DinoflagellatesTrinidad

What are the conditions like in the deep sea?

Physical:

Biological:

What are food sources for animals that live in the deep sea?

200 m

0 m

1000 m

2000 m

4000 m

6000 m

dysphotic

photic

aphotic

Light Penetration in the OceanD

epth

in m

eter

s 50 m

100m

150 m

200 m

200 m

0 m

1000 m

2000 m

4000 m

6000 m

dysphotic

photic

aphotic

What color of light will animals use?

Types of light production: 1. incandescence – light bulb2. luminescence- fluorescence bulb

What is the difference between these types of light?

Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction

Give examples of organisms that are bioluminescent?

Evolution of Bioluminescence

Fossilized bacteria 3.5 bya

• O2 is toxic to some bacteria

• Convert O2 to a nontoxic substance

• Light is a byproduct

• Benefit to some organisms

luciferaseLuciferin + O2 oxyluciferin + light

Bioluminescence: Not found in freshwater organisms.

• Bacterial• Intrinsic

Photobacterium

• Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship)• Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the

rest (17) make their own)• Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship)

Bacteria

Vibrio fischeri

(bacterial)Light emitting organ

How do they get bacteria?

• organ open to exterior

• potentially continuous luminescence

Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular)

Bacterial Symbiont

Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria

Bacterial photophores

Bacterial Photophores in Fish

Ichthyococcus

AnglerfishPinecone fish

flashlightfish

ponyfish

                                                    

 

Intrinsic photophores

Control of Bioluminescence

• Lid

• Vascular control

• Rotation of organ

What are the benefits &

drawbacks of using bioluminescence?

• Reproductive advantage• Countershading • Escape and avoid predation• Species recognition• Feeding• In evolution

Hatchetfish

Some deep sea copepods are red in color. Why?

Malacosteus (dragonfish)

squids- looking for mates.

Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.

mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method.

Duncecap or helmet jellyPeriphylla periphylla

Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis

Brittle Star, Ophiroidia

Ctenophore

Dinoflagellate

ostracod

pterapods

Coconut octopusAmphioctopus marginatus

PolychaeteTomopteris

Firefly squid

Deep sea glass squidTeuthowenia pellucida

Deep sea gulper

Photophores on ventral surface

Deep sea viper fish

Black Devil Angler Fish

lure

angler fish

Inquiry1. Define bioluminescence.2. Who produces bioluminescence?3. What is the difference between

intrinsic and bacterial bioluminescence?

4. What is the blink and run method?5. What is countershading?6. What is the evolutionary

advantage of bioluminescence in bacteria?

7.What color is most common and why?

8. What advantages are there to producing red light?

9. How do fish control luminescence?

10. What triggers luminescence in dinoflagellates?

11. What are luciferin and luciferase?