BIOMASS’ · Biomass, what’does’it’mean?!!"Biomass”!stands!for!all!organic!maer!with!a...

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BIOMASS Master School of Province de Liege Industrial Engineer Department Course: Buildings and HVAC Systems 2nd Master Academic year: 20132014 Teacher: MASY Gabrielle Authors: Gilles SAMSON, Fabrice VADACCA, Xavier SAP and Julien DELINCE

Transcript of BIOMASS’ · Biomass, what’does’it’mean?!!"Biomass”!stands!for!all!organic!maer!with!a...

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BIOMASS  Master  School  of  Province  de  Liege  -­‐  Industrial  Engineer  Department  

 Course:      

Buildings  and  HVAC  Systems  -­‐  2nd  Master  Academic  year:  2013-­‐2014    

Teacher:    MASY  Gabrielle  

 Authors:    

Gilles  SAMSON,  Fabrice  VADACCA,  Xavier  SAP  and  Julien  DELINCE      

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Biomass,  what  does  it  mean?  

!   "Biomass”  stands  for  all  organic  ma2er  with  a  vegetable  or  animal  origin  which  can  become  a  source  of  energy  by  combus:on.  

 !   3  forms  of  useful  energy:    -­‐  heat                                              -­‐  electricity                                                -­‐  driving  force  of  movement  

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     Biomass  is  classified    into    2  main  categories  depending  on  the  humidity  rate:  

1.   Dry  biomass    

 

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2  procedures  for  dry  biomass:  

 ! CombusUon  :  it’s  a  complete  oxida:on  of  the  biomass  to  

produce  heat.  Hot  water  or  steam  produced  in  the  process  supplies  an  en:rely  conven:onal  central  hea:ng  system  (E.g.:  wood  stove  or  industrial  boilers).  

 !   GasificaUon:  it’s  the  thermal  decomposi:on  of  the  solid  

biomass  in  a  specific  reactor  (called  gasosphère)  in  order  to  obtain  a  combus:ble  gas.      

   

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2.  Wet  biomass    

BiomethanaUon:  organic  material  undergoes  an  anaerobic  fermenta:on  in  a  digester,  and  gives  a  methane-­‐rich  biogas.                                -­‐>  to  produce  heat                                -­‐>  to  produce  electricity    

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3.  Biofuels    ! Biodiesel:  created  from  a  reac:on  between  oil  (rapeseed,  sunflower)  and  alcohol.    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     [Yellow  rape  fields]    

! Bioethanol  :  created  from  a  mixture  of  fermented  sugar  and  gasoline.  

   

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Biomass  producUon:    -­‐>  Plants  absorb  carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  and  renew  the  stock  of  

oxygen  in  our  atmosphere.  Photosynthesis  produces  the  main  cons:tuent  of  plants:  the  carbohydrates.  

 -­‐>  CO2  emissions  from  wood-­‐fire  boiler  and  combus:on  of  biogas  

are  neutral  as  far  as  greenhouse  effect  is  concerned.      

   

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The  funcUoning  of  biomass  boilers    

OperaUng  principles:    The  biomass  combus:on  can  insure  the  produc:on  of  hot  water  for  hea:ng  or  con:nual  supply  of  hot  water.  In  order  to  achieve  this,  the  biomass  generator  provides  thermal  energy  to  a  heat  transfer  fluid.  In  this  case,  it  uses  water.    A  biomass  boiler  consists:      -­‐   Furnace  in  which  you  can  see  the  fuel  degrada:on  and  the  igni:ng  flame.  This  fireplace  is  previously  supplied  with  biomass  by  a  conveyor  system  from  the  fuel  storage  silo  

-­‐   A  combus:on  chamber  

-­‐  A  heat  exchanger:  where  the  thermal  energy  produced  from  biomass  in  the  chamber  and  the  flue  gases  will  be  exchanged  with  the  coolant  (water)    

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Different  types  of  biomass  boilers:    !   Wood  log  boiler:    

         The  use  of  firewood  is  oVen  reserved  for  auxiliary  hea:ng,  because  of  the  need  to  load  the  equipment  with  logs  several  :mes  a  day.  However,  technologies  more  and  more  efficient  can  jus:fy  the  choice  of  central  hea:ng  with  logs,  especially  when  hea:ng  needs  are  important  and  when  the  resource  is  abundant  and  cheap.  

