(Biomedical) Research funding (in the U.S.)
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(Biomedical) Research funding (in the U.S.)
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Research Classifications
• “Basic” research– Goal: advancing knowledge
• Planetary exploration
• “Applied” research– Goal: improve life somehow
• Search for asteroids that might cross Earth’s orbit
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Biomedical
• Usually hybrid between basic & applied
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Where is research done?
• Universities (academia)
• Government agencies– NIH in Bethesda, MD– Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta)– Oak Ridge Nat’l Labs (TN)
• Private companies (industry)– Drug companies (Pharmaceutical industry)– Biotechnology– etc.
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• Industry– More money? (investors, ‘profits’)– Typically applied research
• Academia– Compete for money– More basic research
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Where does the money go?
People(Salaries/benefits/travel/etc)
Equipment(Computers/instrumentation)
Disposable supplies(Chemicals/growth media/etc)
A decent-sized lab can eat$ Million(s) per year
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Where does the money come from?
• Government– ~$25 billion
• ~$20 billion from the NIH– $3 trillion Federal budget– $900 billion military
• Industry– ~$20 billion
• Charities– eg. JDRF
• Private foundations– eg. Howard Hughes Medical Institute ($500 million)
~$50 billion industry
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How does the money get there?
• Lab structure (academia/govt)– Professor/Lab Head/Principle investigator (PI)
• Runs the lab• Answers to Chair(man) of the Department and college
administration
– Post-doctoral researchers (2-4 years on average)• Have Ph.D. and/or M.D. (typically)• ‘Apprentice’ to the P.I.
– Students (Graduate, undergraduate) (4-7 years)– Technicians (short- or long-term)
• Bachelor’s/Master’s degree• Career scientist OR Just out of college
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How does the money get there?
• Apply for grants and/or fellowships– Competitive process
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How does the money get there?
• P.I. (and lab personnel) come up with an idea for a project
• Write & submit one or more grant proposals– Purpose (ie. hypothesis to be tested)– Actual experiments to be performed– Budget proposal– Description of facilities– Personnel to do the job
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How does the money get there?
• Grant proposals are reviewed– “Study section”– Done by ‘peers’: other lab P.I.s– Criteria
• Scientific merit: is the problem important? Is the hypothesis valid? • Novelty: has the question been asked before?• Potential for results: are the proposed experiments good ones?
What’s the quality of the P.I. and his/her lab?• Is the budget proposal appropriate?
– Maybe 10-20% of proposals get funded (depends on funds available, etc.)
**Getting grants requires salesmanship**
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Project ComparisonNIH grants (millions)
~$20,000 total
• Stem cell research $600– Human embryonic $40– Non-human embryonic $100– Human non-embyronic $200– Non-human non-embryonic $270
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Project ComparisonNIH grants (millions)
~$20,000 total
• Stem cell research $600
• Tobacco $500
• Cancer $5,500
• Biodefense $1,700
• HIV/AIDS $3,000
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