BIOMASS - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/.../fuels/5.BIOMASS.pdf · COMBUSTION AND...

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS BIOMASS

Transcript of BIOMASS - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/.../fuels/5.BIOMASS.pdf · COMBUSTION AND...

Page 1: BIOMASS - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/.../fuels/5.BIOMASS.pdf · COMBUSTION AND FUELS Biomass as a fuel - summary 1. Most of biomass fuels ha ve small bulk density:

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BIOMASS

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

WHY BIOMASS

Benefits of the use of biomass:�reduction of green-house effect�saving fossil fuels�reduction of costs of heat and electricity production�EU policy

In Poland:�7.5% of electricity will be produced from renewable energy resources in 2010 and 20% in 2020�biomass has a considerable potential in Poland

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

A little history about the use of biomassby a man

Biomass has been in use as a basic fuel from the prehistoric times. Since approx. 150 000 year a man has learned to apply firing using wood as a fuel.

In ancient times wood, animal and vegetable fats were basic energy resources in common use.

At present in some developing countries animalmanures and cow dung are still important fuels fordomestic use.

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BIOMASS and GREEN-HOUSE EFFECT

CO2 conversion during biomass burning

PHOTOSYNTHESIS(PLANTS) COMBUSTION

BIOMASS BIOMASS CONVERSION

νh CO2 O2 CO2 HO2 O2HO2

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

ORIGIN OF BIOMASS

Vegetable biomass is formed in the process of photosynthesis in plants.

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

The efficiency of solar energy conversion in the photosynthesis process is < 1%.

The effectiveness of agriculture is approx. 50 Mg/ha

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Carbon conversion during combustion of biomass

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

TYPES OF BIOMASS

Vegetable type:

- agriculture residues: straw, hay, husks, shells, bagasse, ...

- energy-cropping: fast growing plants for direct use as a fuel (e.g. poplar, willow, miscanthus)

- vegetable oils and alcohols.

Animal type

- animal manures and cow dung,

- animal fats and bone flour.

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

ENERGY-CROPPING

WILLOW

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: WORLD

TWa

biomass 6

energy of water 3

energy of wind 3

geothermal energy 2

heat of oceans 1

kinetic en. of seas and oceans 0.045

small-scale solar installations 2.2

TOTAL 17.245

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POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: POLAND

Sourceof energy

Biomass

Water

Geothermal

Wind

Sun

Total

Totalconsumption

of primary energyin Poland (1998)

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RESERVES OF BIOMASSIN POLAND

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RESERVES OF BIOMASS IN POLAND Source of biomass Type of biomass Resources, PJ

Agriculture production Hay, straw 150

Wood and forestindustry

Wood residues 73

Paper industry lignin, wood residues 11

Municipal activity Municipal residues 60

Sewage sludge Sludge 1-1.5ms mln t

Rapeseed cultivation Rapeseed oil, methyl esther 24

Total: 300 PJ

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Reserves of biomass – straw (price approx. 80 zł/t)

S – ratio of main product weight to the straw weight

CropsMain product

(grain)Aside product

(straw)S

WheatRyeBarleyOatMaize (Corn)

graingraingraingraingrain

strawstrawstrawstrawstraw

1.31.161.21.31.0

On the basis of total grain cultivation the straw production is estimated at 450 PJ

in Poland. Only 10% could used for energy production.

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Distribution of straw in Poland

x 103 t of straw

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Reserves of biomass – wood

– forests (5900 dam3),

– wood industry (1110 dam3),

– parks (265 dam3),

– orchards (1000 dam3),

where: dam3 = 1000 m3.

Annual production of wood, which can be used for energy production, is estimated on 8265 dam3, corresponding to 68.3PJ (without energetic cropping).

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Distribution of wood in Poland

x 103 t of forest wood

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Distribution of energetic crops in Poland

x 103 t of crops

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Reserves of biomass – rapeseed oil

Annual production of rapeseed oil in Poland is:

•1.6 mln Mg

From 1 Mg of raw rapeseed it can be obtained:

•0.4 Mg of rapeseed oil

The ability of rapeseed cropping for the energy production is estimated in Poland at 1 mln Mg, which corresponds to approx. 30 PJ.

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Reserves of biomass – ethanol i methanol

Ethanol is produced by the alcohol fermentation of corn and potato.

Methanol is manufactured by chemical synthesis from gas or coal.

The ability of ethanol production from plants for energy generation is estimated at 1 mln Mg, which corresponds to approx. 22 PJ.

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Reserves of biomass – gaseous fuels (biogas)

Types of gaseous fuel (biogas):

- product of methanation of: animal manures, cow dung and crop residues,

- „methane” from refuse dump,

- product of biomass gasification (wood).

