Biology - Sample written examination · BIOLOGY (SAMPLE) 2 February 2017 SECTION A continued D O N...

S A M P L E

BIOLOGYWritten examination

Day Date Reading time: *.** to *.** (15 minutes) Writing time: *.** to *.** (2 hours 30 minutes)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 40 40 40B 11 11 80

Total 120

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof39 pages• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice

questionsarecorrect, andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2017

February2017

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education Year

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

BIOLOGY(SAMPLE) 2 February2017

SECTION A – continued

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eaQuestion 1

Thegeneticcodespecifies20differentaminoacidsthatcanformproteins.Whichoneofthefollowingexplainsthefunctionaldiversityofproteins?A. Proteindenaturationmaybereversibleorirreversible.B. Proteinshavestructural,enzymaticandsignallingfunctions.C. Numerouscombinationsofaminoacidscanformavarietyofpolypeptidechains.D. Codonscorrespondtoaspecificaminoacidorstopsignalduringproteinsynthesis.

Question 2WhichofthefollowingcorrectlydescribesadifferencebetweenDNAandrRNA?

DNA contains rRNA contains

A. deoxyribosesugar. ribosesugar.

B. uracil. thymine.

C. asinglestrand. adoublestrand.

D. adifferentnumberofcytosineandguaninenitrogenbases.

thesamenumberofcytosineandguaninenitrogenbases.

Question 3ProteomicsistheA. theorythatasinglegeneencodesforasingleprotein.B. studyoftheproteinsproducedbyacertaingene.C. studyoftheproteinsproducedbyanorganism.D. studyofthegenomeofanorganism.

SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenot drawntoscale.

February2017 3 BIOLOGY(SAMPLE)

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

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Question 4Asmallpercentageofhumansarebornwithmalfunctioningproteinchannelsintheirplasmamembranes.Whichoneofthefollowingmoleculeswillbedifficulttotransportacrossplasmamembraneswithmalfunctioningproteinchannels?A. lipid-basedhormonesB. carbondioxideC. glucoseD. water

Question 5

H

HN C C

R

H

O

OHH

HN C C

R

H

O

OH

H

HN C C

R

H

O

N C C

R

H

O

OH +

H

peptide bond

H2O

ThereactionshowninthediagramaboveisanexampleofaA. hydrophilicreaction.B. hydrophobicreaction.C. denaturationreaction.D. condensationreaction.

Question 6Considerthestructureofageneinaeukaryoticcell.Whichoneofthefollowingisacorrectstatement?A. Anexonistranscribedbutnottranslated.B. Apromoterregionisfounddownstreamofagene.C. Intronscontainnucleotidesthatcodefortheproductionofprotein.D. Transcriptionfactorsmaybindtonucleotidesfoundinthepromoterregionofthegene.



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Question 7AregulatorygeneA. maycodefortheproductionofamoleculethatinhibitstheactivityofanothergene.B. consistsofasequenceofnucleotides,eachcontainingaribosesugargroup.C. requirestheenzymeDNApolymerasetotranscribeitscode.D. codesfortheproductionofastructuralprotein.

Question 8Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutcoenzymesiscorrect?A. NAD+transfersenergyfromglycolysistotheelectrontransportchaininrespiration.B. ATPprovidesasupplyofenergytothelight-dependentreactionofphotosynthesis.C. NADPHtransfersenergytothelight-independentreactioninphotosynthesis.D. ADPprovidesenergyforactivetransportacrossplasmamembranes.



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Question 9Theenzymelactatedehydrogenaseisfoundinawidevarietyoforganisms.Itcatalysestheconversionofbothpyruvatetolactateandlactatetopyruvate.ThebacteriumThermoanaerobacter ethanolicuslivesingeothermal(hot)springs.Theriverbuffalo(Bubalus bubalis)isadomesticanimalcommoninPakistan.Scientistsstudyingtheenzymelactatedehydrogenasefromthesetwoorganismsproducedthefollowinggraphs.

70605040302010

0

relativeactivity of

enzyme

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45temperature (°C)

50 55 60 65 7075 80 85 9095

120

100

80

60relative

activity ofenzyme

40

20

020 30 40 50 60

temperature (°C)70 80 90 100

70605040302010

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

relativeactivity of

enzyme

pH

120

100

80

60

40

20

03.4 4.2 5.0 5.8

pH6.6 7.4 8.2

relativeactivity of

enzyme

B. bubalis T. ethanolicus

Sources:Graphsonleft:adaptedfromMSNadeemetal.,‘Purificationandcharacterisationoflactatedehydrogenasefromtheheartventriclesofriverbuffalo(Bubalus bubalis)’,inPakistan Journal of Zoology,vol.43(2),2011,p.318;

