JUDO. Summary I- History of Judo II- Rules, judo suit & Competitions III- Champions.
biomechanics of judo
8
PERSONAL USE ONLY The mechanical efficiency of the o soto gari technique when applied to judokas of different heights Sebastião Iberes Lopes Melo 1 AE, Saray Giovana dos Santos 2 AD, Jairo Santarém Teixeira 1 BC, Tatiane Piucco 2 D 1 Laboratório de Biomecânica – CEFID/UDESC, Santa Catarina, Brasil 2 Laboratório de Biomecância – CDS/UFSC, Santa Catarina, Brasil Source of support: Departmental sources Received: 25 July 2011; Accepted: 24 August 2011; Published online: 14 February 2012 Abstract Background The biomechanical efficiency of judo throw techniques depends on the anthropometric characteristics of the op- ponent. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical efficiency of the o soto gari technique when applied to judo- ists of different heights in relation to the thrower. Material/Methods: The following factors were compared: the tori angular variation of knee, hip and trunk; the total and partial per- formance time and the displacement of the vertical trajectory of the tori center of mass (DCM). Three uke of short- er, similar and taller stature than the tori were kinematically analyzed performing ten o soto gari throws. The im- ages were recorded at 180 Hz using the Peak Motus System 3D. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey (p≤0.05). Results: The mechanical efficiency of angular displacement was greater when the tori was throwing shorter uke; the throw- ing time was shorter against shorter uke; the tori DCM was greater when throwing shorter uke. Conclusions: We conclude that the o soto gari technique is more efficient when applied to shorter opponents. Key words: Judo • biomechanical efficiency • kinematic • body height Author’s address: Tatiane Piucco, Laboratório de Biomecânica, CDS, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected] BACKGROUND Judo is a complex and physically demanding sport that includes many techniques and tactics for either throw- ing or immobilizing an opponent and simultaneously involves both cognitive and motor skills [1]. There have been few investigations about the biome- chanical efficiency of judo throw techniques in the lit- erature. For each throw technique (hand or arm, leg or foot, hip or sacrifice) different skills are required [2]. In theory, they were intended to be applied using seiryoku zenyo, which means better efficiency with less energy consumption. However, the correct use of seiryoku zenyo depends on knowing what technique to apply at the right moment, adapting the movement to the anthropometric character- istics of the opponent. Otherwise, the maneuver would be successfully applied only if excessive force were used. The efficiency of a technique, with regards to biome- chanical aspects, is directly related to the biotype of the judoka and the use of leverage, timing and torque [3]. Thus, for techniques those use the hip as a support, a judoka (tori) with a trunk proportionally larger than his lower limbs would be able to produce higher torque, re- sulting in a greater velocity while spinning the opponent (uke), and thus, greater economy of effort. and Study Aim: Judo – Japanese meaning “gentle way”, is a modern martial art and combat sport created in Japan in 1882 by Kano Jigoro. Biomechanical efficiency – better efficiency with less energy consumption. Authors’ Contribution: A Study Design B Data Collection C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation E Funds Collection VOLUME 8 | ISSUE 1 | 2012 | 19 © ARCHIVES OF BUDO | SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS ORIGINAL ARTICLE Electronic PDF security powered by ISL-science.com opy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribu
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Transcript of biomechanics of judo
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
The mechanical efficiency of the o soto gari technique when applied to judokas of different heights
Sebastião Iberes Lopes Melo1AE, Saray Giovana dos Santos2
AD, Jairo Santarém Teixeira1
BC, Tatiane Piucco2D
1 Laboratório de Biomecânica – CEFID/UDESC, Santa Catarina, Brasil2 Laboratório de Biomecância – CDS/UFSC, Santa Catarina, Brasil
Source of support: Departmental sources
Received: 25 July 2011; Accepted: 24 August 2011; Published online: 14 February 2012
Abstract
Background Thebiomechanicalefficiencyofjudothrowtechniquesdependsontheanthropometriccharacteristicsoftheop-ponent.Thisstudyaimedtoevaluatethemechanicalefficiencyoftheo soto garitechniquewhen appliedtojudo-istsofdifferentheightsinrelationtothethrower.
