in older persons FACT SHEET. Arlington:

National Alliance on Mental Illness.

Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The eyes of the skin: Architecture and the senses. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley

& Sons.

Parmley, S. (2006, December Monday). Tribe sees a big prize in a riverfront casino. Retrieved

from philly.com: http://articles.philly.com/2006-12-04/news/25398451_1_foxwoods-

development-pauma-band-howard-dickstein

Rodiek, S. (2010). ASLA 2010 Professional Awards l Access to Nature for Older Adults: Promoting

health through landscape. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from

http://www.asla.org/2010awards/564.html

Salmon, G. (1994). Caring environments for frail elderly people. Madison: Longman Scientific and

Technical.

Scott, G., & Harrington, J. (2014). Leading Age. Nashville, Tenesse: RLPS Architects.

Simon, A. (1951). Psychological Problems of Aging. San Fransico: California Medical Association.

Spring and Fall Migration Time Table. (n.d.). Retrieved from Nutty Birdwatcher:

http://www.birdnature.com/timetable.html

Taylor, R. (n.d.). fractal architecture accross - engawa. Retrieved from engawa:

http://www.engawa.es/index.php?/e05/--fractal-architecture-across----/

Terrapin Bright Green . (2014). 14 Pattern sof Biophilic Design. Terrapin Bright Green LLC.

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. (2007). All About Birds - The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Retrieved from The Cornell Lab of Ornithology:

http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/search

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Physical Activity and Health: A Report of

the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion.

Ude, R. (2013, January 29). Dangers of s Sedentary Lifestyle - Right at Home. Retrieved from

Right at Home - In Home Care and Assistance:

http://www.rightathome.net/blog/dangers-of-the-sedentary-lifestyle-for-seniors/

UNFPA. (2007). State of World Population 2007. UNFPA.

Wassum, R. (2013). Baby Boomer Living: Designing a Modern Continuing Care Retirement

Community. San Luis Obispo .

55

Wilson, E. O., & Kellert, S. R. (1995). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington D.C: Island Press.

World Health Organization. (1948). Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2.

New York: World Health Organization. Retrieved from WHO l World Health organization:

http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html

World Health Organization. (2009). Global Health Risks. Geneva: WHO Press.

Wright, F. L. (n.d.). Frank Lloyd Wright Quotes - Brainy Quote. Retrieved from BrainyQuote.com:

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/f/frank_lloyd_wright.html

56

Appendix

Bird Preferred Habitat Food Picture Type

Brant Salt marshes and

estuaries , feed on

eelgrass or aquatic

invertebrates,

Migratory from costal

Alaska and Arctic Canada,

Migrate from Alaska to

California. How are they

found here?

Canada

Goose

Water, grassy fields,

and grain fields.

Particularly drawn to

lawns

In spring and

summer, geese

concentrate their

feeding on grasses

and sedges, including

skunk cabbage leaves

and eelgrass. During

fall and winter, they

rely more on berries

and seeds, including

agricultural grains,

and seem especially

fond of blueberries.

They’re very efficient

at removing kernels

from dry corn cobs.

Native

American

Black Duck

freshwater wetlands,

including beaver ponds,

brooks lined by

speckled alder, shallow

lakes with reeds and

sedges, bogs in boreal

forests, and wooded

swamps, salt marshes,

riverine habitats

Plant foods include

seeds, roots, tubers,

stems and leaves of

plants growing in

moist soil and

underwater,

Native

57

Mallard almost any wetland

habitats, including

permanent wetlands

such as marshes, bogs,

riverine floodplains,

beaver ponds, lakes,

reservoirs, ponds, city

parks, farms, and

estuaries.

Seeds and aquatic

vegetation, During the

breeding season, they

eat mainly animal

matter including

aquatic insect larvae,

earthworms, snails

and freshwater

shrimp. In city parks,

they readily accept

handouts from park

goers.

Native

Ring-necked

duck

During the winter, look

for them in swamps,

river floodplains,

brackish portions of

estuaries, shallow inland

lakes, sloughs,

marshes, reservoirs,

and other managed

freshwater

impoundments.

Feed on mollusks,

invertebrates, and

submerged aquatic

vegetation. The plants

they eat include

leaves, stems, seeds,

and tubers of

pondweed, water

lilies, wild celery, wild

rice, millet, sedges,

and arrowhead.

Winter (non- breeding)

Greater

Scaup

Found on lakes, ponds,

and bays. Mostly marine

in winter

Clams, snails,

crustaceans, aquatic

insects, seeds, and

aquatic plants

Migratory

Lesser Scaup Found on lakes and

ponds. Winters in fresh

or brackish water

Nesting - Bowl of

grasses or other

vegetation, lined with

down. Placed on ground

Clams, snails,

crustaceans, aquatic

insects, seeds, and

aquatic plants

Migratory

58

or in mound of

vegetation over water.

