Biometric Systems to Reduce Fare Evasion in NSW Transport

7/23/2019 Biometric Systems to Reduce Fare Evasion in NSW Transport

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biometric-systems-to-reduce-fare-evasion-in-nsw-transport 1/15

A report on reducing fare evasion in NSW transport

with biometrics

Prepared by:

Ammar Khan (121!!2"

Presented to

#r$ %om &rengos

%echno'ogy esearch Preparation 21))

#asters of *nformation %echno'ogy+ Spring 2!1,

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Table of Contents

1$ -.ecutive Summary$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1

2$ *ntroduction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2$ esearch Aims and /b0ectives$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

)$ acground$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)

,$ esearch Significance and *nnovation$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3

4$ esearch #ethods$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5

3$ 6onc'usion and esu'ts$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7

eferences$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1!

APP-N8*9$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$12

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1. Executive Summary

%he transport department of a government body is one the most important departments of

civi' service$ *t 'itera''y drives the economic growth of an area$ New South Wa'es hostsSydney+ which happens to be the economic+ financia' and baning capita' of Austra'ia as we''

as being a very prominent tourist city$ %hus NSW dept$ of transport is responsib'e for moving

many foreign and 'oca' passengers in and out of the state$ ut in doing so+ the transport

system often becomes burdened with peop'e trying to evade fare$ /ur hypothesis is that this

fare evasion prob'em can be reduced with the introduction of biometric recognition system$

%o prove our hypothesis+ we are proposing a research approach to test the viabi'ity of this

pro0ect by conducting interviews with appropriate transport department representative and do

a ;ua'itative and comparative study of a case study to investigate a number of issues

inc'uding:

< Ways and methods an offender manages to evade fare$

< &easibi'ity of such a system in reducing fare evasion$

< iometrics and its compatibi'ity with the current infrastructure at transport services$

%he ne.t part of our research wou'd be based on ;ua'itative interview and comparative case

studies to identify so'utions to the above mentioned ;uestions$

%his research essentia''y aims to add to the current gap in now'edge regarding imp'ementing biometric systems in transport to reduce fare evasion$ *t a'so aims to address the gap in

now'edge regarding how a person wi'' go about trying to evade fare and game the system$

&rom this research we may be ab'e to high'ight if there is a gap in the information avai'ab'e

on'ine on biometrics systems as a who'e$

*n the 'ong<term+ this system wi'' he'p save mi''ions of ta.payer money annua''y and wi''

contribute towards bui'ding of a better and more secure transport system$

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2. Introduction

*n recent years the trend of popu'ation growth has e.ceeded e.ponentia''y in New South

Wa'es$ #ost of the popu'ation is concentrated in and around Sydney+ which wi'' grow by1!!+,!! peop'e annua''y (8epartment of P'anning and -nvironment 2!1,"$ As with such

popu'ation growth+ e.penditures in pub'ic transport have been rising$ 8ue to this rise in

popu'ation the government needs to undertae more deve'opment pro0ects and that=s where

reducing cost via fare evasion comes in$ %he NSW ureau of %ransport Statistics estimates

that it 'oses A>8 41$2 mi''ion annua''y (ureau of %ransport Statistics+ 2!1)" due to this

fraudu'ent activity$ A'though previous'y /pa' cards (8epartment of %ransport+ 2!1," have

been introduced into the system+ this report wi'' 'oo at how the prob'em of fare evasion sti''

e.ists$ %his report found out that /pa' cards have issues with smart<card (Attoh</ine and

Shen+ 177," and that /pa' card themse'ves don=t contribute towards reducing fare evasion$

esearch into this particu'ar area of app'ying biometrics for fare comp'iance is not current but

interview with re'evant department representative informed us that this sort of so'ution is

re;uired and wi'' rea''y benefit the transport system$

%hat is why this report aims to assess the viabi'ity of using biometrics to reduce fare evasion$