Material/Methods: Thefollowingfactorswerecompared:thetori angularvariationofknee,hipandtrunk;thetotalandpartialper-formancetimeandthedisplacementoftheverticaltrajectoryofthetori centerofmass(DCM).Threeuke ofshort-er,similarandtallerstaturethanthetori werekinematicallyanalyzedperformingteno soto garithrows.Theim-ageswererecordedat180HzusingthePeakMotusSystem3D.Thedatawereanalyzedbydescriptivestatistics,ANOVAandpost-hoc Tukey (p≤0.05).
Results: Themechanicalefficiencyofangulardisplacementwasgreaterwhenthetoriwasthrowingshorteruke;thethrow-ingtimewasshorteragainstshorteruke;thetoriDCMwasgreaterwhenthrowingshorteruke.
Conclusions: Weconcludethattheo soto gari techniqueismoreefficientwhenappliedtoshorteropponents.
Key words: Judo•biomechanicalefficiency•kinematic•bodyheight
Author’s address: TatianePiucco,LaboratóriodeBiomecânica,CDS,UFSC,Florianópolis,SantaCatarina,Brazil;e-mail:[email protected]
Background
Judoisacomplexandphysicallydemandingsportthatincludesmanytechniquesandtacticsforeitherthrow-ingorimmobilizinganopponentandsimultaneouslyinvolvesbothcognitiveandmotorskills[1].
Therehavebeenfewinvestigationsaboutthebiome-chanicalefficiencyofjudothrowtechniquesinthelit-erature.Foreachthrowtechnique(handorarm,legorfoot,hiporsacrifice)differentskillsarerequired[2].Intheory,theywereintendedtobeappliedusingseiryokuzenyo,whichmeansbetterefficiencywith lessenergyconsumption.
However,thecorrectuseofseiryokuzenyo dependsonknowingwhattechniquetoapplyattherightmoment,adaptingthemovementtotheanthropometriccharacter-isticsoftheopponent.Otherwise,themaneuverwouldbesuccessfullyappliedonlyifexcessiveforcewereused.
Theefficiencyofatechnique,withregardstobiome-chanicalaspects,isdirectlyrelatedtothebiotypeofthejudokaandtheuseofleverage,timingandtorque[3].Thus,fortechniquesthoseusethehipasasupport,ajudoka(tori)withatrunkproportionallylargerthanhislowerlimbswouldbeabletoproducehighertorque,re-sultinginagreatervelocitywhilespinningtheopponent(uke),andthus,greatereconomyofeffort.
and Study Aim:
Judo–Japanesemeaning“gentleway”,isamodernmartialartandcombatsportcreatedinJapanin1882byKanoJigoro.
Biomechanicalefficiency–betterefficiencywithlessenergyconsumption.
Authors’ Contribution: A Study Design B Data Collection C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation E Funds Collection
VOLUME 8 | ISSUE 1 | 2012 | 19© ARCHIVES OF BUDO | SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS
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AccordingtoImamura,Hreljac,EscamillaandEdwards[4],unlikesomehipsandhandthrowsthatincorporat-inganinstantaneous“snappull”withthepullinghandduringkuzushitocreateanoppositemovementfromuke,theo soto garitossestheukebackwards.
Intheosoto garitechnique,thefirstphase(kuzushi),de-finedasbreakinganopponent’sbalance,beginswiththeonsetoftori’s legdrivefromthesweeping(right)leg,whichallowsthesupporting(left)legtomoveto-wardsuke,andendswithtori’ssweepinglegapproachingtheuke’sbody.Thetsukuriphase(theprocessoffittingintothethrow)immediatelyfollowskuzushiandbeginswithtori’ssweepinglegpassingtowarduke’sbodyandendswhenthetori’ssweepinglegmakescontact.Thefallingphase(kake)beginswhenthetori’slegtouchtheuke’sbody,sweepingthebackofthethighoftheload-bearingmemberwhilecreatingaleveractionwiththehipasafulcrum,andendswhenanypartofbothlegsstrikestheground[4].
