Biology unit 1/2 -CHAPTER 2

Topic: Level Of Organisation (p42-46)

28/3/2012BY

Muhammad Bilal Javed

Biology unit 1/2 -CHAPTER 2

Topic: Level Of Organisation (p42-46)

28/3/2012BY

Muhammad Bilal Javed

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Upon completion student will understand ...• Uni / multi cellular organisation & characteristic• Level of organisation • Type of tissues ??• SA: V Ratio: how it works? its important to

cell...!!• Delivery method• Organ & their system. • Comparison of plant and human organ system..!!• Summary of organisation

• Upon completion student will understand ...• Uni / multi cellular organisation & characteristic• Level of organisation • Type of tissues ??• SA: V Ratio: how it works? its important to

cell...!!• Delivery method• Organ & their system. • Comparison of plant and human organ system..!!• Summary of organisation

Cells Cells

• Cells The basic structure of living things

• Human body contains about 100 trillion cells

• Cells The basic structure of living things

• Human body contains about 100 trillion cells

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS CELL UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS CELL

• Must carry out all the metabolic processes necessary for life• NB: “ uni-” = one (i.e. one cell)• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms .• Some algae, some protists , and some eukaryotes (yeasts), are

unicellular• Are complex cells capable of/or can still do

everything they need to stay alive • Benefits over multicellular organisms:

- Need fewer resources- Can live in harsher conditions

• Must carry out all the metabolic processes necessary for life• NB: “ uni-” = one (i.e. one cell)• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms .• Some algae, some protists , and some eukaryotes (yeasts), are

unicellular• Are complex cells capable of/or can still do

everything they need to stay alive • Benefits over multicellular organisms:

- Need fewer resources- Can live in harsher conditions

Multicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms

• Are dependent on each other for survival.• NB: “ multi-”= more than one (millions of cells)• Plants, animals , some protists, and most fungi

are multicellular.• Start as a single cell -> many cells -> cells

differentiate (change) into different types of cells -> cells group together (i.e. level of organisation)

• Are dependent on each other for survival.• NB: “ multi-”= more than one (millions of cells)• Plants, animals , some protists, and most fungi

are multicellular.• Start as a single cell -> many cells -> cells

differentiate (change) into different types of cells -> cells group together (i.e. level of organisation)

Levels of Organization Levels of Organization • Depend upon each type of cell and its specific job aka specialized cells.

??CAN YOU IN YOUR OWN WORDS EXPLANIN WHAT ‘SPECIALIZED’MEAN WHEN TALKING ABOUT CELL ORGANIZATIONS??

• 1st Level: cells• 2nd Level: Tissues • 3 rd Level: Organs • 4th Level: Organ Systems

• ?? Is sperm a cell ??

Therefore : Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems

• Depend upon each type of cell and its specific job aka specialized cells.

??CAN YOU IN YOUR OWN WORDS EXPLANIN WHAT ‘SPECIALIZED’MEAN WHEN TALKING ABOUT CELL ORGANIZATIONS??

• 1st Level: cells• 2nd Level: Tissues • 3 rd Level: Organs • 4th Level: Organ Systems

• ?? Is sperm a cell ??

Therefore : Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems

Multicellular CharacteristicsMulticellular Characteristics

• Larger size = benefit: have less predators and have more options of things to eat

• Another benefit: Longer life – organism will continue to live even if a single cell dies

• Biggest benefit: ‘Specialization’ – each type of cell has a specific job, making the organism more efficient

• Larger size = benefit: have less predators and have more options of things to eat

• Another benefit: Longer life – organism will continue to live even if a single cell dies

• Biggest benefit: ‘Specialization’ – each type of cell has a specific job, making the organism more efficient

Tissue Tissue

• Are ‘group of same cells’ that work together to perform a specific job.

• NB: Material around and between the cells is also part of the tissue.

• Different kind of tissue serves different function

• 4 MAIN TYPES: - CONNECTIVE - MUSCLE - NERVOUS - EPITHELIAL

• Are ‘group of same cells’ that work together to perform a specific job.

• NB: Material around and between the cells is also part of the tissue.

• Different kind of tissue serves different function

• 4 MAIN TYPES: - CONNECTIVE - MUSCLE - NERVOUS - EPITHELIAL

Examples Examples

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Connects other tissues together. ie: Fat, cartilage, bones, blood, ligaments and tendons.

• EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Covers the surface of your body and lines the inside of organs. For out side only epidermal = ‘outside’) NB: plants don't have epithelial.

• MUSCLE TISSUE: Movement of the body’s functions. ie: voluntary & involuntary.

• NERVOUS TISSUE: Controls & coordinates all body functions. ie: brain, nerves

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Connects other tissues together. ie: Fat, cartilage, bones, blood, ligaments and tendons.

• EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Covers the surface of your body and lines the inside of organs. For out side only epidermal = ‘outside’) NB: plants don't have epithelial.

• MUSCLE TISSUE: Movement of the body’s functions. ie: voluntary & involuntary.

• NERVOUS TISSUE: Controls & coordinates all body functions. ie: brain, nerves

SA:V-to- RatioSA:V-to- Ratio

• Surface area : Volume ratio The surface area of a sphere is calculated using the formula 3πr2

• The volume of a sphere can be calculated using the formula 4/3πr2

• SA:V ratio can be calculated by simply dividing the SA by the V.

• For a sphere of radius 1μm, what would the SA:V ratio be?

• Surface area : Volume ratio The surface area of a sphere is calculated using the formula 3πr2

• The volume of a sphere can be calculated using the formula 4/3πr2

• SA:V ratio can be calculated by simply dividing the SA by the V.