Since there is a 'ac of comparative case study we wi'' try to draw a para''e' with the use of

biometric recognition in other areas of security (Ko+ 2!!5"$ We hypnoti?e that biometrics

having p'ayed a big part in security app'ications (@afurov+ 2!!3" wi'' again be beneficia' in

reducing fare evasion$ *f the suggested approach in this report is imp'emented the department

of transport wi'' be ab'e to reduce the direct 'oss in ta.payer money$ A'so another advantage

wi'' be the indirect cost saving that wi'' incur if 'ess time and manpower is needed to enforce

fare comp'iance that inc'udes po'ice officers reports and fare comp'iance officers$ As part of

this research+ interview with the re'evant authority a'so a''owed us to update and maintain a

'ist of a'' forms of fare evasion found in the NSW transport so that this information can be

updated for future reference of the department$

%his report confirmed our hypothesis and found that imp'ementing such a system wou'd

re;uire the 'east amount of hardware and infrastructure cost to the transport system+ as most

of the re;uired hardware is a'ready in p'ace$ A'so the ethica' imp'ications of this approach

wi'' not hinder the imp'ementation as the appropriate 'aws are a'ready in p'ace$ owever aresearch gap was identified that stated that biometric and more specifica''y gesture

recognition are both very uncertain fie'ds of study and thus imp'ementing a system of such

ca'ibre wou'd re;uire human contro' as we''$

%he pro0ect proposa' wi'' try to discuss the pro0ects aims and ob0ectives in the ne.t sections$

Bater this report wi'' 'oo a bacgroundC 'iterature review of the re'evant research that has

a'ready been done in this or simi'ar area$ %his report wi'' then 'ist down the significance and

suggested innovation$ We a'so out'ine research methods and resu'ts in the 'ast section$

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3. Research Aims and b!ectives

/ur research aims to investigate a number of issues and cha''enges which are being faced by

the NSW transport$ %hese are the main aims of our research:

< ow is big of a prob'em fraud evasion rea''y is and how do the NSW transport

department prioriti?e itD

< What actua''y defines fare evasion for NSW transport and what are the way by which

offenders evade fareD

< What is NSW transport department doing to reduce fare evasion and where it sti''

fee's more needs to be doneD

< ow effective wi'' imp'ementing a biometric system be in the conte.t of fare evasionD

< What are the cha''enges of imp'ementing a biometric system to detect fare evasionD

< What are the ethica' issues of imp'ementing a biometric system to detect fare evasionD

%hese are issues which we have to ana'yse by studying simi'ar cases in mu'tip'e papers and

annua' reports pub'ished by NSW transport department and interview to authori?ed

department representatives$ We wi'' tae a ;ua'itative approach to understanding this prob'em

and 0udge the feasibi'ity of app'ying such a biometric system to reduce

/ur main ob0ective of research is+ how biometric system can improve NSW transport

capabi'ities and performance by emp'oying a smart so'ution to reduce fare evasion$

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". #ac$%round

%ransport authority of NSW (New South Wa'es" are rendering services to pub'ic to faci'itate

them with day to day trave''ing needs$ ai's+ 'ight rai's+ buses+ ferries has e;ua' contribution

towards succession of deve'oped networ$ /ur area of interest is to dea' with imp'emented

smart card 'ie E/pa'F techno'ogy to carry out fare transactions$ As mentioned in fare

comp'iance report+ re'eased by transport department every year based on ana'ytica' data

co''ection+ this report is for generating a research proposa' with ob0ect to 'essen fare

mitigation by the customers$ %rains covers a vast regiona' ?one and severa' cities

transportation of about )$3 mi''ion trips annua''y (8epartment of transport+ 2!1)b"+ 2$7

mi''ion train 0ourneys fa'' under Sydney train department (8epartment of transport+

2!1)c"$6onsidering the monetary investment a tota' amount of A>8 1!$5 bi''ion inc'uding