White winged

scoter

Breeds on large

freshwater or brackish

lakes and ponds.

Winters in coastal

estuaries, bays, and

open coastline with

shallow water over

shellfish beds

Nesting- Hollow in

ground in dense cover

away from water, lined

with down and twigs

Mollusks (especially

clams and mussels),

crustaceans, and

insects; occasionally

aquatic plants and

fish

Migratory

Long tailed

duck

Breeds in ponds,

streams, and other

arctic wetlands. Winters

on open ocean or on

large freshwater lakes

Nesting - Shallow

scrape in the ground,

lined with willow and

birch leaves and then

with down. Placed at the

water's edge, often on

islands or peninsulas,

close to other Long-

tailed Duck nests

Mostly aquatic

invertebrates,

including insects and

crustaceans. Also

some bivalves, fish,

fish eggs, and plant

matter

Migratory

Bufflehead Old flicker nests that

larger ducks such as

goldeneyes and

mergansers cannot fit

into. In winter they occur

mainly near the coast

(although they can be

Bufflehead forage in

open, shallow water

over sparse

submerged vegetation

or over mudflats that

would be exposed at

low tide. They eat

Migratory

59

found in smaller

numbers inland). They

use shallow, sheltered

coves, harbors,

estuaries, or beaches,

avoiding open

coastlines. Inland, they

use ponds, lakes,

impoundments, or bays

along slow-moving

rivers. During spring

migration they spend

time on major rivers or

valley lakes, often in the

first spots to become

free of ice

some plant matter in

fall and winter, mainly

seeds of pondweeds

and bulrushes. In

saltwater, Bufflehead

eat shrimp, crabs,

amphipods, isopods,

snails, mussels,

herring eggs,

sculpins, and

ratfishes. Downy

ducklings sometimes

dabble at the surface

rather than diving.

Common

Goldeneye

Winters primarily in

marine waters, bays and

harbors, as well as in

large inland lakes and

rivers

Aquatic invertebrates,

and occasionally

small fish and

vegetation

Winter(non-breeding)

Red-breasted

Merganser

Mostly fish; also

crustaceans, insects,

and tadpoles

Migratory

Red-throated

loon

Breeds in low tundra

wetlands, bogs, and

ponds in forests. In

migration, flocks stage

on large lakes. Winters

in relatively shallow,

sheltered marine

habitat.

Marine and

freshwater fish,

Migratory

60

Common

Loon

Require crystal-clear

lakes (which makes it

easier for them to see

prey underwater) with

abundant populations of

small fish. Lakes with

coves and islands are

preferred as they

provide cover from

predators while resting

and nesting. They also

require lakes with

enough surface area for

their flapping-and-

running takeoffs across

the water. In their winter

range along ocean

coasts, they occur fairly

close to shore and in

bays and estuaries.

They are only rarely

found more than several

miles offshore.

Mostly fish,

particularly perch and

sunfish on their

northern lakes. If fish

are scarce or water is

too murky for fishing,

they will catch

crustaceans, snails,

leeches and even

aquatic insect larvae

their fishing pursuits

underwater are

something to behold

Migratory

Double

crested

cormorant

Often stand in the sun

with their wings spread

out to dry. In addition to

fishing waters,

cormorants need

perching areas for the

considerable amount of

time they spend resting

each day. After fishing,

cormorants retire to

high, airy perches to dry

off and digest their

They eat a wide

variety of fish (more

than 250 species

have been reported)

Migratory

61

meals—rocks, wires,

tops of dead trees, ship

masts

When at rest, a

cormorant will choose

an exposed spot on a

bare branch or a

windblown rock, and

often spread its wings

out, which is thought to

be a means of drying

their feathers after

fishing.

Great Blue

Heron

Live in both freshwater

and saltwater habitats,

and also forage in

grasslands and

agricultural fields, where

they stalk frogs and

mammals. Most

breeding colonies are

located within 2 to 4

miles of feeding areas,

often in isolated

swamps or on islands,

and near lakes and

ponds bordered by

forests.

does not breed in

Philadelphia

Eat nearly anything

within striking

distance, including

fish, amphibians,

reptiles, small

mammals, insects,

and other birds.

Native

America

Kestrel

Favor open areas with

short ground vegetation

and sparse trees. You’ll

find them in meadows,

grasslands, deserts,

Eat mostly insects

and other

invertebrates, as well

as small rodents and

birds. Common foods

Native

62

parks, farm fields, cities,

and suburbs.

When breeding, kestrels

need access to at least

a few trees or structures

that provide appropriate

nesting cavities.