• For a sphere of radius 1μm, what would the SA:V ratio be?

Surface area:Volume ratio Surface area:Volume ratio

• What is the apparent relationship between SA and V in a sphere?

• The larger the sphere, the lesser the surface area in comparison the volume.

•

• What is the apparent relationship between SA and V in a sphere?

• The larger the sphere, the lesser the surface area in comparison the volume.

•

Example :

when cell size increase (i.e. radius) the SA:V decrease

Radius (r) SA:V1 unit 3.02 1.53 1.06 0.510 0.3

How SA:V relates to cells How SA:V relates to cells

• Cells are roughly spherical in shape • The plasma membrane is vital for the

importation of required substances and the disposal of waste

• Cells need as large as possible a surface are (in relation to their volume) in order to interact effectively with their environment.

• This is the limiting factor on the size of cells.

• Cells are roughly spherical in shape • The plasma membrane is vital for the

importation of required substances and the disposal of waste

• Cells need as large as possible a surface are (in relation to their volume) in order to interact effectively with their environment.

• This is the limiting factor on the size of cells.

Organization of cells in multicellular organisms

Organization of cells in multicellular organisms

Explanation: the number of cells occupying a particular space influences the rate of movement of material into & out of the mass occupying the space. The greater the overall SA:V Ratio the greater the efficiency of movement of material.

Important of SA:V RatioImportant of SA:V Ratio

• Important in determining the cell efficiency to move the materials across its membrane, and that the higher SA:V Ratio of cells, the more efficient it is in carrying out those functions.

• Exchange of martial between tissue and their environment has the potential to be far more efficient if the tissue is made up of many small cells rather than fewer larger cells.

• Important in determining the cell efficiency to move the materials across its membrane, and that the higher SA:V Ratio of cells, the more efficient it is in carrying out those functions.

• Exchange of martial between tissue and their environment has the potential to be far more efficient if the tissue is made up of many small cells rather than fewer larger cells.

Delivery system...Delivery system...

• For the inner cells of a tissue to operate as efficient as the outer cells, they must have a delivery system that transport foods and gases to them and takes away waste.

• In many animals, the delivery system is the blood circulatory system.

• For the inner cells of a tissue to operate as efficient as the outer cells, they must have a delivery system that transport foods and gases to them and takes away waste.

• In many animals, the delivery system is the blood circulatory system.

Delivery systemDelivery system

This contact with the external environment is achieved by means of a delivery system – ( i.e. blood flow)

Organs Organs

• Only in multicellular organism• Different tissue types working together with /

or for a specific job to be done at its best.• Thus organs can be defined as a collection of

tissues.• For example: your stomach consisting of

groups of tissues i.e. epithelium, smooth muscle cells & blood

• ??What other organs can you think of ??

• Only in multicellular organism• Different tissue types working together with /

or for a specific job to be done at its best.• Thus organs can be defined as a collection of

tissues.• For example: your stomach consisting of

groups of tissues i.e. epithelium, smooth muscle cells & blood

• ??What other organs can you think of ??

How about organ of Plants or Trees !!How about organ of Plants or Trees !!

• Leaf is a an organ for plants & trees • Tissues of leaf include: epithelium, vascular

tissue, and parenchyma tissue.• ??What other organs of plant/ or tress can

you think ??

• Leaf is a an organ for plants & trees • Tissues of leaf include: epithelium, vascular

tissue, and parenchyma tissue.• ??What other organs of plant/ or tress can

you think ??

Organ systemsOrgan systems

• Our digestive system is comprises various organs that work together to ensure that the food we eat is digested and voluble nutrients from the foods can be absorbed and delivered to our body.

• Our digestive system is comprises various organs that work together to ensure that the food we eat is digested and voluble nutrients from the foods can be absorbed and delivered to our body.

Eg. Commences with mouth -> teeth -> oesophagus ->stomach ->intestine -> liver. Than, blood carrying O2 picks up nutrients absorbed by intestine -> circulates to the body

Plant organ Vs Human organPlant organ Vs Human organ

• Plants ...• Energy need is less• not/ or hardly mobile • Hence lacks complex

organs or don't need it as: produce their own food through photosynthesis plus this process also delivers or allows exchange of O2 and CO2

• Plants ...• Energy need is less• not/ or hardly mobile • Hence lacks complex

organs or don't need it as: produce their own food through photosynthesis plus this process also delivers or allows exchange of O2 and CO2

• Human ...• Energy need greater • Depends on/ greater

mobility• Thus require complex

system, such as: - respiratory for (energy /ATP)

- digestive system (for food

/nutrients)

• Human ...• Energy need greater • Depends on/ greater

mobility• Thus require complex

system, such as: - respiratory for (energy /ATP)

- digestive system (for food

/nutrients)

Summary of levels of organisation in multicelullar organismSummary of levels of organisation in multicelullar organism

Home work to be completed in holidays

• Do bio-challenge question (p-47)• Do quick-check questions on (p-31, 35,42,46)• Chapter review questions: Q 2) & Q6) applying your

understanding, as well as Q7d) analysing informational and drawing your conclusions. Hint; for Q7d) good idea have a look at videos on YouTube or any appropriate site that suites you to give you ideas.

• After the above please attempt reading on chapter 3 for lessons

Reading’s for upcoming topics

• After finishing of home work from last slide please attempt ‘reading on chapter 3’ and attempt QUICK -CHECK questions on (p60 & p71)

AND Do reading on Chapter 4. As well as QUICK CHECK

questions (p84 & P88)

Thank you &

enjoy your holidays :D