A>8 4$7 bi''ion to support management$ Pro0ection says Sydney is e.pecting increment in

their migrants or residents by a mi''ion over a decade$ An approach is essentia' to save cost

and dep'ete e.penditure$

As the report dea's with NSW transportation faci'ities avai'ab'e for genera' pub'ic and more

concise'y with one of the 'argest finance capita' of Austra'ia which is Sydney$ %he city has )

counci's in tota'$ &urthermore these pane's are containing over 4,! suburbs+ Suburbs are

connected via road and rai' tracs$ %his city conveyance is governed by NSW transport

authority with the he'p of Sydney metro trains+ trams ('ight rai'"+ ferries and buses$ %a.is+

charter buses is a'so invo'ved in this converged networ for trave''ing across the p'aces but

sti'' services provided by transport administration body of New South Wa'es ho'ds a strong

firm hand on comp'e. networ$ %o reduce this comp'e.ion an effort had been made by

'egis'ation+ *nitiation of smart card ticeting process rather than magnetic stripes based paper

ticets$ An opa' card came into e.istence in 'ate 2!12$

*mage 1: /pa' 6ard (www$sydneycrimina''awyers$com$au+ 2!1,"

>ndoubted'y it was a great approach to monitor and contro' the ticeting system$ Amp'e of

transactions re'ating to trave''ers cou'd be reasonab'y maintained for gathering fare+ estimated

earning and evasion as we''$ Apparent'y opa' is not a perfect form in some cases as it needsscrutiny+ at the time of e.ponentia' passengers growth and for fare evasion$

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*mage 2: Bost revenue by mode (November 2!1) &are 6omp'iance Survey esu't+ 2!1,"

%his proposa' cou'd sub0ect as a saviour by reducing damage occurrence from tariff

avoidance$ Severa' activities had been recorded in conte.t to evasion techni;ues (November

2!1) &are 6omp'iance Survey esu't+ 2!1," for e.amp'e+ usage of a chi'd opa' card by an

adu't person whi'e wandering across the train stations$ 6ustomers transition from one p'ace to

another with a discounted ticet but without an evidence that why they are the specia'

discount ho'der$ -ven sometimes ticet ho'der doesn=t care about whether the pass is bona

fide or void$ %he prob'em sti'' persist in an irrationa' way by having no ticet at a''+ trave''inga'ong with the bunch of peop'e where chance of getting caught is 'ow 'iewise in buses and

ferries as b'in of an eye cou'd 'ead to an e'usion$ Simp'y interrupt their 0ourney in the midd'e

0ust to dodge ticet and opa' card checing threat$ Pensioner opa' card benefits to a non<

pensioner person to ignore pea time rates$ Garious surveys had been conducted and Sydney

statistics re'ated to fare comp'iance was 7$5 percent+ 73$1 percent+ 5)$3 percent and 7$,

respective'y in terms of rai'+ ferries+ road transport service (buses"+ and 'ight rai' (ureau of

%ransport Statistics+ 2!1)"$Het after this+ an ana'ysis portrays unfavourab'e figure+ as

department of transport has a costing of A>8 41$2 mi''ion in a year which is an accumu'ated

va'ue by fare evasion on'y$ owever+ considering current scenario the ne.t further years

cou'd surpass that amount because increase in popu'ation wi'' not bring on'y users but a'so a

stretch in fraudu'ent practices which is hard to monitor by smart card operations$

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*mage : -stimated evenue Boss (November 2!1) &are 6omp'iance Survey esu't+ 2!1,"

/pa'+ since its estab'ishment disp'ays a good positive resu't in regards to revenue 'osses

occurred from rai' and ferries cost (November 2!1) &are 6omp'iance Survey esu't+ 2!1,"$