Graphsonright:adaptedfromQZhouandWLShao,‘MoleculargeneticcharacterisationofthethermostableL-lactatedehydrogenasegene(ldhL)ofThermoanaerobacter ethanolicusJW200andbiochemicalcharacterisationoftheenzyme’,

inBiochemistry (Moscow),vol.75,no.4,2010,p.529

Fromthegraphs,itisreasonabletoconcludethattheA. optimumtemperatureatwhichtheenzymeoperatesishigherinthebacteriathanintheriverbuffaloB. bacterialformoftheenzymewoulddenatureattemperaturesbelow60°CC. bacterialformoftheenzymehasanoptimumpHof7.4D. bodytemperatureofariverbuffalois40°C



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Question 10Consideranenzyme-facilitatedreactioninwhichtheconcentrationoftheenzymeisconstant.Whichoneofthefollowinggraphsshowstheeffectofincreasingsubstrateconcentrationontherateofproductformation?

A.

concentration of substrate




B.

C.

rate of productformation




D.

Question 11Theelectromicrographbelowshowsaportionofacell.

X

InorganelleXA. carbondioxideisjoinedtoanorganicmolecule.B. theelectrontransportchainproducestwoATP.C. thecyclingofNADHoccurs.D. pyruvateissynthesised.



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Question 12WhichoneofthefollowingisanoutputoftheKrebscycle?A. ADPB. NADPHC. pyruvateD. carbondioxide

Question 13Whichoneofthefollowingistrueofglycolysis?A. Itisthefirststageofaerobicrespiration,notanaerobicrespiration.B. Itresultsintheproductionofeitherlacticacidorethanol.C. ItproducesmoreATPthantheKrebscycle.D. Itoccursinthecytosolofacell.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 14–16.Thegraphbelowshowsthenetuptakeofcarbondioxidebyaleaffromitsexternalenvironmentaslightintensityisaltered.Allothervariablesarekeptconstantthroughouttheexperiment.

0 200 400 600 800 1000

net uptake ofcarbon dioxide

from externalenvironment

(arbitrary units)

–5

0

5

10

15

20

25

absorbed light (arbitrary units)

M

Question 14PhotosynthesisoccursA. whenlightabsorptionisabove0.B. onlywhenlightabsorptionisabove200.C. onlywhenthenetuptakeofcarbondioxideisabove0.D. whenlightabsorptionisgreaterthanorequaltopointM.

Question 15AtpointM,therateofphotosynthesisisA. 0.B. slowduetothetemperature.C. equaltotherateofcellularrespiration.D. limitedbycarbondioxideavailableintheenvironment.

Question 16Consideringtheexperimentalconditionsoutlinedabove,thegraphbeginstoplateauasA. the concentrationofoxygeninhibitstherateofphotosynthesis.B. therateofphotosynthesisisatitsmaximum.C. thelevelofcarbondioxideincreases.D. lightislimited.



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Question 17 Lipid-basedhormonesandprotein-basedhormonesbothstimulatetheirtargetcells.Thetwokindsofhormoneshavedifferentmechanismstoinitiateresponseswithintheirtargetcells.Lipid-basedhormonesA. formahormone-receptorcomplexthatbindstoasiteonaDNAmolecule.B. attachtoproteinreceptorsonthemembranesoftheirtargetcells. C. directlyinhibitenzymesinthecytoplasm.D. bindtoproteinsinthenuclearmembrane.

Question 18 Someresponsesorreactionsseeninindividualsarecausedbythereleaseofchemicalsintotheenvironmentbyotherindividualsofthesamespecies.ThesechemicalsarecalledA. enzymes.B. pheromones.C. neurohormones.D. neurotransmitters.

Question 19 Relenzawasoneofthefirstdrugsdevelopedthroughrationaldrugdesign.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueofRelenza?A. Relenzaisanantibioticdrug.B. Relenzaincreasesthereleaseofthevirusfromthehostcell.C. Relenzapreventsthesynthesisofspecificviralproteinswithinthehostcell.D. Relenzabindstoandblockstheactivesiteoftheviralenzymeneuraminidase.

Question 20Fourstudentscarriedoutanexperimentusingathermometertorecordthetemperatureofasolution.Thestudentsrepeatedtheexperimentfourtimes.Theirteachersuggestedthattheirresultsshowedevidenceofasystematicerror.AsystematicerrorA. mayhavebeencausedbyusinganincorrectlycalibratedthermometerthroughouttheexperiment.B. willbeshownbylargevariationsintheindividualtemperaturereadingsobtainedbythestudents.C. canbereducedifthestudentsgatheredmoredatabyrepeatingtheexperimentmanymoretimes.D. happenswhenthestudentstaketurnsrecordingthetemperatureofthesolution.