American Kestrels are

attracted to many

habitats modified by

humans, including

pastures and parkland,

and are often found

near areas of human

activity including towns

and cities.

include grasshoppers,

cicadas, beetles, and

dragonflies; scorpions

and spiders;

butterflies and moths;

voles, mice, shrews,

bats, and small

songbirds. American

Kestrels also

sometimes eat small

snakes, lizards, and

frogs. And some

people have reported

seeing American

Kestrels take larger

prey, including red

squirrels and Northern

Flickers.

Laughing

Gull

Rarely found far inland.

They nest in

saltmarshes, on islands

including artificial ones

created from dredge

spoils.

They eat many

invertebrates,

including earthworms,

insects (including

flying ones), snails,

crabs, and crab eggs,

as well as fish, squid,

berries, garbage,

offal, and handouts

from beachgoers.

They occasionally eat

eggs of other birds

(though not as

frequently as larger

gulls do)

Migratory

63

Bonaparte’s

Gull

Breeds around lakes

and marshes in boreal

forest.

Nesting - Open cup of

twigs, small branches,

and bark, lined with

mosses and lichens.

Placed in tree or bent-

over rushes.

Small fish and large

invertebrates,

including insects.

Does not eat garbage

or carrion.

Migratory

Great Black-

backed gull

They rest or “loaf” in

open areas such as

parking lots, fields,

runways, and piers.

During the winter Great

Black-backed Gulls

move more widely along

the Atlantic coast and

may travel inland along

major rivers.

Great Black-backed

Gulls hunt mussels,

crabs, sea urchins,

other marine

invertebrates, fish and

birds. They also

scavenge dead fish,

carrion, and trash,

and steal food from

other animals

(including diving

ducks, terns, puffins,

murres, shorebirds,

eagles, and sharks).

Along rocky shores,

Great Black-backed

Gulls forage for

invertebrates in

shallow water. On

mudflats they follow

the retreating tide to

capture worms and

small bivalves. They

also forage at

garbage dumps, more

so during the winter

Winter (non-breeding)

64

than during the

breeding season.

Great Black-backed

Gulls eat eggs,

chicks, and adults of

other birds, including

Atlantic Puffins,

Common Murres,

Herring Gulls,

Common Terns,

Roseate Terns, Manx

Shearwaters, Horned

Grebes, and migrant

songbirds.

Caspian Tern Breeds in wide variety of

habitats along water,

such as salt marshes,

barrier islands, dredge

spoil islands, freshwater

lake islands, and river

islands. Roosts on

islands and isolated

spits. Nesting - A scrape

in ground. Nesting

colonies occur on island

beaches, often near

colonies of other bird

species. using man-

made dredge spoil

islands and dikes for

breeding

Almost entirely fish;

occasionally crayfish

and insects.

Migratory

Fish Crow Fish Crows live along

beaches, marshes,

estuaries, lakes, and

rivers. In addition to

Eat almost anything,

including carrion,

trash, nestlings and

eggs of other birds,

Native

65

waterfront habitats, look

for them inland around

agricultural fields, urban

and suburban areas,

golf courses and

wooded neighborhoods.

Nesting - Fish Crows

put their nests near the

tops of evergreens,

deciduous trees, palms,

and mangroves

depending on what’s

available. Pairs may

nest within 100 yards of

each other, particularly

in marshes where nest

trees are scarce.

berries, fruit, and

grain, and any items

they can steal from

other birds. Their

association with water

leads them to eat

crabs, marine

invertebrates, and

turtle eggs more than

other crows. They are

well-known predators

of other birds’ nests

and may specialize on

raiding the nests of

colonial waterbirds,

including Double-

crested Cormorants,

ibis, herons, gulls,

and terns, as well as

solitary-nesting

species such as rails,

ducks, plovers, and

songbirds such as

Blue Jays, Northern

Mockingbirds, Brown

Thrashers, Common

Grackles, and Red-

winged Blackbirds.

Bank

Swallow

Low areas along rivers,

streams, ocean coasts,

or reservoirs. Their

territories usually

include vertical cliffs or

banks where they nest

in colonies of 10 to

Eat flying or jumping

insects, such as bees,

wasps, ants,

butterflies or moths.

Summer (breeding)

66

2,000 nests. these

swallows populate

human-made sites, such

as sand and gravel

quarries or road cuts.

Nesting - dig burrows

that will lead to a nest

chamber. The burrows

are perpendicular to the

ground level and, when

finished, are dug about

25 inches into the side

of the bank. Usually

made in fairly loose soils

that are easy for the

birds to burrow into, and

are located near large

bodies of water so that

there is ample room for

vertical flying.

American

Pipit

In migration and winter

uses coastal beaches

and marshes, stubble

fields, recently plowed

fields, mudflats, and

river courses.

Nesting - Placed on

ground, with

overhanging vegetation.

Insects and seeds.

Migratory

Source: (The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2007)