Estimated potential: 16 PJ

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Comparison of some parameters of biomassand fossil fuels

FuelC%

H %

O%

N + S

%LCV

MJ/kgVolatilematter

%

WoodLigniteHard coalPetroleumNatural gas

5070828986

655

8,46,5

4324122

0,1

0.30..80.80.60.1

14,521304748

755035--

1.5 Mg of wood corresponds to 1Mg of coal

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Comparison of properties of different types of biomass

BiomassLCV

MJ/kgDensityg/cm3

Moisture%

Ash%

Corn strawSoya strawHusks of maizeStalks of maizeWood residuesHaySawdustOak woodPine woodBirch woodDry sewage

14.414.615.214.615.98–916.814.316.715.9

10–12

1.3–1.361.3–1.351.01–1.30.1–0.50.1–0.50.1–0.30.92–1.1

0.61

6.28.76.1

30–5016–588–356.11312123.1

4.86

6.5

1.4

10–123.60.2

30–40

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STRAW

Page 24: BIOMASS - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/.../fuels/5.BIOMASS.pdf · COMBUSTION AND FUELS Biomass as a fuel - summary 1. Most of biomass fuels ha ve small bulk density:

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Analysis of selected types of straw

Typeof

straw

Moist.in rawstraw,

%

Ash,%

LCV(Wu)dry

strawMJ/kg

LCV(Wu)raw

strawMJ/kg

C H O N S

WheatBarleyMaizeRape

12–2212–2250–7060–70

6.54.35.74.6

17.316.116.8

12.9–1512.0–143.3–7.2

49464747

5665

39384040

0.30.40.80.8

0.10.10.10.1

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Properties of straw

Main compound of straw: cellulose (C6H10O5)n

Advantage of straw as a fuel:- considerable LCV and small content of sulphur.

Disadvantage of straw as a fuel:- considerable content of potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl), low density, distribution and moisture.

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Density and LCV depending on the form of straw

Straw form Bulk densitykg/m3

LCVMWh/m3

LooseChaffRound balesBales of high squeeze

Briquettes

20–5040–6060–9050–110300–450

0.07–0.160.13–0.190.19–0.290.16–0.360.99–1.48

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Cost of pressing and handling of straw:80 PLN per Mg

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Bales of rape straw

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

WOOD

Wood chips

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Characteristic of wood as a fuel

Wood size:

wood chips, chunks, shreds, bark,pellets, sawdust and powder.

Advantage of wood as a fuel:

- small content of ash and

- practically lack of sulphur.

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Types of wood fuel

post-felling remains

firewood type S4

small wood type M1

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Shapes of wood – as a fuel

post-felling wastes type M2

baled post-felling wastes

wood from roadsides

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Main compounds of wood

Wood components:

•holocellulose (cellulose and chemicellulose)

•Lignin

•Ash (1-3%)

•Moisture (12-22%)

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Ultimate and proximate analysis of wood

Dry basis (d)

Woodtype

Proximate analysis Ultimate analysis, %

Volatilematter

%

Char%

Ash%

LCVMJ/kg

C H O N S

OakPineSpruceAldPoplar

85.682.287.087.188.0

13.015.012.712.511.0

1.42.80.30.40.7

18.724.322.019.319.1

4959505152

6.07.25.86.36.3

4433414242

0.2–

0.1––

0.02–

0.1––

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Bark

Bark is a basic residue fuel from cellulose-paper industry.

LCV (d) of bark of selected trees

Wood type Ash%

LCVMJ/kg

Oak 5.3 19.5

Pine 2.9 21.0

Spruce 0.8 20.3

Redwood 0.4 19.4

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

ENERGETIC CROPS

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Characteristics of energetic crops

General characteristics of energetic crop:

• fast growing plants

• long-term efficiency of plantation

• insects and illness resistance

• economics of cultivation

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Examples of energetic plantsTrees:

• Willow

• Sunflower

• Pensylvanian mallow (malwa pensylwańska)

• Multiflora Rose (róża wielokwiatowa)

• Sakhalin Knotweed (rdest sachaliński)

Long-term grasses:• Miscanthus giganteus

• Miscanthus sacchariflorus

• Prairie cordgrass(spartina preriowa)

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Energetic willow

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RESIDUAL AGROCULTURE BIOMASS

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Examples of residual agriculture biomass

łuski słonecznika

łuski orzechów

kaczany kukurydzy

śruta rzepakowa

pestki owoców

pestki oliwek

wytłoki po jabłkach

• sunflower hulls

• nut shells

• corn cobs

• ground rapeseed

• fruit seeds

• olive seeds

• apple pomace

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Scheduled use of biomass in Polish heat and power industry

x 103 t

Agriculture biomass will be 60% of used biomass in 2014

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Economic of heat generation using biomass

Price of raw biomass = 120-160 PLN per Mg

Price of 1 GJ of heat generated from biomass: 15-25PLN per GJ

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COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Biomass as a fuel - summary

1. Most of biomass fuels have small bulk density: 300−700 kg/m3.

2. Most of biofuels have considerable content of water (30−55%).

3. Main components of plant biomass are: cellulose, homocellulose& lignin.

4. Biomass practically doesn’t have sulphur (wood and straw).

5. Biomass may have a considerable content of chlorine (straw).

5. LCV of dry biomass is 15−24 MJ/kg.

6. Same types of biomass have small content of ash (wood)

7. Biomass has a considerable content of alkali metals decreasing the temperature of slaging.