BIOMOLECULES- Building BLOCKS OF ORGANISMS

Carbon Compounds in Cells

Organic Compounds

• Organic compounds consists of carbon and one or more additional elements covalently bonded to one another

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Biomolecules

• Those molecules that make up living things

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Importance of Carbon• Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to

at as many of four other atoms.

• Carbon has the ability to rotate freely around a single covalent bond

• As a result carbon has the ability to form many varied structures

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Hydrocarbons

• Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

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Functional Groups

• Atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to carbon backbones, that convey distinct properties, such as solubility and chemical reactivity.

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3 Types of functional groups

1. Hydroxyl group - OH

2. Carboxyl group - COOH

3. Amines - NH2

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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How Cells Use Organic Compounds

1. Biosynthesis Reactions - two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule. Dehydration synthesis

2. Hydrolysis - a molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules as a result of the addition of water

3. Enzymes - a special class of proteins that speed and initiate all chemical reactions in cells

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Important Biological Compounds

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids5. Vitamins6. Minerals

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Carbohydrates

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• In a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O• Functional groups present include

Hydroxyl groups

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Function of Carbohydrates in Cells

1.The breakdown of carbohydrates in our cells are the major source of energy for the cell.

2.Major structural component of plant cells

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Classification of Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of sugar molecules that make them up

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3 Types of Carbohydrates1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

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Monosaccharides

• Carbohydrates`that consist of only a single sugar unit

• include glucose, fructose, galactose• These monosaccharides serve as the building

blocks for much larger carbohydrates.• Glucose is the major source of cellular energy in

cells

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Disaccharides• Composed of 2 monosaccharides

• cells can make disaccharides by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.

• Ex. Glucose + fructose = sucrose

• Glucose + galactose = lactose

• Energy in 8 hrs-hydrolysis

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HYDROLYSIS

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Polysaccharides• Composed of 3 or more

monosaccharides

• made by way of biosynthesis of cells

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Polysaccharides

• 1. Starch - hundreds of thousands of glucose molecules

• made by plants to store energy for future use• easily hydrolized into individual glucose

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Polysaccharides• 2. Cellulose - form cell walls in plant cells

• - also called fiber or ruffage• - indigestible by humans

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Types of Polysaccharides

• 3. Glycogen - made in animal cells• - made for the purpose of short term energy

storage

• stored in liver and muscles

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Types of Polysaccharides

• 4. Chitin

• - a specialized polysaccharide that has nitrogen attached to it

• - forms exoskeleton of arthropods

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Lipids• Lipids are nonpolar and

do not dissolve in water• composed of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen• contain the carboxyl

functional group

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Key Components of Lipids

• Fatty acids are key components of many lipids

• unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature - carbon chains have double bonds

• saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and carbon chains contain only single bonds

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Function of Lipids1.Storage of energy in animals

• animal cells will convert excess carbohydrates into lipids to be stored for later use

2. Key component in cell membranes-phospholipid

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Function of Lipids3. Cushion for delicate organs

4. Carriers for vitamins A, D, E, K

5. Serve as the raw materials for the production of hormones

6. Insulation against the cold

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Types of Lipids1.Triglycerides

• formed by the union of 3 fatty acids and an alcohol called glycerol

• those composed of saturated fatty acids are called fats and are made in plants

• those that are composed of unsaturated fatty acids are called oils and are found in oils

• excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to triglycerides until the energy is needed.

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Types of Lipids2.Phospholipids

• composed of glycerol and fatty acids as well as phosphate groups

• are a major component of cell membranes

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Types of Lipids

• 5. Waxes

• composed of very long chains of fatty acids

• serve as waterproof coating for plant leaves, animal fur, and feathers

• 4. Sterols

• serve as building blocks for hormones

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Proteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

• contain the carboxyl group and the amine group

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Key Components of Proteins

• Proteins are composed of smaller units called amino acids

• there are 20 different types of amino acids

• the average protein is about 200 A.A. long

• A.A acids can combine in millions of different ways to form millions of proteins

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Function of Proteins

• Serve as the raw materials for the building of new cells and tissues

• Help in disease fighting-antigens

• Serve as transport agents in the body-hemoglobin

• Help to speed and initiate chemical reactions (enzymes)

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Protein Shape and Function

• Every protein made by the cell has its own distinctive shape

• it is the shape of the protein that helps to determine its function

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PRIMARY PROTEINS

SECONDARY PROTEIN

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TERTIARY PROTEIN• ENZYMES

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QUATERNARY PROTEIN

• HEMOGLOBIN

• CHLOROPHYLL

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Enzymes - Special Proteins

• All reactions that take place in our cells are initiated and sped up as a result of a SPECIFIC enzyme.

• All reactions require enzymes or they will not occur or occur much to slowly

• Enzymes are catalysts (see glossary)

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Enzyme’s effects on Activation Energy

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Enzymes and Environment

• High temperatures or changes in pH can cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D shape ( denaturation )

• this denaturation causes the enzyme to lose its normal functioning

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Nucleic Acids

• Composed of building blocks called nucleotides

• 2 main types– deoxyribonucleic acid (D.N.A)– ribonucleic acid ( R.N.A)

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