Melo,Santos,TeixeiraandPiucco[5]investigatedtheharai goshi throwtechniqueandfoundhighermechan-icalefficiency inangulardisplacementanda shorterthrowtimewhenthetori threwuke tallerthan himself.Dueto thegreat thrust requiredduring thecollisionbetweentorianduke,theharai goshi ando soto gari areconsideredpowerthrows,andwell-suitedforlargeandpowerfulindividuals[4].
Duetothescarcityofresearchinvestigatingjudothrowtechniquesandmechanicalefficiency,andassumingthattheefficiencyofatechniqueisdependentonthebio-typeofboththeukeandtori,thisstudy,whosegener-alobjectivewastoevaluatethemechanicalefficiencyoftheo soto garitechniquewhenappliedtoopponentsofdifferentheights,isjustified.Morespecifically,thisstudy’saimwastocharacterizeandcomparetheangu-larvariation(Dq)ofthetori’skneeandtrunk,identifyandcomparethetimenecessaryforeachofthediffer-entphasesofthetechnique(imbalance,fittingandfall)andtoidentifyandcomparetheverticaldisplacementofcenterofmasstrajectory(DCM)ofthetoriwhenthrow-ingukeofdifferentheights.
Material and Methods
Fourmale judoathletes (one tori and threeuke), allblackbeltsandwithaminimumof10yearsoftrain-ing,participatedinthisstudy:onetori(height1.71m,weight78kg,age25,yearsoftraining14)andthreeuke;oneshorterthanthetori (height1.66m,weight62kg,age30years,yearsoftraining16),oneofsimi-larheight(height1.74m,weight78.6kg,age22years,yearsoftraining12),andonetaller(height1.84m,
weight81.7kg,age23years,yearsoftraining13).Alljudokasreportednoinjuriesinthesixmonthspriortodatacollection.
ThisworkwasapprovedbyResearchEthicsCommitteeofUniversidadedoEstadodeSantaCatarina(processnumber021/06)andwritten informedconsentwasgrantedbyallsubjects.Datawascollectedviathefol-lowingprocedures:a)Peak Motus3D(fourcamerascor-respondingto180Hz)systemcalibration;b)placingre-flectivemarkersonjointaxes,accordingtoKalfhues&GrohapudRiehle[6];c)previouswarm-upbytheath-letes;d)imageacquisitionof10o soto gari throwstech-niqueperformancesforeachukesubject,at180Hzanddataprocessing;e)imagedigitalizationanddatafilter-ingusingathird-orderButterworthfilter;f)datacalcu-lationandvalueexportationtoadatabasespreadsheetforfurtheranalysis;g)datanormalizationaccordingtotimevalues,consideringthattherepetitionswerenotofequaltimeornumberofframes;h)selectionofthean-gularvariablesforstudy,accordingtofigure1,includingthemaximumflexionangleoftheattackinghip(right)(MFArH)duringtsukuri,themaximumextensionangleoftheattackingknee(right)(MEArK)duringtsukuri,maximumextensionangleoftheattackinghip(MEArH)duringkake,maximumextensionangleofthesupportingknee(left)(MEAlK)duringkake,maximumtrunkflex-ionangle(MFAT)duringkake; i)selectionoftemporalvariables,includingtheexecutionofthekuzushi,tsukuriandkakephasesandthetotalthrowtime;f)variationofthetori’sDCMwhilethrowingukeofthreedifferentheights,basedon3Dmodel.
DescriptivestatisticswereusedtoanalyzethedataandtocomparetheDq,thetimespentperformingeachphaseofthetechnique,thetotalperformancetime,andtheDCM;one-wayANOVAwasapplied,followedbyTukey’sposthoctest(p≤0.05).
results
Initially,thetoriknee,hipandtrunkDqwhenthrow-ingukeofdifferentheightswerecompared.Thevaluecomparisonsweremadeatspecificstagesofthetech-nique,associatingthestatisticalresultswiththegraph-icanalysis.TheresultsofthesecomparisonsareshowninTable1andillustratedinFigures1–4.