Question 21Inhumans,achemicalbarriertohelpkeeppathogensoutoftheinternalenvironmentincludesA. keratindepositedinskincells.B. thepresenceofacidinthestomach.C. thereleaseofhistaminefromneutrophils.D. theproductionofinterferonbyvirus-infectedcells.



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Question 22AnexampleofaninnateresponsebythehumanimmunesystemisA. cytotoxicTcellsreleasingchemicalsintoinfectedcells.B. theproductionofplasmacellsthatproduceantibodies.C. phagocytesengulfingnon-selfmaterial.D. theproductionofmemoryBcells.

Question 23ThehumanlymphaticsystemA. containsalltypesofbloodcells.B. actsasaphysicalbarrieragainstpathogens.C. producescomplementproteinsbyclonalselection.D. actsasatransportsystemforantigen-presentingcells.

Question 24Bananaplantsarepolyploid.ThismeansthattheircellshaveA. multipleextrasetsofchromosomes.B. anynumberofextrachromosomes.C. manycopiesofthesamegene.D. multiplenuclei.

Question 25Overthepastmillionyears,Australia’sclimatehasbecomemuchdrier,leadingtoreducedareasofforestandwoodland.StudiesofmitochondrialDNAindifferentspiderspeciesfromvariouswoodlandsshowtheysharearecentcommonancestordatingbacktojustbeforetheclimatebegantobecomedrier.ThedifferentspeciesarelikelytohaveevolvedthroughtheprocessknownasA. geneflow.B. geneticdrift.C. allopatricspeciation.D. convergentevolution.



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Question 26SamplesofDNAweretakenfromfourindividuals.ThesampleswentthroughaseriesofstepsandtheresultingDNAisshownbelow.

Originalsamples

DNA sample 1 DNA sample 2 DNA sample 3 DNA sample 4

DNA sample 1 DNA sample 2 DNA sample 3 DNA sample 4

Samples after Step X

Mixtures of samples

DNA samples1 and 2

DNA samples1 and 3

DNA samples3 and 4

Step X

Step Y – Mixing of some samples and treatment of mixed samples

Usinginformationfromthediagram,whichconclusioncouldbedrawn?A. DNAsamples1and2arefromindividualsbelongingtothesamespecies.B. TreatmentatStepXwouldhaveincludedcoolingeachoftheoriginalsamples.C. TreatmentofmixedsamplesatStepYwouldhaveincludedtheadditionofDNAhelicase.D. IndividualswithDNAsamples1and2aremorecloselyrelatedthanindividualswithDNAsamples3and4.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 27 and 28.Twoproteins,BMP4andCaM,actinthedevelopingembryosoffinchesandareresponsibleforthevariationsinbeaksizeandshapeamongtheGalápagosfinches.Variationsinbeaksizeandshape,andthelevelsoftheproteinsindifferenttypesofGalápagosfinchesareshowninthediagrambelow.

mixed diet of seeds and insects

Sharp-beaked finchlow CaM: low BMP4:short beak low beak depth/width

low BMP4:low beak depth/width

high CaM:elongated beak

Cactus finch

low–moderate BMP4:moderate beak depth/width

high CaM:elongated beak

Large cactus finch

?moderate beak depth/width

?short beak

Medium ground finch

early/high BMP4:high beak depth/width

low CaM:short beak

Large ground finch

probing cactus flowers/fruit crushing seeds crushing hard/large seeds

Source:adaptedfromGPWagner,MPavlicevandJMCheverud,‘Theroadtomodularity’, inNature Reviews Genetics,vol.8,December2007,p.924

Question 27Considerthemediumgroundfinchillustratedabove.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostlikelylevelsofproteinstoproducethebeakshapeofthisfinch?

Level of BMP4 Level of CaM

A. low high

B. moderate low

C. low low

D. moderate high



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Question 28ThedifferencesinthelevelsofproteinsinthedifferentfinchescanbeexplainedbyA. changesingeneexpression.B. naturalselection.C. adaptation.D. evolution.

Question 29Whichoneofthefollowingstatementscorrectlyexplainswhy50000yearsisthelimitoftheradiocarbondatingmethodfordeterminingtheageoffossils?A. Fossilsolderthan50000yearshavetoomuchcarboncontaminationfromatmosphericcarbondioxidefor

accuratemeasurements.B. Thehalf-lifeofcarbon-14isshortandso,by50000years,thereistoolittlecarbonlefttomeasure.C. Theproportionofradioactivecarbonintheatmosphereisnotknownbeyond50000yearsago.D. After50000years,thereisnocarbonleftinfossils.