%his survey regard'ess to any information for buses is sti'' a matter of concern which cou'd

give birth to more unconventiona' outcome possib'y$

%o e'evate fare management procedure and to decrease evasion chances to its minimum$ /ur

recommendation is to suggest transport authority a concept of biometric techno'ogy bui'd

ticet mechanism eeping in mind the facts and methodo'ogy and by going through ana'ysis

presented on this report$

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&. Research Si%nificance and Innovation

%here seems to be 'imited data on using biometric systems to detect fare evasion in a

transport system$ A'though it shou'd be mentioned that wor has been done to detect security

threats and authentication by detecting gait (@afurov+ 2!!3"+ the way a person wa's+ which

wi'' he'p draw a para''e' between the approach suggested by this proposa'$ We wou'd

therefore 'ie to determine this para''e' through our research$

/ur bacground research shows that in fact NSW transport is 'acing in proper reduction of

fare evasion and re'ies too heavi'y on human error and random checs$ %o remove this

dependency and to reduce 'osses in the system+ it wou'd mae sense to emp'oy a digitised+

easi'y dep'oyab'e+ easi'y understood so'ution to reduce fare evasion$ %hat=s why we assess

that our biometric system wou'd do more good than cost$

%he best part of our approach is that it uti'ises the current infrastructure a'ready in p'ace to

imp'ement the system$ iometric systems re;uire camera and bacend servers to wor which

don=t need to be imp'emented specia''y for our system so this wi'' he'p our approach being

imp'emented as we''$ Another advantage is that our approach wi'' wor with the /PAB cards

a'ready imp'emented$ So our approach is innovative in that we don=t wish to re<invent the

whee' and as the government and department to mae huge investment+ we wou'd rather

enforce the system that is a'ready in p'ace and c'ose its 'oopho'es$

Another way our system is innovative because we not on'y propose a way to reduce fareevasion but this a'so wors towards mitigating the prob'em+ that is stopping the offenders

before they commit the crime$ We suggest imp'ementing a fine system 'ie the one a'ready in

p'ace

A pre'iminary search of security app'ications with biometric techno'ogies shows that there are

sti'' issues with this techno'ogy (Ko+ 2!!5"$ We aim for our research to shed further 'ight on

this matter$ *f our research does indicate there is 'itt'e discussion on re'iabi'ity then we can

safe'y suggest that this is not the way to go$ ut we hypnotise that this wi'' not happen as

biometric systems are increasing'y getting imp'emented in the wor'd (>niversity of

#ary'and+ 2!1,"$ Another ma0or importance of this system is the huge imp'ication of security

it has on the safeguarding of the transport system against terrorist threats$

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'. Research (ethods

%o conduct this research and 0udge the feasibi'ity of this research+ we have conducted

research with two methods$ %he first method wi'' be us 'ooing at the simi'ar case studies 'iethe one imp'emented in in Bondon (6'are 177"+ we 'earned that imp'ementing of a digita'

so'ution 'ie ticeting and better turnsti'es a'ways decrease the number of cases of fare

evasion$ %his yie'ds us ;ua'itative resu'ts as there is no sing'e case of imp'ementing a

biometric system+ more specifica''y gait and gesture recognition (@afurov+ 2!!3"+ in the

conte.t of fare evasion$ ut we 'earn some ways of detecting fare evasion as 'earned by the

Gictorian transport department (Pub'ic %ransport Gictoria+ 2!1)"$

%he second wi'' invo've interviewing the re'evant authority on fare comp'iance in various

departments at transport NSW$ We wi'' aim to interview at 'east , fare comp'iance officers

from different stations and modes of transport$ We wi'' have someone form the head;uarters

as we''+ since they wi'' have the birds<eye view of the who'e system$

%he interview conducted was ;ua'itative and most'y dea's with 'earning about NSW transport

system+ fare evasion as a prob'em+ and the feasibi'ity of biometrics in a system$ %his is how it

was broen down:

< Iuestions 1 to 2 dea' with fare evasion and its burden on the transport system$