Figures1–4illustratetheDqofthevariablesanalyzedandtheresultsofthecomparisonsafterapplicationoftheTukeytest.
Itwasobserved(Table1)thatduringeachphaseofthetechnique,inatleastoneofthedifferentuke heights,theangularvaluesofthetoribodysegmentsdiffered.
20 | 2012 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 8 www.archbudo.com
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Figures2–5illustratethetori Dqfortheanalyzedvari-ablesduringtheo soto garitestthrowsandtheresultsaftertheapplicationoftheTukeytest.
Asdemonstrated inFigure2, itwas foundthatboththetori MFArH(highlightedincircle)andtheMEArH(highlighted in the square) in the tsukuri phasewere
differentwhilethrowingukeofdifferentheights.TheMFArHwasgreater (88.51°)while throwingthe tall-erukeandsmaller(110.34°)whilethrowingtheshorteruke.TheMEArHwasgreater(148.20°)whilethrowingtheshorterukeandsmaller (130.91°)while throwingthe uke ofsimilarheighttothetori.
Figure3,highlightedinthecircle,showsthatthevari-ableMEArKof tori in the tsukuri phasewasdiffer-entwhenthrowinguke ofdifferentheights.Theval-uewassmaller(135.31°)whilethrowingthetallerukeandgreater(160.55°)whilethrowingthe uke ofsimilarheighttothetori.
Figure4showsthatthevariableMEAlKoftoriinthekake phasewasdifferentwhenthrowingukeofdifferentstatures.Thevaluewasgreater(155.77°)whilethrow-ingtheukeofsimilarheightandsmaller(147.16°)whilethrowingtheshorteruke.
Figure5indicatesthattherewerenodifferencesinthetori MFATinthekakephasewhilethrowingtalleruke(46.32°)andukeof similarheight (46.46°).Thisan-glewasgreaterwhilethrowingtheshorteruke(52.46°)thanthetallerone(46.32°)andtheuke ofsimilarheight(46.46°),respectively,as illustratedinFigure5,high-lightedinthecircle.
Subsequently,thetimespentineachphaseofthetech-niquespentwascompared,aswellas the total timespentperformingthetechniqueonuke ofthreediffer-entstatures(Table2).
Variable Phase Height X_
± s (º) F p
MFArH tsukuriTaller
SimilarShorter
88.51±1.20 101.51±1.76 110.34±106
639.822 0.000
MEArK tsukuriTaller
SimilarShorter
135.31±1.23 141.38±1.58 160.55±1.08
1005.516 0.000
MEArH kakeTaller
SimilarShorter
133.85±1.31 130.91±1.22 148.19±1.28
531.458 0.000
MEAlK kakeTaller
SimilarShorter
153.44±1.51 155.77±1.23 147.16±0.99
124.683 0.000
MFAT kakeTaller
SimilarShorter
46.31±1.20 46.46±1.13 52.46±1.56
71.692 0.000
Table 1. Comparison of inter segmental maximum angle values of the tori throwing uke of different heights during the tsukuri and kake phases of the o soto gari technique.
* Maximum flexion angle of the attacking hip (right) (MFArH); maximum extension angle of the attacking knee (right) (MEArK); maximum extension angle of the attacking hip (MEArH); maximum extension angle of the supporting knee (left) (MEAlK); maximum trunk flexion angle (MFAT).
α
βr,l
σl σr
Figure 1. Angular variables: α) trunk flexion; βr) right hip angle; βl) left hip angle; σr) right knee angle; σl) left knee angle.
Lopes Melo SI et al – The mechanical efficiency…
VOLUME 8 | ISSUE 1 | 2012 | 21© ARCHIVES OF BUDO | SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS
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BasedontheresultsofTable2,itwasdeterminedthatineveryphaseofthetechnique,foratleastoneofthedifferentuke heights,thetimeittookthetoritocom-pletethethrowdiffered.