Question 30SomescientistsarguethatAustralianmarsupialsarethedescendantsofmarsupialsthatfirstevolvedinwhatisnowSouthAmerica.Theseearlymarsupialsmovedtowhatbecamemodern-dayAustralia.OtherscientistsarguethattheevidencesuggeststhatthemarsupialsoriginatedinAustralia,withsomeoftheearlymarsupialsmovingtoSouthAmerica.WhatevidencewouldsupporttheviewthatmarsupialsoriginatedinAustraliaratherthanSouthAmerica?A. thediscoveryofidenticalmarsupialfossilsonbothcontinentsB. theexistenceofveryoldplacentalmammalfossilsinSouthAmericaC. finding,inAustralia,afossilofacommonancestortoallvertebratespeciesD. finding,inAustralia,afossilofamarsupialancestorthatisolderthananyothermarsupialancestorfossil



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Use the following information to answer Questions 31 and 32.Thefossilspresentindifferentrockstratainaparticularlocationareshowninthediagrambelow.

no fossilsFossil D

Fossil BFossil A

Fossil A and Fossil C

Question 31Fromtheinformationabove,itcanbeconcludedthatA. FossilBisextinct.B. FossilDistheyoungestfossilpresent.C. FossilAislessthan5millionyearsold.D. FossilAandFossilCarecloselyrelated.

Question 32ScientistsfoundthatFossilAandFossilCbothhavelimb-likeappendagesandsotheydecidedthatthelimbswereanalogousstructures.AsFossilAandFossilChadanalogousstructures,theymusthavesharedverysimilarA. selectionpressures.B. DNAsequences.C. RNAsequences.D. environments.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 33 and 34.Chimpanzeesaretheclosestlivingrelativesofhumans.Lessthan1percentofourDNAhaschangedinthesixmillionyearsorsosincethehumanandchimpanzeelineagesdiverged.

Question 33ThemeasurementoftherateofaccumulationofrandomgeneticchangesinthegenomesofchimpanzeesandhumansiscalledA. stratigraphy.B. relativedating.C. amolecularclock.D. radiometricdating.

Question 34Researchhasshownthat,inanumberofgenes,thesequenceofnucleotidesisuniquetohumansandisnotfoundinchimpanzees.Someofthesegenesareshowninthetablebelow.

Gene with sequence unique to humans

Functional role of gene with sequence unique to humans

HAR1 activeinthebrainnecessaryfordevelopmentofthecerebralcortex

FOXP2 facilitatesformationofwordsbythemouth

AMY1 facilitatesdigestionofstarch

ASPM controlsbrainsize

LCT permitsdigestionofmilksugarinadulthood

HAR2 drivesgeneactivityinthewristandthumbduringdevelopment

Usingtheinformationinthetable,itisreasonabletoconcludethathumansA. candigestmilksugaronlyininfancy.B. haveaweakergraspinggripthanchimpanzees.C. areabletowalkontwofeetinanuprightposition.D. processandremembermorecomplexinformationthanchimpanzees.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 35 and 36.Thehumanfamilytreebelowshowstherelationshipbetweendifferentgroups.

lines denoteinterbreedingbetween groups

African

Human family tree

French

Han

Melanesian

Denisova

Neanderthal

Source:adaptedfromPGhosh,‘Ancienthumans,dubbed“Denisovans”,interbredwithus’, BBCNews,22December2010,<www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-12059564>

Question 35Basedontheinformationabove,NeanderthalDNAwouldnotbefoundintheA. Melanesiangroup.B. Denisovagroup.C. Africangroup.D. Hangroup.

Question 36Basedontheinformationabove,thegroupmostcloselyrelatedtotheDenisovagroupistheA. Neanderthalgroup.B. Africangroup.C. Frenchgroup.D. Hangroup.



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Question 37Duringafightbetweenanumberofpeople,onewasseriouslyinjured.Bloodsamplesweretakenfromthevictim,thecrimesceneandfoursuspects.DNAwasextractedfromwhitebloodcellsineachofthebloodsamplesandelectrophoresisofthesampleswascarriedout.Theresultsareshowninthefollowingdiagram.

Victim

Crimescene

samplesSuspect

1Suspect

2Suspect

3Suspect

4

ThepersonmostlikelytohavebeenatthecrimesceneisA. Suspect1.B. Suspect2.C. Suspect3.D. Suspect4.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 38 and 39.GeneticengineersuserestrictionenzymestocutDNAintosmallerlengths.Therecognitionsequencesofseveralrestrictionenzymesareshowninthetablebelow.Thesymbol*denotestherestrictionsite(positionofthecut).

