Biomass environmental issues 17set
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Transcript of Biomass environmental issues 17set
Porto, September 23rd , 2009
Ricardo Cavalcanti FurtadoEnvironmental Planning ManagerEmpresa de Pesquisa Energética
Biomass for Energy Generation:Environmental Issues
Government-owned company, linked to the Ministry of Mines and Energy, instituted by Law n° 10.847/2004
EPE has been created to develop studies and research to support the energy sector planning in the areas of electric
energy, oil and natural gas and its derivatives, mineral coal, renewable energy sources and energy efficiency
Empresa de Pesquisa Energética
Energy Planning in Brazil
HIGH PROPORTION OF HYDRO POWER
LONG TRANSMISSION LINES
INTENSIVE CAPITAL
LONG TERM INVESTMENTS
HIGH UNCERTANTIES
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES
COMPLEMENTARY GENERATION
SEASONALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Brazilian Power Sector Planning
RISK ANALYSIS
FAIR TARIFF
DIVERSITY
INTEGRATION
ENERGY SECURITY
NATIONAL ENERGY PLANNING
NATIONAL ENERGY OUTLOOK
TEN YEAR ENERGY PLANNING
AUCTIONS
Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Electric PowerTransmission
Biofuels
PROGRAMMING VIEW
SHORT AND MEDIUM TERM STUDIES (10 YEARS AHEAD)
STRATEGY VIEW
LONG TERM STUDIES (30 YEARS AHEAD)
Planning Process
Scenarios for Electricity 2030 (GW)
Source: PNE 2030
142,1
224,9
100,5
0
50
100
150
200
250
2005 2015 2030
Year
GW
Imports + Other
Biomass
Wind
Small Hydro
Other thermal
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Large Hydro PowerPlants
7,9 GW
Source: National Energy Balance. EPE, 2008
Energy in Brazil – Energy Sources Share
Renewable Sources Share
54%
93%
87%13%
7%
46%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Brazil
OECD
World
RenewableNon-renewable
Wood & charcoal; 11,99%
Sugarcane products; 15,88%
Hydro; 14,89%
Nuclear; 1,40%
Coal & coal derived; 5,99%
Natural Gas; 9,29%
Oil & oil derived; 37,36%
Energy in Brazil – Energy Sources Share
Source: National Energy Balance. EPE, 2008
EthanolBagasseStraw
Cogeneration
Vehicles
Charcoal consumed by blast furnaces.
Transmission LinesPlanned System - 2017Existing System
Biomass
Biomass participation in the Energy Auctions
Auction Plants Power (MW)2005 25 766A3/2006 25 967A5/2006 29 1.104Alternative Sources/2007 12 214A3/2007 50 1.555A5/2007 34 1.046Biomass/2008 (Stock Auction) 31 2.379A5/2008 1 114Total 207 8.144
Environmental Information Analysis in the auctions Plant carachteristics Environmental licensing Reserve of water availability and allowance for water use
The ethanol/sugar production chainMain environmental issues:
• Food competition• Land use on expansion areas• Energy Balance• Emissions• Solid waste• Liquid effluents• Water consumption• Employment (quantity and quality)
7,9
14,684,8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
106 h
a
0102030405060708090
(%)
Crop area (M ha) Acumulated expansion (%)
Crop area (M ha) 7,9 8,7 9,6 10,3 11,2 12,1 12,8 13,5 14,1 14,6Acumulated expansion(%)
15,8 21,5 30,4 41,8 53,2 62,0 70,9 78,5 84,8
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: EPE, 2009 based on Municipal Agricultural Research developed by IBGE
2006
Current sugarcane production and expansion perspectives
Year Sugarcane(Mt)
Ethanol (billion liters)
2008 553 25,62009 609 29,22010 677 33,52011 734 37,62012 800 42,32013 871 47,32014 929 51,52015 985 55,72016 1029 59,82017 1075 63,9
Source: EPE, 2009. PDE 2008-2017
Amazon
Pantanal
SavannaSavanna
Caatinga
Mata Atlântica
Where to expand?• The National Agro-ecologic Zoning for the sugarcane
harvesting will determine the most appropriate areas to expand the sugarcane production (under development – coming soon)– Soil– Climate– Environmental issues
• It’s desirable that the expansion occurs on non-productive areas such as abandoned crop fields and pasture areas Suitable