< Iuestions to 3 dea' with ways and methods peop'e app'y to perform fare evasion

and some time s'ots and suburbs more evasion is e.perienced$

< Iuestions 5 to 1! dea' with the so'utions and practises that NSW transport a'ready hasin p'ace to reduce fare evasion$

< Iuestion 11 to 1) dea' with the best practises in imp'ementing the biometric approach

we have suggested$

< Iuestion 1, dea's with the benefit this system has on the transport system as a who'e$

As a pre'iminary research we sat down with the customer re'ations manager+ #r 6ory

oeton+ and ased him the ;uestions (inc'uded in the appendi." to get a c'ear view and the

scope of our wor$ %his a'so a''ow us to enrich the findings from research papers+ get updated

facts and better update our research$

/ur pro0ect wi'' be successfu' if we can garner enough support and interest from the NSW

transport department and comp'ete a proper fact<finding way of interviewing to 'earn about

ways to detect fare evasion and imp'ement a system based on that$ As we'' as do a ;ua'itative

ana'ysis of the fa'se positives generated by our imp'emented biometric system$ %he research

is e.p'oratory+ descriptive and f'e.ib'e in nature to do that$

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). Conclusion and Results

&undamenta''y+ main purpose of research is+ measurements taen by NSW transport

department to reduce fare evasion and where it sti'' fee's more needs to be done and why they

must need to do this$ *t a'so aims to focus on the feasibi'ity of biometrics to reduce the fare

evasion in transport$

According to the annua' report November 2!1) &are 6omp'iance Survey esu't+ 2!1,+ we

have conc'uded that there are around four common ways to do fare evasion by the offenders$

%hese ways and steps are: not having a ticet+ concession misuse+ overriding and run away$

%hrough this survey the most important and vibrant way which hits the transport economy is

ENot having the ticetF$ %he previous research papers a'so indicate ways biometric

techno'ogy is beneficia' in security app'ications$

%hrough interview conducted with 6ustomer e'ations #anager and Station #aster of

6entra'+ #r$ 6ory oeton+ our findings are:

• According to the NSW transport+ fare evasion issue is not high priority for them but

they are active'y 'ooing for a so'ution to this prob'em$

• %hey are using face recognition techno'ogy in transport a'ready and thus are interested

in the app'ication of our biometric techno'ogy in para''e' to their system$

• #ain areas of the fare evasion are the NSW regiona' stations and stations that do not

have proper gate system$

• %he NSW fare comp'iance dept$ re'ies heavi'y on manpower but a'so recogni?es that

this causes human error and thus a better system is needed$

%hrough this research we have drawn and high'ighted the hypothesis that biometrics wi'' he'p

to transport to overcome the e.penditures and fare evasion to get rid of annua' 'ose$ With our

proposed research method+ transport system can easi'y imp'ement biometrics techno'ogy to

current woring /PAB system without any new invention and techno'ogy$ So overa'' this is

the best approach to reduce the fare evasion and this approach a'so stop the offenders to do

the crime as we''$

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References

Attoh</ine+ N$ /$ J Shen+ B$ 8$ Security issues of emerging smart cards fare co''ection

app'ication in mass transit$ Gehic'e Navigation and *nformation Systems 6onference+

177,$ Proceedings$ *n con0unction with the Pacific im %rans%ech 6onference$ 4th

*nternationa' GN*S$ A ide into the &uture+ ! Lu'<2Aug 177, 177,$ ,2<,24$

ureau of %ransport Statistics+ 2!1)+ Fare Compliance Survey Results – November

2014+ viewed 4 September 2!1,+ M

http:CCwww$bts$nsw$gov$auCArtic'e8ocumentsC5!Ctrans2!1,<!4<

farecomp'iancesurvey2!1)$pdf$asp.O$

6'are+ $ G$ 177$ &are evasion and automatic ticet co''ection on the Bondon underground$