Restriction enzyme

Recognition sequence (read in 5′ to 3′ direction)

EcoRI G* A A T T CC T T A A *G

HindIII A* A G C T TT T C G A *A

AluI A G* C T T C* G A

HaeIII G G* C C C C* G G

Question 38Consideralengthofdouble-strandedDNAwiththefollowingsequence.

5′ T T A A G G A A T T C A A 3′3′ A A T T C C T T A A G T T 5′

AddingEcoRItoasolutioncontainingonecopyofthisdouble-strandedDNAproducesA. twofragmentsofdouble-strandedDNA,eachwithastickyend.B. fourfragmentsofsingle-strandedDNA,eachwithastickyend.C. twofragmentsofdouble-strandedDNA,eachwithbluntends.D. fourfragmentsofsingle-strandedDNA,eachwithbluntends.

Question 39Nowconsideradifferentlengthofdouble-strandedDNAwiththefollowingsequence.

5′ C T T A A G C T T C C A A A T T A C C G A 3′3′ G A A T T C G A A G G T T T A A T G G C T 5′

Whichenzyme(s)willcutthispieceofDNA?A. EcoRIonlyB. HindIIIonlyC. AluIandHindIIIonlyD. AluI,HindIIIandHaeIIIonly


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END OF SECTION ATURN OVER

Question 40Thefollowingdiagramsummarisesthestepsinvolvedintheproductionofaclonedsheep.

Sheep M Sheep N×

1. A cell is removed from the mammary gland of mature Sheep P.

2. The nucleus isremoved fromthe cell.

3. The nucleus is implantedinto a sheep’s egg fromwhich genetic material has been removed.

4. The resulting embryois placed in Sheep Q.

5. A cloned sheep isborn naturally.

Sheep P Sheep Q

ThechromosomesinthecellsoftheclonedsheepwillbeidenticaltothoseinthecellsofA. SheepM.B. SheepN.C. SheepP.D. SheepQ.


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SECTION B – Question 1–continued

Question 1 (6marks)Yeastisasingle-celledmicroscopicfungusthatusessucroseasafoodsource.Anexperimentwascarriedoutbyfourseparategroupsofstudentstoinvestigatecellularrespirationbyaparticularspeciesofyeast.Yeastcellswereplacedinacontaineranda0.1Msucrosesolutionwasadded.Thecontainerwassealedinsuchawayastopreventairfromentering.Thepercentagesofoxygenandethanolinthecontainerwererecordedoveraone-hourperiod.Theexperimentwascarriedoutataroomtemperatureof22°C.Theresultsforeachgroupandthemeanareshowninthefollowingtable.

Group Percentage of oxygen Percentage of ethanol

At the start of the experiment

At the end of the experiment

At the start of the experiment

At the end of the experiment

1 21 18 0 4

2 8 17 0 5

3 22 19 0 3

4 21 18 0 4

Mean for all groups 18 18 0 4

a. Whywasitimportantthataircouldnotenterthecontainer? 1mark

b. Examinethedataabove.

Inordertodrawvalidconclusionsfromthedataforthepercentageofoxygen,wouldyouusetherawstudentdataorthemeanprovided?Explainyourchoice. 3marks

SECTION B

Instructions for Section BAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenot drawntoscale.


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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

c. Considerthedesignoftheexperimenttoinvestigatecellularrespiration.

i. Whatfactor,otherthanthelevelsofoxygenandethanol,couldbemeasuredtomonitortheprogressofcellularrespiration? 1mark

ii. Identifyafactorthatcouldbechangedintheoriginalexperimenttoincreasetherateofcellularrespiration. 1mark


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Question 2 (3marks)Ageneticdiseasecalledphenylketonuria(PKU)mayoccurinbabies.Affectedindividualsproducelittleornoneoftheenzymephenylalaninehydroxylase(PAH).PKUiscausedbytheeffectsoftoomuchoftheaminoacidphenylalaninebuildingupinthebody.Phenylalanineentersthebodybecauseitisabundantinanormalprotein-richhumandiet.Phenylalanineismetabolisedinthebiochemicalpathwayshownbelow.

phenylalanine

tyrosine

p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate

homogentisate

4-maleylacetoacetate

4-fumarylacetoacetate

fumarate + acetoacetate

PAH

Enzyme T

Enzyme P

Enzyme H

Enzyme M

Enzyme F

a. WhywouldtheabsenceofPAHresultintoomuchphenylalaninebuildingupinthebodyofanaffectedindividual? 1mark


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b. TheGuthrietestwasdevelopedtotestababy’sbloodforhighlevelsofphenylalanineafewdaysafterbirth.Inthistest,adropofbloodistakenfromababy,placedonspecialpaperanddried.Smalldiscsarecutfromthepaperandplacedonanagarplatecontainingbacteriathatgrowwellinthepresenceofphenylalanine.