TheTukeyposthoc testshowedthat:a)thetimespentperformingthekuzushi phasewasshorterwhilethrowingtheshorteruke(0.62s),intermediatewhilethrowingthetalleruke(0.65s)andlongerwhilethrowingtheukeofsimilarheight(0.72s);b)thetimespentperformingthe
tsukuriwasshorterwhilethrowingtheshorteruke(0.44s),intermediatewhilethrowingthetalleruke(0.45s)andlongerwhilethrowingtheukeofsimilarheight(0.47s);c)thetimespentperformingthekake phasewasshort-erwhilethrowingtheuke ofsimilarheight(0.71s),in-termediatewhilethrowingtheshorteruke(0.84s)andlongerwhilethrowingthetalleruke(0.88s).
Thetotalthrowtimeforthetalleruke(1.98s)wassig-nificantlylongerthanfortheukeofsimilar(1.90s)and
Figure 2. Attacking hip (right) ∆θ, where = maximum flexion of the attacking hip; = maximum extension of the attacking hip.
Figure 3. Attacking knee (right) ∆θ, where = maximum extension of the attacking knee.
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shorter(1.91s)stature.Therewasnosignificantdif-ferenceinthetimeittooktothrowtheukeofsimilar(1.90s)orshorter(1.91s)stature.
Finally,thetori’sCMbehaviorandvariationwhenthrow-inguke ofdifferentheightswasanalyzed(Figure6).
Figure6demonstratesthatduringperformanceoftheo soto garitechnique,thetoriCMheightwassimilarwhilethrowingtheuke ofsimilarandtallerstature,andwas
lowerwhilethrowingtheshorteruke.Therewasnosig-nificantdifference(p≤0.01)intoriDCMwhenthrow-ingtheukeofsimilar(0.603m),taller(0.0993m)orshorter(0.26m)stature.
discussion
Regarding thevariablesmaximum angle of flexion of the attacking hip(MAFrH)andmaximum extension angle of the attacking knee(MEArK)duringthe tsukuri phase,itwas
Figure 4. Supporting knee (left) ∆θ, where = maximum extension of the supporting knee.
Figure 5. Trunk ∆θ, where = maximum trunk flexion.
Lopes Melo SI et al – The mechanical efficiency…
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observedthatthetoriperformedgreaterhipandkneeflexionwhenthrowingtaller uke,andlowerhipandkneeflexionwhenthrowingshorteruke.Bothlegelevationandattackingkneeextensionduringthetsukuriphaseareveryimportantintheo soto garitechnique,becausethehighertheelevationoftheleg,thegreaterthedis-tancethetoriwillhavetodevelopspeedforreachingthesupporting legofuke,whichwillgenerategreaterimpact.Moreover,thelowerhipandkneeflexionem-ployedwhilethrowingashorterukedemonstratesthelowerstressdemandedand,thus,theshortertimenec-essaryforthrowingrelativelyshorteropponents.
Thevariablesmaximum extension angle of the attacking hip(MEArH)andmaximum flexion angle of the trunk (MFAT)duringthekake phase,whichareassociatedvariables,weregreaterwhenthrowingtheshorteruke.Imamura
andJohnson[7]demonstratedthatthefront-to-backforwardtrunkflexion,attackhipextension,chest-to-chestcontactandangularvelocityof the tori’s trunkareveryimportantaspectsofo soto garibecausetheygenerateangularmomentumthat,uponcollisionwiththesupportinglegofuke,promoteanefficientthrow.
Thevariablemaximum extension angle of the supporting knee(MEAlK)duringthekake phasewasgreaterwhenthrow-ingukeoftallerorsimilarstature,whichdemonstratestheneedforgreatereffort,giventhattheextensionofthetori’ssupportkneeduringthekake phaseexpeditestheliftingoftheattackinghipandleg.
Theseresultsreinforcetheconceptthattheo soto gari techniquewouldnotbethemostsuitableforopponentstallerthanthetori,sincethemechanicalefficiencyofthe
Phase Height X_
± s (s) F p
KuzushiTaller
SimilarShorter
0.65±0.0086 0.73±0.011 0.62±0.0095
286.419 0.000
TsukuriTaller
SimilarShorter
0.45±0.0063 0.47±0.0063 0.44±0.069
57.012 0.000
KakeTaller
SimilarShorter
0.88±0.0087 0.71±0.0086 0.84±0.073
1184.203 0.000
Total timeTaller
SimilarShorter
1.98±0.0096 1.90±0.0269 1.91±0.0133
56.123 0.000
Table 2. A comparison of the time spent in each phase of the technique and the total time spent performing the technique on uke of three different statures.
