Biology Unit 1 Fall 2015 Ms. Taylor PVMHS 1. 2 Biological Theory Concept Cell All organisms are...
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Transcript of Biology Unit 1 Fall 2015 Ms. Taylor PVMHS 1. 2 Biological Theory Concept Cell All organisms are...
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BiologyUnit 1Fall 2015
Ms. TaylorPVMHS
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Biological Theory Concept
Cell All organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from preexisting cells
Gene Organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior
Evolution All living things have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life
Homeostasis The internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant within a range protective of life
Ecosystem Organisms are members of populations that interact with each other and with the physical environment within a particular locale
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Levels of biological organizationAtoms – smallest portions of
an element
Combine themselves with other Atoms to form Molecules
Consists of a nucleus, neutrons and protons and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical attraction
calcuttahams.com
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Levels of biological organization
Molecules – atoms combine
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are joined together chemically harvardindependent.com
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Characteristics of Living Things
Cellular Organization:- Unicellular- Single celled organism - Multi Cellular- Organism composed of many
cells
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Characteristics of Living Things
Contain similar chemicals: 1. Water 2. Carbohydrate 3. Proteins 4. Lipids 5. Nucleic Acids
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Characteristics of Living Things
Use Energy:
ALL organisms need source of energy Heterotrophs- Can not make their own food,
need to eat Autotrophs- Produce their own food
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Characteristics of Living Things
Grow and Develop:
Organisms become larger when they grow and change to produce a more complex organism when they develop
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Characteristics of Living Things
Respond to their surroundings:
A change in an organisms surroundings causes it to react, this is called stimulus
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Characteristics of Living Things
Reproduce:
To produce offspring that are similar to the parents
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BiosphereRegions of the Earth’s crust,waters, and atmosphere inhabitedby living things
EcosystemA community plus the physical environment
CommunityInteracting populations in a particular area
PopulationOrganisms of the same speciesin a particular area
OrganismAn individual; complex individualscontain organ systems
Levels of biological organization
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THE THEORY OF
HOMEOSTASISOrganisms Are Homeostatic
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Organisms regulate their internal environment
Theory of homeostasisCells and organisms have an internal environment and that cells regulate this environment so that it stays fairly constant
Response to stimuliAbility to respond to stimuli assists the homeostatic ability of organisms
All together, daily activities are termed the behavior of the organismBehavior of an organism often assists
homeostasis
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THE THEORY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Organisms Live in Ecosystems
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The biosphere is divided into ecosystems
Theory of ecosystemsOrganisms form units in which they interact with the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components of the environment
Ecosystems are characterized by chemical cycling and energy flowBegin when plants take in solar energy and inorganic nutrients to produce food by photosynthesis
Climate largely determines where different ecosystems are found in the biosphere
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THE THEORY OF EVOLUTIONOrganisms Are Related and Adapted to
Their Environment
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The ancestry of species can be determined
Theory of evolutionOrganisms have shared characteristics because of common descent
Evolutionary treeTraces the ancestry of a group to a common ancestorTraced using molecular data, fossils record, anatomy
and physiology, and embryologyNatural selection is the mechanism that results in
adaptation to the environmentOnly species (types of organisms) evolve and not individual organisms
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bird characteristicsreptile characteristics
claws
teeth
feathers
tail with vertebrae
Archeopteryx
An evolutionary tree shows how the ancestry of Archaeopteryx can be traced to a common ancestor with crocodiles and dinosaurs.
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Crocodilians
PastTime
Present
Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs
Archaeopteryxcommon ancestor
commonancestor(reptilian)
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes: molecules
surrounded by a membrane and cell wall
Eukaryotes: Organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus
ebi.ac.uk
library.thinkquest.org
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Evolutionary relationships help biologists group organisms
DomainsBacteria
ProkaryotesArchaea
ProkaryotesEukarya
Eukaryotes Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals
Domain Eukarya
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Protists
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan
• Algae, protozoans,slime molds, andwater molds
• Complex single cell(sometimes filaments,colonies, or evenmulticellular)
• Absorb, photosynthesize,or ingest food
1 µm
KINGDOM: Plants
• Certain algae, mosses, ferns,conifers, and flowering plants
• Multicellular, usually withspecialized tissues,containing complex cells
• Photosynthesize food
Passiflora, passion flower, a flowering plant
KINGDOM: Fungi
Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom
• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,and ringworms
• Mostly multicellular filaments withspecialized, complex cells
• Absorb food
Vulpes, a red fox
• Sponges, worms, insects,fishes, frogs, turtles,birds, and mammals
• Multicellular withspecialized tissuescontaining complex cells
• Ingest food
KINGDOM: Animals
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The Theory of Evolution
The idea that there is a “Common descent with modification”
mhhe.com
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Charles Darwin The Father of evolution
Concluded that “Natural Selection” brings about adaptations to the environment
Adaptation to various environments accounts for the diversity of life on Earth
crystalinks.com
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Natural Selection
Mutations introduce variations
Some aspect of environment (abiotic or biotic) selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation
Living things having advantageous traits and can produce more offspring than those lacking them
Rockhopper penguins have become adapted toliving in the waters of Antarctic
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Evolution from a common ancestor accounts for the characteristics of life
1. Life is organized2. Life uses materials and energy3. Life reproduces4. Life is homeostatic5. Life responds to stimuli6. Life forms ecosystems7. Life evolves
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Concepts
Scientific method helps scientists come to conclusions
5 theories (cell, gene, homeostasis, ecosystems, evolution)
All theories of biology are related
Characteristics of life
All life-forms share similar characteristics because they can trace their ancestry to a common source
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Thank you for your attention