Oneoftheagarplatesisshowninthefollowingdiagram.

Row 1

Row 2

Baby 1 Baby 2

Row 1 contains control discs,each with a different knownlevel of phenylalanine. Theconcentration of phenylalanine increases in the discs from leftto right.Row 2 contains sample discs from different babies.

i. WhyarethecontroldiscsinRow1includedontheagarplate? 1mark

ii. Baby1wasdiagnosedwithPKU,whereasBaby2wasdiagnosedasnothavingPKU.

Whywasthisdecisionmade,giventhatthereissomebacterialgrowtharoundthesamplediscfromBaby2? 1mark


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SECTION B – continued

Question 3 (4marks)Thediagrambelowshowsachloroplast.

X

a. NamethestageofphotosynthesisthatoccursinthepositionlabelledXwithinthechloroplast. 1mark

b. Whatroledoeschlorophyllplayinthisreaction? 1mark

c. Brieflyoutlinethetheoryofthebacterialoriginofchloroplasts.Whatevidenceisprovidedbythechloroplaststosupportthistheory? 2marks


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Question 4 (6marks) Apoptosisistheprocessofprogrammedcelldeath.

a. Explaintheroleofcaspasesinapoptosisandtheconsequenceofapoptosis. 2marks

b. Phagocytesarefoundinhighconcentrationsaroundthecellsundergoingapoptosis.

Drawaseriesoflabelleddiagramstoshowtheroleofphagocytosisinthedestructionofcellsundergoingapoptosis. 4marks


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Question 5 (10marks) Measlesisaninfectiousdiseasecausedbyavirus.Themeaslesvirusishighlycontagious.InAustralia,thereisarecommendedtwo-dosevaccinationprogramforapersontoachieveimmunitytothemeaslesvirus.Thefirstdoseisgivenat12monthsofageandtheseconddoseisgivenat18monthsofage.

a. Describeandexplainthehumoralresponsethatoccurswithinapersonaftereachvaccinationdose. 5marks

b. Inordertoprotectcommunitiesfromoutbreaksofmeasles,theAustralianGovernmentisaimingtoachieveavaccinationrateof95percentintheAustralianpopulation.

i. Namethetypeofimmunitythegovernmentistryingtoachieveinthepopulationwiththishighvaccinationrate. 1mark

ii. Explainhowthistypeofimmunitycanprotectthe5percentofthepopulationwhohavenotbeenvaccinated. 2marks

c. MeaslesisrareinAustralia,butinearly2016,twenty-fivepeoplelivinginMelbournecontractedthedisease.

Explainwhatmayhavehappenedtocauseanoutbreakofmeaslesatthistime. 2marks


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CONTINUES OVER PAGE


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Question 6 (12marks)Theprostateisaglandfoundinthemalereproductivesystem.Prostatecancerrepresentsthesecondmostfrequenttypeoftumourinmenworldwide.TheBRCA1andBRCA2genesthathavebeenlinkedtobreastcancerhavealsobeenlinkedtoanincreasedriskofprostatecancer.AsectionofthenormalBRCA2geneandasectionofamutatedBRCA2geneareshownbelow.

T G A C C T T G A G G C C A G A A G T T T G A

T G A C C G A G G C C A G A A G T T T G A

BRCA2 normal

BRCA2 mutated

Source:adaptedfromDACaporaleandEESwenson,‘TwodifferentBRCA2mutationsfoundinamultigenerationalfamily withahistoryofbreast,prostate,andlungcancers’,inAdvances in Genomics and Genetics,2014:4,p.92

a. TranscribebothDNAsequencesintomRNA. 1mark

mRNABRCA2normal

mRNABRCA2mutated


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SECTION B – Question 6–continuedTURN OVER

Second position

U C A G

code aminoacid code aminoacid code aminoacid code aminoacid

Firs

t pos

ition

U

UUUphe

UCU

ser

UAUtyr

UGUcys

UT

hird position

UUC UCC UAC UGC C

UUAleu

UCA UAA STOP UGA STOP A

UUG UCG UAG STOP UGG trp G

C

CUU

leu

CCU

pro

CAUhis

CGU

arg

U

CUC CCC CAC CGC C

CUA CCA CAAgln

CGA A

CUG CCG CAG CGG G

A

AUU

ile

ACU

thr

AAUasn

AGUser

U

AUC ACC AAC AGC C

AUA ACA AAAlys

AGAarg

A

AUG met ACG AAG AGG G

G

GUU

val

GCU

ala

GAUasp

GGU

gly

U

GUC GCC GAC GGC C

GUA GCA GAAglu

GGA A

GUG GCG GAG GGG G

Source:PlantandSoilScienceseLibrary2016

b. Usingyouranswertopart a. andthecodontableprovidedabove,determinetheaminoacidsequencecodedbythenucleotidesequenceoneachsegmentofthemRNAstrands. 2marks

BRCA2normal(aminoacidchain)

BRCA2mutated(aminoacidchain)


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c. ConsiderthemutationintheBRCA2gene.