Figure 6. The tori’s CM behavior when throwing uke of different heights with the o soto gari technique.
24 | 2012 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 8 www.archbudo.com
Original Article
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techniquewoulddecrease.AccordingtoRobert[8],forincreasedmechanicalefficiency,relativelylowerpowerconsumptionisnecessary,andimprovementinbiome-chanicalmovementcanhelppreservebothboneandjointbyavoidingoverload[9].
Insummary,itcanbeconfirmedthatforallangularvari-ablesinvestigated(MFArH,MEArK,MEArH,MEAlK,MFAT)intherespectivephasesofthetechniqueana-lyzed, the tori requiredsmallermotionamplitudestothrowthe shorteruke efficiently.These resultsagreewithotherauthors,suchasKudo[10],Tegner[2]andFigueroa[11],whopointoutthattallerjudokasfounditeasiertoapplylegtechniquestoshorteruke.Thus,theangularvaluesfoundinthisstudyindicatedgreaterefficiencyforthrowingukewhowereshorterthantori.
Nootherstudieswithkinematicsanalysisofjudolegtechniquesthataccounttheanthropometriccharacter-isticsofukewherefoundin literature.Melo,Santos,TeixeiraandPiucco[5]investigatedthesesamevariablesforharai goshitechniqueandobservedthatthemechan-icalefficiencywasgreaterwhenthetechniquewasap-pliedtouketallerthanthetoribecauseitwaseasiertoperformthehipentranceinpreparationforthethrow.Thedidacticjudoliteratureonlydescribesthetechni-caldetailsofmovementsconsideredessential,suchaskneeflexionduringthefittingphaseandforwardtrunkflexionduringthefall,whereasotherstudieslikethatof Imamura,Hreljac,EscamillaandEdwards[4]andImamura,Iteya,Hreljac,andEscamilla[12]analyzethetori’sCMduringthethrowindifferenttechniquesordur-ingtrainingandcompetition,butdonotmentionkine-maticdatarelatedtothrowinguke ofdifferentheights.
Regardingthetotaltimeittooktoperformtheo soto garitechnique,itwasdemonstratedthatthetorithrewtheukeofshorterofsimilarstatureinashortertime,whichindicatesafasterthrowwhenthedefendersarethesameheightorshorterthantheattacker.
Thetemporalvaluesrelatedtotheexecutionofeachphaseofthetechniquedemonstratedthatthekuzushiandtsukuriphaseswerefasterwhenthrowingtheshorteruke.Thesetwophasesareconsideredbothessentialandprerequisiteforaproperapplicationofthetechnique,whilethekake phaseismerelyconsequentialtotheearlierphases[11].AccordingtoImamura,Hreljac,EscamillaandEdwards[4],fortheperformanceoftheosoto garitechnique,theuke’sbodymovestowardtori’spullingmovement,result-inginthegreatestmomentofforceduringthetsukuri.Therefore,thisphasetendstobeparticularlyimportant.Inlightofthisfact,thedatafoundinthisstudyregard-ingtimespentindicatethattheo soto garitechniqueismosteffectivewhenappliedtoukeshorterthanthetori.
Nostudiesinvestigatingtherelationshipbetweenjudolegtechniques,speedofapplicationandthrowefficien-cywerefoundthatinvolveddifferentjudoathletesdur-ingdifferentphasesofatechnique.AuthorslikeKudo[10]andCarvalho[13]emphasizetheimportanceofspeedduringjudotechniqueperformance,buttheydidnotmentionspeeddifferenceswithrespecttojudokasofdifferentheights,whichhighlightstheneedforma-jorstudiesthatmightimprovejudokaperformance.
