Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4...
-
Upload
clifton-black -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4...
![Page 1: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biomolecules
Ch - 2The Molecules of Life
![Page 2: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Molecules are combinations of atoms
• What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter?
• Carbon C• Oxygen O• Nitrogen N• Hydrogen H
![Page 3: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Importance of Carbon
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons• carbon can create strong skeletons or backbones
![Page 4: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Carbon bonds with Carbon
• Biomolecules have carbon backbones – They are organic molecules
• C-skeletons: straight chain, branched chain, ring
![Page 5: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Carbon bonds with Hydrogen
• Hydrocarbons are molecules composed of only hydrogen and carbon
• Are hydrophobic
![Page 6: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Carbon bonds with functional groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that interact in predictable ways
• Functional groups attach to carbon backbones to create biomolecules
![Page 7: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hydroxyl Group
• alcohols• polar– Hydrophilic – Soluble in water
Found in sugars
![Page 8: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Carbonyl
• Ketones (within) and aldehydes (on the end)• Polar• Found in sugars
![Page 9: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Carboxyl Group
• carboxylic acids• Polar• Acidic • Found in fatty acids and proteins
![Page 10: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Amino Group
• Amines• Polar• Basic• Found in amino acids (proteins)
![Page 11: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phosphate Group
• Store/transfer energy• Polar; water soluble• Found in nucleic acids • Found in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) = cell
energy
![Page 12: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Monomers & Polymers
• Biomolecules are combinations of smaller molecules called monomers
• Monomers link together to form polymers
![Page 13: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Building and breaking polymers
• dehydration synthesis = monomers combined to make polymers
![Page 14: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Building and breaking polymers
• Hydrolysis = polymers are broken into monomers
![Page 15: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
4 Biomolecules
• All polymers are classified into one of 4 biomolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
![Page 16: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Carbohydrates!
![Page 17: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• Ring shape • Provide and store energy; building material in
plants
![Page 18: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• Carbs are hydrophilic– Full of hydroxyls and carbonyls
![Page 19: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Monosaccharides
• 1 ring• Example: Glucose (C6H12O6)• energy source
![Page 20: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Disaccharides
• Double Sugars (oxygen bridge)• Example: Sucrose • immediate energy or stored
![Page 21: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Polysaccharides
• Long polymer of sugar monomers• Complex carbs• Starch: chain of glucose monomers– used by plants as sugar storage– Animals can break down starch to release glucose
and energy
![Page 22: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Polysaccharides
• Glycogen– Used by animals to store extra sugar– Stored in the liver
![Page 23: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Polysaccharides
• Cellulose– Used by plants for building material– Most animals cannot break down cellulose; passes
through body as fiber• Chitin– Used by fungi for building material
![Page 24: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lipids!
![Page 25: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lipids
• ALL hydrophobic
![Page 26: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Lipids: Phospholipids
• Phospholipids: form cell membranes
![Page 27: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Lipids
• Fats (triglycerides) 3 C backbone (glycerol) attached to 3 long chains of hydrocarbons (fatty acids)
• Store energy, cushion organs, insulate
![Page 28: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Lipids: Fats• Saturated fats– all fatty acids have maximum H atoms– Solid at room T
• Unsaturated fats– One or more double bond in fatty acid chain, causing in to
kink
Which do you want to limit in your diet?
![Page 29: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lipids: Steroids
• C-skeleton of 4 fused rings• Steroids are chemical signals– Cholesterol = essential in cell membranes; building
block of other steroids
![Page 30: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Proteins!
When there is something to do, it is a protein that does it.
![Page 31: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Proteins
• Proteins have many important functions. Some are:– Antibodies– Receptors– Enzymes – Neurotransmittors– Energy Storage– Build and Repair muscles and tissue
![Page 32: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Amino Acids
• Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids
• Amino Acids consist of one central C bonded to 4 partners:– H-atom– Carboxyl– Amino– An “R-group”
![Page 33: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Polypeptides
• Amino acids link together forming peptide bonds
![Page 34: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Protein Structure
• Polypeptides take shape to from a protein.• Each protein has its own unique 3-D shape
that determines its function• The shape of a protein is determined by how
its amino acids interact
![Page 35: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Denaturation
• Proteins can be unraveled and changed by changes in temp, pH, or other changes in environment
![Page 36: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Enzymes
![Page 37: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Protein: Enzymes
• An enzyme is a biological catalyst• Lower the activation energy of a specific
reaction– allow chemical reactions in cells to occur at
normal temperatures
![Page 38: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Protein: Enzymes
• Each enzyme has a specific job• Used again and again• Ability depends on shape
![Page 39: Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e2a5503460f94b176ce/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Protein: Enzymes
• Substrate molecules fit into active site, enzyme molds around substrate– enzyme-substrate complex
• Enzyme breaks up the substrate