Explainanychangesthatmayaffectthefunctionofthetranscribedprotein. 2marks

Scientistshaveinvestigatedprostatecellsandmappedtheinteractionbetweentheproteinsexpressedbythosecellsinthehopeofdevelopingaquickandmoreaccuratebloodtesttodetectprostatecancer.Thescientistsinvestigatedtheexpressionpatterninbothhealthyandcancerousprostatecellsfrommorethan100individuals.

d. Explainthesignificanceofusingbothhealthyandcancerousprostatecellsinthescientificstudy. 2marks

e. Whydidthescientistscollecthealthyandcancerousprostatecellsfrommorethan100individuals? 2marks


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f. Thediagramsbelowshowsomeoftheinteractionsbetweentheproteinsfoundinhealthyprostatecellscomparedtotheinteractionsbetweentheproteinsfoundincancerousprostatecells.

SDC1 SDC1

Protein expression in a healthy prostate cell Protein expression in a cancerous prostate cell

Source:adaptedfromJRHeath,MEDavisandLHood,‘Nanomedicinetargetscancer’, inScientific American,300(2),February2009,pp.44–51

Thecirclesinthediagramsaboverepresenttheproteins.Eachcircleisadifferentprotein.Thelargerthecircle,thegreatertheexpressionofthatprotein.OneoftheproteinshasbeenlabelledSDC1.

Thelinesrepresenttheinteractionsbetweenthedifferentproteins. TheSDC1proteinisfoundinthemembraneofcellsandisinvolvedincellproliferation.

ProposeoneconclusionthatthescientistscouldhavemadeabouttheamountofSDC1incancerousprostatecells. 1mark

g. Statetwoethicalconsiderationsthatthescientistsmustaddresswhenconductingthisstudy. 2marks


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Question 7 (5marks) FossilsfoundinAustraliaincluderepresentativesfromacrosstheagesoflifeonEarth.ThetablebelowshowssomeofthegroupsoffossilsfoundinAustraliaandtheirages.

Type of fossil Location Geological time Age

stromatolites Arkaroola, SouthAustralia

Precambrianera 770mya

jellyfish FlindersRanges, SouthAustralia

Ediacaranperiod 645–542mya

dinosaurs manyplaces,includingQueenslandandVictoria

JurassicandCretaceousperiods

200–65mya

megafauna(largemarsupialsandflightlessbirds)

Naracoorte, SouthAustralia

Cainozoicera 65–7000ya

Note:mya–millionyearsago;ya–yearsago

a. Whattypeoforganismswouldhaveformedthestromatolitefossilsof770mya? 1mark

b. Howarestromatolitefossilsdifferentfromdinosaurfossils? 2marks

c. TheEdiacaranfossilsfoundintheFlindersRangesweredatedusinguranium–leadradiometricdatingtechniques.

Explainhowthesedatingtechniquesallowscientiststoestablishtheageoffossils. 2marks


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Question 8 (4marks) Theskeletalstructuresoftwoextinctmembersofthehomininfamilytree,Australopithecus africanus andHomo neanderthalensis, areshownbelow.

Australopithecusafricanus

Homo neanderthalensis

Bothofthesespecies,alongwithHomo sapiens,areclassifiedasfollows.

order→Primate superfamily→ Hominoidea tribe→ Hominini

a. Stateafeaturesharedbyallprimates. 1mark

b. Fromtheskeletalstructuresabove,chooseonestructuraldifferencethathaschangedovertimeandexplainthesignificanceofthechange. 2marks

c. H. neanderthalensisshowsevidenceofculturalevolution.

Howisculturalevolutionpassedontoothermembersofaspecies? 1mark


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Question 9 (14marks)Populationsofaparticularspeciescanexperienceeventsthataltertheirgeneticdiversity.

a. Explainhowthegeneticdiversityofapopulationisaffectedbyanaturaleventsuchasabottleneck. 2marks

b. Riceisanimportantfoodsourceforhumans.Overtime,farmershaveusedselectivebreedingtoincreasetheamountofricethattheyproduce.

i. Explainhowfarmershaveusedselectivebreedingtoincreasericeproduction. 2marks

ii. Howistheprocessofnaturalselectiondifferentfromselectivebreeding? 1mark

Thegenomeofanewstrainofrice(Oryza sativa)hastwoadditionalgenescomparedtootherstrainsofriceofthesamespecies.Oneofthegeneswasoriginallyfoundinthedaffodil(Narcissus pseudonarcissus).Thesecondgenewasoriginallyfoundinasoilbacterium(Pantoea ananatis).