Crime Prevention Studies, 1* 1,<1)4$

8epartment of %ransport+ 2!1,+ Opal Card + viewed 4 September 2!1,+ M

http:CCwww$transport$nsw$gov$auCcontentCopa'<cardO

8epartment of %ransport+ 2!1)a+ ransport !or NS" #nnual Report + viewed 4 September

2!1,+

Mhttp:CCwww$transport$nsw$gov$auCsitesCdefau'tCfi'esCb2bCpub'icationsCannua'reportsCt

fnsw<annua'<report<2!1<2!1)$pdf O

8epartment of %ransport+ 2!1)b+ Sydney rains #nnual Report + viewed 4 September 2!1,+Mhttp:CCwww$transport$nsw$gov$auCsitesCdefau'tCfi'esCb2bCpub'icationsCannua'reportsCs

ydney<trains<annua'<report<2!1<1)$pdf O

8epartment of %ransport+ 2!1)c+ NS" rains #nnual Report + viewed 4 September 2!1,+

Mhttp:CCwww$transport$nsw$gov$auCsitesCdefau'tCfi'esCb2bCpub'icationsCannua'reportsCn

sw<trains<annua'<report<2!1<1)$pdf O

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http://www.bts.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/80/trans2015-06-fare_compliance_survey_2014.pdf.aspx


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http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/nsw-trains-annual-report-2013-14.pdf




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8emographyC8emographyCPopu'ation<Pro0ectionsO

@afurov+ 8$ A survey of biometric gait recognition: Approaches+ security and cha''enges$

Annua' Norwegian 6omputer Science 6onference+ 2!!3$ 6iteseer+ 17<21$

Ko+ %$ A survey on behavior ana'ysis in video survei''ance for home'and security

app'ications$ App'ied *magery Pattern ecognition Worshop+ 2!!5$ A*P!5$ 3th

*---+ 2!!5$ *---+ 1<5$

Pub'ic %ransport Gictoria+ 2!1)+ %ictorian O!!icial Fare Compliance Series+ viewed 4September 2!1,+ M http:CCptv$vic$gov$auCassetsCP%GCP%G2!docsC&are<

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https://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/annual-report-2014-15.pdf





A++E,-I

%he fo''owing are the interview ;uestions we used to ;uestion transport department

representative:

*N%-G*-W I>-S%*/NS &/ %ANSP/% 8-P%$

1$ ow is big of a prob'em fraud evasion rea''y is and how do the NSW transport

department prioriti?e itD

2$ ow much of an impact does fare evasion have on the annua' performance of NSW

transportD

$ What actua''y defines fare evasion for NSW transport i$e$ what are the ma0or and

common ways of fair evasion in NSW trainsD

)$ What are the common timings in which peop'e do fair evasionD

,$ 8o you thin that peop'e don=t use /pa'C %icet or are more prone to evade fare in

pea hours due to higher fareD

4$ Which suburbs or 'ines report the most fare evasionD

3$ 8o you thin the situations worsens when we tae regiona' 'ines in to ;uestionD

5$ >sua''y in a day+ how many times does staff conducts rounds to chec passenger=s

ticetsC /pa' for a sing'e 'ineD

7$ What is the department doing to reduce fare evasionD And what is it doing to mitigate

itD

1!$ ow wou'd you assess the fine for fare evasionD as the fine been successfu' in

persuading repeat offendersD

11$ ow effective wi'' imp'ementing a biometric system be in the conte.t of fare evasion

beD (after e.p'anation of our system"

12$ What are the ethica' concerns (if any" of the 8ept$ to thisD

1$ What are some direct benefits of a reduction in fare evasionD

1)$ Wi'' the customer see a reduction in fair priceD

1,$ ow interested wou'd the Sydney %rains be in a system 'ie thisD

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*N%-G*-W P*6%>-S:

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Biometric Systems to Reduce Fare Evasion in NSW Transport

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