 

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Different  types  of  biomass  boilers:  

!   Shredded  wood  boiler  or  wood  chip  boiler:    

         The  wood  chip  boiler  has  a  higher  comfort  in  use  than  the  wood  log  boiler:  the  opera:ng  principles  are  similar  to  an  oil  or  gas  boiler  and  it  is  fully  automa:c.  However,  the  investment  is  quite  high  and  the  bulky  fuel  requires  a  storage  silo.  This  type  of  boiler  can  only  be  considered  for  at  least  250m  ²  of  living  space.  

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Different  types  of  biomass  boilers:  

!   Granules  or  pellets  boiler:              Fully  automated,  these  boilers  are  

fired  by  wood  pellets  that  are  stored  in  a  silo.  They  are  sent  by  a  worm  in  the  furnace.  The  supply,  the  burning  and  the  smoke  extrac:on  are  done  automa:cally.  This  type  of  boiler  has  a  high  efficiency  (90%)  which  is  similar  to  a  fuel  boiler  or  an  oil  boiler.  The  granules  have  a  higher  calorific  value  than  the  chips  but  they  are  more  expensive.  

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Several  kinds  of  biomass  fuels    for  boilers  

1.   Barks  of  trees,  a  basic  waste  of  wood  industry:                -­‐>  Be2er  for  high  powerful  systems.    

 

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2.   Sawdust:                Come  from  the  cu_ng  of  tree  trunks.  Easier  to  use  in  a  

smallest  hea:ng  system.      

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3.   wood  pellets:              Come  from  sawdust  compacted.  More  used  in  small  and  

middle  biomass  boilers.    

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4.   wood  chips:                Come  from  the  crushing  of  wood  witch  and  also  come  

from  recycling  programs.        

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5.   Other  kinds  of  biomass  fuels:                  -­‐>  From  agriculture                    -­‐>  Ethic  problema:c        

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Values  of  different  kinds  of  biomass  fuels  

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 PosiUve  and  negaUve  aspects  of  

biomass    PosiUve  aspects:  

!   Biomass  is  considered  as  being  carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  

neutral.    

     

   

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! Renewable  source  of  energy  

! PosiUve  impact  on  the  local  economies:  Local  jobs  in  produc:on,  transporta:on,  collec:on,  packaging  and  selling.  

! Local  producUon  reduces  the  cost  of  transport  and  the  risks  related  to  fossil  fuels  in  foreign  country  (Middle-­‐East,  Russia).    

           “Wood  energy”  is  cheaper  than  gas  and  fuel  oil,  at  equivalent  

calorific  value.  Wood  energy  price  doesn’t  fluctuate  much  (1)      

 

[Wood  pellet    factory]   [Oil  refinery]  

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! Biomass  is  a  solu:on  to  use  organic  waste  as  combus:ble  material:    

-­‐  Agricultural  residues  (manure)  

 

 

-­‐  Wood  residues  (sawdust,  wood-­‐pellet,  unusable  part  of  trees)    

 

 

-­‐  Human  ac:vity  residues  (sludge,  household  waste)    

 

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   NegaUve  aspects:    !  Storage  space  for  “wood  energy”  ;  fill  the  wood-­‐burning  

furnace  manually.    

!  Overexploita:on  of  the  woody  biomass  would  be  harmful  for  the  natural  environment  

 !  Household  waste  contain  inert  components    which  must  

be  treated  aVer  burning  

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! The  net  calorific  value  of  biomass  is  low  contrary  to  fossil  fuels:  

-­‐  From  8000  to  16000  kJ/Kg  for  household  waste    

-­‐  From  5760  to  16560  kJ/Kg  for  wood  residues.  

         Wood-­‐pellets  have  the  highest  calorific  value  concerning  

wood  products  :  16560  kJ/Kg  

 -­‐      From  17600  to  18970  kJ/Kg  for  wood  log  

 -­‐      About  42700  kJ/Kg  for  fuel  oil    

     (1kwh  =  3600  kJ)  

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! Biofuels  (agrofuels)  :              Biomass  is  interes:ng  when  it  comes  from  by-­‐products  (wood  

residues,  waste).              Biofuels  (rape)  come  from  energy  crops  and  these  crops  may  

occupy  areas  to  the  detriment  of  food-­‐producing  farming,  forests,  swamp  and  so  on.  

 -­‐>  It  can  be  a  threat  for  the  ecosystem,  the  carbon  sink,  the  price  

of  food  products  and  the  water  reserves.  

 

[Yellow  rape  fields:]  

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SoluUon  for  our  engineering  school:  

           Wood-­‐pellets  boiler    

•   Boiler  cost  :  around    170  000  €  

•  Storage  space  :  around  75  000  €  

•   Power  :  1,5  MWa2  

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Thank  you  for  listening    ☺