Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse, Arul...

Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers

Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse, Arul Joe Mathias EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme

UNIDO Expert Group Meeting on Industrial Energy Efficiency, Cogeneration and Climate Change

2 - 3 December 1999, Vienna

CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION AND COGENERATION

BIOMASS COGENERATION - APPLICATIONS

LARGE WOOD AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SECTORS

ASEAN countries are world leaders in many sectors

EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME FOCUSES ON FOUR SECTORS

Rice Sugar Palm Oil Wood

WOOD AND AGRO-INDUSTRIES - COMMON PRACTICE

Power requirementsFrom grid or diesel genset(s) or inefficient biomass plant

Process heat requirementsFrom oil boiler(s) or inefficient biomass boiler(s)

Biomass residuesDumping, open-burning, incineration orinefficient biomass boiler(s)

BIOMASS COGENERATION - CURRENT STATUS

TechnologyMost advanced technologies are available

Economic viabilityPay-back period ranges from 2 to 5 years

Environmental performanceLocal, regional and global benefits

OthersSustainable development

Process energy required:25-30 kWh/tonne of sugarcane0.4 tonne of steam

Waste:290 kg Bagasse ~ 100 kWh

1 tonne of sugarcane

100 - 120 kgsugar

SUGAR INDUSTRY

Process energy required:Paddy milling and drying: 30-60 kWh/tonne paddy

1 tonne ofPaddy

650-700 kgWhite rice

Waste:220 kg Husks ~ 90-125 kWh

RICE INDUSTRY

1 tonne of freshfruit bunches

Process energy required:20-25 kWh/t0.73 tonne of steam

Waste:

600-700 kg POME ~ 20 m3 biogas

190 kg fibers + shells

230 kg emptyfruit bunches

140 - 200 kgpalm oil

} ~ 120 kWh

PALM OIL INDUSTRY

WOOD INDUSTRY: SAWMILLS

0.5 m3 Sawn Wood

Energy Required:Sawmill: 35 - 45 kWh/m3

1 m3 of DebarkedWood Log

Waste:0.5 m3 Wood Residues ~ 80 kWh

WOOD INDUSTRY: PLYMILLS

Waste:0.5 m3 Wood Residues ~ 120 kWh

0.5 m3 Plywood

1 m3 of DebarkedWood Log

Energy required:Plywood: 110 kWh/m3 log + 1.2 tonne of steam

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIOMASS COGENERATION

Substitution of fossil fuels High energy efficiency leads to less emissions Less contribution to acid rain phenomenon Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions Elimination of unwanted solid wastes

Source: Joule Thermie, 1997

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIOMASS COGENERATION

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR GHG EMISSION MITIGATION CALCULATIONS

Emission from biomass in a combustion system(CO2, CH4, N2O)

Emission from fossil fuel(CO2, CH4, N2O)

Emission from grid/diesel genset (CO2, CH4, N2O)

INPUTS:• Amount of biomass used• Biomass properties• LHV• Emission factors• Boiler efficiency/other data

CALCULATIONS

INPUTS:• Amount of fossil fuel used• Fossil fuel properties• LHV• Emission factors• Efficiency/other data

INPUTS:• Power generation mix• Emission factors• Carbon content of fuels• Fuel properties• Specific fuel consumption

Emission from biomass in a combustion system

(CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnesof CO2 equivalent)

Global Warming Potential

Emission from fossil fuel(CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnes

of CO2 equivalent)

Emission from grid(CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnes

of CO2 equivalent)

(+)

EMISSION MITIGATION POTENTIAL

INPUTS:• Amount of biomass used• Biomass properties• N/C ratio• Emission factor• Other data

Emission from biomassuse in open-burning

(CO2, CH4, N2O)

Emission from biomassuse in open-burning

(CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnesof CO2 equivalent)

(+)(+)

(-)

Note: Sustainable biomass is CO2 neutral

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR GHG EMISSION MITIGATION CALCULATIONS

Type ofapplication

Base caseemission (A)

Alternative case emission (B) Emissionmitigation potential

Heat only Emissions fromBiomass boiler

Emissions from fuel oil boilerEmissions from open burning of biomass

B - A

Power only Emissions fromBiomass boiler

Emissions from grid and/or diesel gensetEmissions from open burning of biomass

B - A

Cogeneration Emissions fromBiomass boiler

Emissions from fuel oil boilerEmissions from grid and/or diesel gensetEmissions from open burning of biomass

B - A

CALCULATIONS FOR NATIONAL GRID EMISSIONS - DATA REQUIRED

Efficiency of coal, diesel, fuel oil and natural gas power plants

Lower heating values of fuels Carbon content of fuel Specific fuel consumption (kg/kWh) Emission factors for utility boiler in kg/TJ Electricity generation mix for the country Transmission and distribution loss