RegardingtheCManalysis,itwasdeterminedthatthetori’sCMdroppedwhenthrowingtheshorteruke,al-thoughtherewerenodifferenceswhenthrowing theukeofsimilarortallerstature.Thetori’smaximumandminimumDCMweresimilarwhenthrowingtheuke ofsimilarortallerstature,althoughalargervaluevarianceoccurredwhenthrowingtheshorteruke.
ThesesameresultswerefoundbyMelo,Santos,TeixeiraandPiucco[5]regardingtheharai goshi technique,confirm-ingthejudoliterature,whichstatesthatthetori mustposi-tionhistrunkbelowtheukeinordertoperformhiptech-niqueswithgreaterefficiency[2,10,14,15].Forlegjudotechniques,suchastheoneinvestigatedinthisstudy,theneedtodropthetori’sCMisprobablyrelatedtotheneedto“sweep”theuke’sposteriorload-bearingthigh,whilegen-eratingalevermovementwiththehipasafulcrum[4].
Otherstudiesthathaveconsideredtherelationshipbe-tweenstatureandthepreferredtechniqueofjudokasrevealedthathandtechniquespredominatedamongtori ofshorterorsimilarstaturethantheuke,whilethetall-erjudokaspreferredlegtechniques[16–20].
Aprincipallimitationofthisstudyisthatunfortunate-ly,itisimpossibletofindukewhorepresentsthesameweightcategory,butconsiderablydifferent inbodyheight.However,thisconditiondoesnotinterfereintheangularvaluesandtori’sDCMfound,regardingthatthesevariablesarenotdependentofukebodyweightdur-ingo soto gari technique,basedon3Dmodel.Differentlyofthehipjudothrowtechniques,theo soto gari donotneedthattori raisetheuke fromtheground,whatim-pliesthattheukebodyweightdidnotchangetheangu-larpositioningandCMtrajectoryoftori duringalltheinvestigatedphases,insteadtheuke heightisthemostimportantvariableforobservedresults.
Ontheotherhand,temporalkinematicsvariableslikean-gularandlinearvelocitiesandkinectsvariableslikemomen-tumandimpulsearedirectlyassociatedtothebodyweight[3]andthen,couldbeinfluencedbytheuke bodyweight.
However,theresultsfindingareimportanttoimprovethemechanicalefficiencyof judokasnotonlyduring
Kinematic–isthebranchofclassicalmechanicsthatdescribesthemotionofbodies(objects)andsystems(groupsofobjects)withoutconsiderationoftheforcesthatcausethemotion.
Bodyheight–isthedistancefromthebottomofthefeettothetopoftheheadinahumanbodystandingerect.
Lopes Melo SI et al – The mechanical efficiency…
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competitions,butalso in judotrainingoropencate-goryfights.Furtherstudiesshouldbeconductedtoin-vestigateboththelinearandangularkinematicsvari-ablesoftoriingreaterdetailbyapplyingdifferentkindsofthrowtechniquestoopponentsofdifferentheights.
conclusions
Inspiteofthelimitationsofthisstudy,itcanbestat-edthatforallangularvariablesinvestigated(MFArH,MEArK,MEArH,MEAlK,MFAT)inthethreephasesofthetechnique,thetoriperformedbetterwhenthrow-ingtheshorteruke.
Theperformancetimeswerequickerforthrowingtheshorterukeinthekuzushi and tsukuriphases,whichare
themostimportantstepsforthesuccessfulapplicationofthistechnique.
Thegreatestvariationinthetori’sCMoccurredwhilethrowing the shorteruke,probably indicating thatagreatereffortwasnecessarytothrowshorterukewithefficiency.
Finally, it canbeaffirmedthat the temporalandan-gularvalues found in this study indicate that the o soto gari technique isbiomechanicallymoreefficientwhenappliedtoopponentsshorterthantheattacker.Nevertheless,consideringthatthistechniqueisrelative-lyeasy,itisbestsuitedforbeginnerswithlittlemobili-ty,andforheavierjudokaswhocangenerategreatmo-mentumaftercontact.
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26 | 2012 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 8 www.archbudo.com
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