Biomolecules

Another name for a Biomolecule is a Macromolecule.

Macromolecules are Large Molecules within the cells.

They are made from thousands of smaller molecules.

A.) Polymers- larger compounds

B.) Monomers- smaller compounds

C.)Polymerization- building of large compounds by joining smaller ones.

(Analogous Ex: cars of a train linked together to make the train as a whole)

Cars= monomers

Train= polymer

Student Notes

Using your knowledge of Root Words, explain how the terms Biomolecule and

Macromolecule are related.

Student notes

Get with a partner next to you, without getting out of your seat.

Come up with an example of monomers and polymers, other than the train!!

4 major biomolecules

• 1.) Carbohydrates (sugars/starches)

• 2.) Proteins ( amino acids)

• 3.) Lipids (fats,oils,waxes,steroids)

• 4.) Nucleic Acids (DNA,RNA)

Student page

Write down everything that you have eaten today, you can also include what you have had to

drink.

Student Notes p. 5

Without looking at your notes:

1. Give an example of a monomer and a polymer and label each one.

2. Name which macromolecule you would need the most for running a marathon.

3. What types of food would you eat before the marathon?

# 1--Carbohydrates

• “Fast Fuel”- sugars & starches• Sugar molecules made of C, H, & O • Made in a 1:2:1 ratio• C6H12O6

• Two types of Sugars:• Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Monosaccharides

• simple sugars:• A.) glucose- “blood sugar” energy for

cellular respiration• B.) galactose- sugar in milk & yogurt• C.) fructose- sugar found in honey• all 3 have same molecular structure

(C6H12O6) but different structural formulas or shapes.

Disaccharides

• Are Monosaccharides covalently bonded together

• 3 Common Disaccharides

• A.) sucrose (table sugar)= glucose +fructose• B.) lactose (sugar in milk) =glucose + galactose• C.) maltose= (product of starch digestion)= glucose

+ glucose

Starches

• Polysaccharides = starches• Starches are polymers of glucose• A.) amylose• B.) amylopectin

• Sugars are soluble in water• Starches are insoluble in water

Student Notes

Explain the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide,

and a polysaccharide.

Draw and label the molecular structure of each type of

carbohydrate

Structural formula for Carbohydrates

Student page 9Make a chart of the

3 types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides(simple sugar)

Disaccharides(simple sugar)

Polysaccharides(starch)

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3.

#2--Proteins

Many structures/Many functions

Proteins are made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Formed from monomers called amino acids.

Role of Proteins

Each protein has a specific role ,such as:

*A. regulating cell processes

*B. controlling the rate of reactions (movement)

*C. forming muscles or bones (structural support)

*D. transporting substances into or out of cells

*E. fighting disease (against foreign substances)

Student NotesChoose one of the functions of

the proteins.

What would happen if the protein that controlled that function stopped working?

Write your answer in a complete sentence!!

Amino Acid Molecular Structure

*compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-

COOH) on the other end with a side chain called an “R-group”

#3---Lipids

*made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

*Generally not soluble in water. (hydrophobic)

*Consist of fats, oils and waxes, also steroids.

Uses of Lipids

**Used to store energy.*

**Some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

**Protection

**Formed when glycerol joins a fatty acid group.

Study the 1st Ten Latin Root Words with your partner at your

table for the next 5 minutes

Student Notes

Who do you think stores more fat in their bodies, Men or Women?

Explain your answer in complete sentences!!

Structure of a Lipid

Types of Lipids

Saturated fats- all carbons have the maximum number of hydrogens attached to

them. Usually are solid at room temperature (lard,

Crisco.)

Unsaturated fats- contain at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond.

Usually are liquid at room temperature (cooking oils.)

#4--Nucleic Acids

*made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus

*Formed from monomers called nucleotides.

*Nucleotides- made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

*Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.

Nucleotide

Types of Nucleic Acids

RNA-ribonucleic acid, contains the sugar ribose.

DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the sugar deoxyribose.