BIOLOGY

SOL

BLAST

stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment

HOMEOSTASIS

help organisms maintain homeostasis; increase the speed of chemical reactions; fit with substrate like a

lock and key

substrate

enzyme

active site

ENZYMES

• comparison group

• what the experimenter changes

• the variable that is measured

Control group

Independent variable

Dependent variable

IN AN EXPERIMENT . . .

Remember . . .

Only test one variable at a

time.

Can you name the

cells to the left?

Cell Organelles

• powerhouse; produces ATP

• where proteins are made

• lipid bilayer; controls what enters and leaves cell

• contains chlorophyll; needed for photosynthesis

Mitochondria

“mighty mitochondria”

Ribosome

Cell Membrane

Chloroplast

WATERPolar Universal solventHigh heat of vaporizationLess dense in its solid form

Water has cohesive and adhesive properties allowing for capillary action to take place in trees.

cohesion Water sticks to itself

adhesion Water sticks to other substances

Hyper-shrinksHypo=expands

_________ = cell shrinks __________ = cell expands

movement of water from a high to low concentrationOsmosis

Hypertonic Hypotonic

movement of substances from a high to low concentrationDiffusion

Two Types:

-requires oxygen (produces 36 ATP)

-does not require oxygen (produces 2 ATP)

transfer of energy in organic compounds to ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

What is used in cellular respiration is produced in photosynthesis---what is used in photosynthesis is

produced in cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis

Takes in which gas?

Releases which gas?

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Produces food

(C6H12O6 - glucose)

for the plant

6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the main purpose of

photosynthesis?

Somatic (body cell) division

• DNA must replicate before

division takes place

• Results=2 diploid cells

MITOSIS

• Gamete (sex cell) division

• Results = 4 haploid cells

MEIOSIS

When fertilization takes place, 2 haploid cells (sperm and egg) unite to create what?

1 diploid cell

PUNNETT SQUARE

B = pink

b = white

GENOTYPIC RATIO:

PHENOTYPIC RATIO:

BB =

bb =

Bb =

1:2:1

3:1

diagram used to predict the probable outcome of a genetic cross

Homozygous dominant

Homozygous recessive

Heterozygous

1.

2.

3.

(A-T, C-G)

DNA is made of nucleotides which are

made of:

DNA

Sugar (deoxyribose)

Phosphate

Nitrogen bases

DNA RNAA -

G -

T

C

A -UG - C

CTA = GAT TAC = AUG

DNA REPLICATION

How are proteins made?

Amino Acids

ribosome

mRNA

tRNA

A chain of amino acids =

protein

CODON

ANTICODON

If given the codon,

AAC, what is the amino acid the

tRNA will bring to the mRNA?

Famous names in the discovery of DNA

Double Helix Structure-

X-Ray Diffraction to determine structure-

Base-pairing rules-

Watson & Crick

Franklin

Chargoff

VIRUS

What is this?

Is it living? No

Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophage

Host Cell

Viral Nucleic Acid

Bacterial DNA

Capsid

KINGDOMS OF LIFE

-Cell walls of chitin

-Cell walls of cellulose

-No cell walls

What are the two types of cells?Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

What organisms are eukaryotic?

bacteria

What organisms are prokaryotic?

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Bacteria

UnicellularProkarytoticEubacteria / ArchaebacteriaCell WallReproduce Sexually or Asexually (Binary Fission)Remember Sexual reproduction is the best because

it creates variation in the species.

Protists

Unicellular or MulticellularMost diverse groupFirst eukaryotes“Catch-all Group”Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-likeCan be Heterotrophic and/or Autotrophic

What do Paramecium move with? Cilia

What do Amoeba move with?Pseudopodia

What do Euglena move with?

Flagellum

Fungi Unicellular or Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic-absorption Cell walls made of chitin Reproduce sexually or asexually (spores) Visible portion is reproductive structure and body

is mass of hyphae (mycelium)

Plants

MulticellularEukaryoticAutotrophicNonmotileCell wall= CelluloseStarch

Animals

MulticellularEukaryoticHeterotrophicNo cell walls95% Invertebrates5% Vertebrates

Isolation Condition in which two

populations of the same species cannot breed with one another

– Geographic-separated by a physical feature (i.e. canyon)

– Reproductive-can no longer mate with each other (i.e. different mating times, physical differences, no longer attracted to the other)

Process by which populations change in response to their environment

as individuals better adapted to the environment survive and

reproduce and pass those favorable characteristics on

NATURAL SELECTION

Who was the scientist who

developed this theory?

Darwin

Dichotomous Key1 a  Hind limbs absent Siren

  b  Hind limbs present Go to 2

2 a  External gills present in adults Mud puppy

  b  External gills absent in adults Go to 3

3 a  Large size (over 7 cm long) Go to 4

  b  Small size (under 7 cm long) Go to 5

4 a Body background black, large white spots irregular in shape and size completely covering body & tail

Tiger salamander

  b Body background black, small, round, white spots in a row along each side fro eye to tip of tail

Spotted Salamander

5 a  Body background black with white spots Go to 6

b Body background light color with dark spots and or lines on body

Go to 7

6 a Small white spots on a black background in a row along each side from head to tip of tail

Jefferson salamander

  b Small white spots on a scattered throughout a black background from head to tip of tail

Slimy salamander

7 a Large irregular black spots on a light background extending from head to tip of tail

Marbled salamander

  bNo large irregular black spots on a light background

Go to 8

8 aRound spots scattered along back and sides of body, tail flattened like a tadpole

Newt

  bWithout round spots and tail not flattened like a tadpole

Go to 9

9 aTwo dark lines bordering a broad, light mid-dorsal stripe with a narrow median dark line extending from the head onto the tail

Two-lined salamander

  bWithout two dark lines running the length of the body

Go to 10

10 aA light stripe running the length of the body and bordered by dark pigment extending downward on the sides

Red-backed salamander

  bA light stripe extending the length of the body, a marked constriction at the base of the tail

Four-toed salamander

pioneer species

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

What are the first organisms to colonize a new site (i.e. bare rock)?

PRIMARY SUCCESSION

What is the name of a mature, stable community?

climax community

Food Web

1000

100

10

1

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

• Organism that cannot make its own food; must consume food

Examples: animals, fungi, some bacteria and protists (decomposers, herbivore, omnivores, carnivores)

• Organism that can produce its own food; usually by photosynthesis

Examples: plants, some bacteria and some protists

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Read each question carefully.Go with your first instinct.If you don’t understand the question, try

visualizing it or sketching it.With graphs and diagrams, most likely the

answer is in the question .Make this the last time you look at the Biology

SOL!