ASEAN ELECTRICITY GENERATION MIX

Country Hydro%

Geothermal%

Fuel oil%

Diesel%

Natural gas%

Coal%

Indonesia 14 2.8 28.21 28.01 10.51 16.48

Malaysia 10.9 0 21.1 2.6 55 11

Philippines 22.08 20.9 28.69 19.29 0 9.04

Thailand 4.5 0 28.28 2.58 45.74 18.9

Singapore 0 0 68.2 1.6 30.2 0

Source: AEEMTRC, 1996

ASEAN GRID EMISSION FACTORS

Emission Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines Singapore

CO2 (kg/kWh) 0.657 0.596 0.687 0.458 0.692

CH4 (mg/kWh) 7.75 8.47 9.06 5.25 9.14

N2O (mg/kWh) 4.78 3.07 4.50 3.12 2.40

NOx (g/kWh) 1.77 1.73 1.90 1.22 1.94

SOx (g/kWh)

CO (g/kWh)

NMVOC (mg/kWh)

2.02

0.28

41.75

1.03

0.37

43.56

1.52

0.42

46.82

1.55

0.15

28.65

1.84

0.24

49.20

EMISSION FACTORS

Amount of carbon content in fuel

Fuel type, technology, operating conditions

Maintenance and vintage of technology

CO2 emission depends on:

Other emissions depends on:

SOx emissions depends on:

Amount of sulphur content in fuel

Current scenario: 1.5 MWe wood waste-fired cogeneration

Old use of residues: Open-burning

Alternative scenario: Diesel genset for power generation + fuel oil boiler for heat requirements

Quantity of residues used: 31,640 tonnes per year

Quantity replaced:- Diesel power 10,125,000 kWh/year- Fuel oil 2,251 tonnes/year

CASE STUDY OF A WOOD WASTE-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT

Emission Mitigation Potential

CASE STUDY OF A WOOD WASTE-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT

CO2 emission reduction potential tonne/year 14112.36

CH4 emission reduction potential tonne/year 72.34

N2O emission reduction potential tonne/year 0.34

GHG emission reduction potential tonne of CO2 eq./year 15731.04

CO emission reduction potential tonne/year 1423.18

NMVOC emission reduction potential tonne/year 4.92

NOx emission reduction potential tonne/year 199.88

SOx emission reduction potential tonne/year 115.10

Maximum Mitigation Potential

1.5 MWe wood waste-firedcogeneration plant

mitigation potential:15,731 tonnes CO2

equiv./year

Replication in thewood industry

mitigation potential:22,400,944 tonnes CO2

equiv./year

EXTRAPOLATING MITIGATION POTENTIAL TO ASEAN REGION

Conservative Mitigation Potential

1.5 MWe wood waste-firedcogeneration plant


equiv./year

Replication in thewood industry


equiv./year


Current scenario: 2.5 MWe rice husk-fired cogeneration

Old use of residues: Open-burning

Alternative scenario: Grid for power requirements + fuel oil boiler for heat requirements

Quantity of residues used: 34,919 tonnes per year

Quantity replaced:- Grid power 16,875,000 kWh/year- Fuel oil 661 tonnes/year

CASE STUDY OF A RICE HUSK-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT

Emission Mitigation Potential

CASE STUDY OF A RICE HUSK-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT

CO2 emission reduction potential tonne/year 14762.30

CH4 emission reduction potential tonne/year 74.93

N2O emission reduction potential tonne/year 0.16

GHG emission reduction potential tonne of CO2 eq./year 16382.30

CO emission reduction potential tonne/year 1441.57

NMVOC emission reduction potential tonne/year 1.00

NOx emission reduction potential tonne/year 81.26

SOx emission reduction potential tonne/year 54.56

2.5 MWe rice husk-fired cogeneration plant


equiv./year

Replication in therice industry


equiv./year

Maximum Mitigation Potential


2.5 MWe rice husk-fired cogeneration plant


equiv./year

Replication in therice industry


equiv./year

Conservative Mitigation Potential


Barriers and Possible Solutions

lack of successful references

seen as complicated tooperate

the quality of biomass as afuel is not homogeneous

implementation of demonstrationprojects

suppliers to simplify operation;training of operators

adequate fuel preparation


energy not a core businessof potential users

risk of being the first to fail

create awareness of benefits andopportunities

references in similar environment;demonstration projects


lack of institutions givinginformation and advice

lack of awareness among users ongovernment rules and incentives

not enough technical and economicinformation to make a decision

strengthening of relevantnetworks

information drive

availability of funds or services toconduct feasibility studies


structure of the industry- size of mills- transportation problems- seasonality

uncertainty of biomass fuel supply

policy, legal and government issues

financial barriers

thorough investigation of theseaspects in the feasibility of projects

initiatives to boost yield andproductivity

government incentives/ supportmeasures?

innovative financial strategies;government incentives?

After having been demonstrated that clean and efficient biomass cogeneration projects are technically reliable and economically viable, ASEAN governments are now setting up the right institutional framework to encourage the implementation of such projects. Let us hope that this will help tap this huge renewable energy potential.

CONCLUSION

Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse, Arul...

Documents

Transcript of Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse, Arul...