Suitable with environmental limitations Suitable with environmental constraints inappropriate
Agroecologic zoning - SP
Example of Agro-ecologic zoning developed by SP
Government (2008)
Food competition• Sugarcane can be considered as food (sugar and other
products), but the part destined to ethanol (today ~55%) doesn’t compete with this purpose
• Some studies, based on satellite images (INPE/CANASAT), have found that the last 4-year expansion occurred mainly over consolidated agriculture and pasture areas
• The production of grains, rice, fruits (almost all) has increased continuously
• Currently, in Brazil, the sugarcane production does not influence food prices
Energy Balance• The sugarcane provides one of the best energy balances
in bioethanol production
• The energy “Output/Input” index in the Life Cycle of sugarcane ethanol = 8.1
• The bagasse cogeneration ensures the energy self-consumption (power, mechanic and thermal) in the sugar/ethanol plants
• The power excess can be sold for the Interconnected System (Auctions)
Emissions• In Brazil, ethanol (hydrous and anhydrous) substitutes a great
amount of gasoline consumption. As consequence, even taking into account the life cycle emissions, it avoids significant amounts of GHG emissions
• The use of biofuels also reduces the SOx, particulates and VOC emissions in comparison with gasoline and diesel
• Burning of straw in the field facilitates manual sugarcane picking. However it causes air pollution in regional scale. Recently, regulation and agreements established a schedule to gradually mechanize the sugarcane picking
Solid waste and liquid effluents• Technically, bagasse and straw
can be considered as co-products of sugarcane production. Both can be used for energetic purposes. Part of the straw is also important for soil covering
• Currently, the vinasse (high BOD) produced is destined for the crop field in substitution for chemical fertilizers
• Other liquid effluents can be easily treated before released on the environment (rivers) Vinasse sluice - Usina Coruripe, AL
Water consumption• In Brazil, sugarcane harvesting doesn’t need irrigation.
However, sugar/ethanol plants consume a significant amount of water
• Water consumption – national average– 1997 = 5,0 m3/t.sc– 2008 = 1,0 – 2,0 m3/t.sc– New plants = 0,7 – 1,0 m3/t.sc
• The water availability is one of the main environmental constraints on new plants licensing, particularly in the Southeast Region
Sugarcane washing
Employment• Sugarcane manual picking requires a large number of workers.
However, these jobs are extremely exhaustive and don’t need schooling (low level income)
• The mechanization of sugarcane picking will certainly reduce the number of jobs in the sector. This will create better jobs (salubrity and level income)
• There are public and private initiatives to regulate the social aspects of sugar/ethanol production chain in Brazil. An international certification system could guarantee this goal
Sugarcane manual picking
Other possibilites in bioenergy• Increasing the use of sugarcane straw in cogeneration
• Ligno-celullose ethanol
• Biogas from sewage, biodigestors and landfill
• Woodchips and agriculture scraps
• Elephantgrass for power generation
• Biodiesel from vegetable oil, fried oil, tallow and other fatty raw materials
Conclusions• Today, biomass power generation in Brazil uses
predominantly sugarcane bagasse as fuel
• Sugarcane bagasse is a co-product of the sugar/ethanol production chain
• Currently, the sugarcane production does not affect the Amazon and Pantanal areas
• The expansion areas for sugarcane will be determined by the Agro-ecologic Zoning
• The Brazilian sugar/ethanol industry manages the most of environmental impacts in sugar/ethanol production chain
• Brazil has a great potential on bioenergy
Ricardo Cavalcanti FurtadoSuperintendente de Meio Ambiente
Empresa de Pesquisa Energética
www.epe.gov.br