c. Explainwhyanindividualplantofthenewstrainofricecouldbedescribedasbothageneticallymodifiedorganismandatransgenicorganism. 2marks


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d. Onemethodoftransferringthetwogenesintothecellsofthenewstrainofriceinvolvestheuseofplasmids.

i. Explainhowplasmidscanbeusedtotransferthetwogenesintothecellsofthenewstrainofrice. 4marks

ii. Apromoterforeachgene,aswellasthegene,mustalsobetransferredintothecellsofthenewstrainofrice.

Describetheroleofapromoter. 1mark

e. Thenewstrainofricehasgolden-colouredseeds.Thetwoadditionalgeneshaveallowedtheproductionofbeta-caroteneintheseeds.Beta-caroteneisconvertedtovitaminAinthehumanbody.ScientistsaresuggestingthatthenewstrainofricecouldbeusedtofeedpeoplewhoaresufferingfromvitaminAdeficiency.Beforegovernmentsallowthecommercialproductionofthenewstrainofrice,extensivefieldtrialsmustbecarriedoutbyscientists.

Givetworeasonswhytheseextensivefieldtrialsarenecessary. 2marks


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Question 10 (7marks) In1976,asampleofbloodwastakenfromanunwhodiedfromadiseasecausedbyanunknownpathogen.ThenunworkedinamissionhospitalinYambuku,asmallvillageinZaire(nowknownastheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo),Africa.Testingofthesamplerevealedthepresenceofanunknownvirus.OneofthescientistswhowenttoAfrica,PeterPiot,wroteaboutthestepstakentohelpidentifythevirusandstopthespreadofthevirus.Hereispartofhisstory.

Into AfricaIwasexcitedthatwehadisolatedsomethingnew,butevenmoreeagertofindouthowitwastransmitted.Whatdoesitcause?Andhow?IwantedtogotoZaire…toinvestigatetheepidemic.…ThebigworrywasthattheepidemiccouldspreadinKinshasa,achaoticcityofabout3millionpeople…SixofuswentouttoYambuku…Ouraimwastostoptheepidemic.Firstwehadtoworkouthowitwastransmitted…[we]examine[d]sickpeople,takingbloodandgatheringinformationaboutageandgender,dateofsymptomsonsetandexposuretootherinfectedpeople.Whenyoudon’tknowthecauseofanepidemic,youmustdefineitintermsofthreethings:time,placeandperson.Fortime,whereareyouintheepidemic?Hasitpeaked?Forplace,wherearethevictimscomingfrom?Andperson:whoiscomingdownwiththeviruswewouldlatercallEbola?Whenwearrived,theepidemicseemedtobedeclining.Sowhathadhappened?Welearnedthatthehospitalwherethenunhadworkedhadbeencloseddown…Thenwefoundoutthatthecloserpeoplelivedtothathospital,thehighertheirriskofdyingfromEbola.Andwhenwelookedatage,wesawthatitwasmostlyfairlyyoungadultswhowereaffected,andalsosomenewborns…Also,twiceasmanywomenwereinfectedasmen.…Welearnedoneotherthing,too.Thepeopleinthevillageskepttellingusthataboutaweekafterafuneralofsomeonewhohadbeensick,severalcaseswoulddevelopamongthefamilymembersorotherfuneralattendees.Later,itwasdocumentedthatthetraditionalfuneralrites–whenthecorpseiswashedwithbarehands…

Source:PeterPiot,astoldtoTiffanyO’Callaghan,‘Ebola:Thebloodybeginning’,inNew Scientist, 23July2016,pp.38and39


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a. Theoutbreakofthediseasewasreferredtobythescientistasanepidemicratherthanapandemic.

Whyistheterm‘epidemic’correctinthiscontext? 1mark

b. WhenthescientistsarrivedinYambuku,theyfoundthatthehospitalwherethenunhadworkedhadclosed.

Whateffectwouldthishavehadontheepidemicandhowdidclosingthehospitalbringaboutthiseffect? 2marks

c. Scientistsdecidedthattheviruswasnotbeingcarriedbymosquitoes.

Identifytwopiecesofevidencethatsupportthehypothesisthattheviruswasnotbeingcarriedbymosquitoes. 2marks

d. Whatreasoncouldtherebeforthepeoplewhoattendedfuneralscontractingthedisease? 1mark

e. Inthe1970s,testsavailabletoidentifyanunknownpathogenwerelimited.

Describeamodernmethodthatisusedtoquicklyidentifyapathogen. 1mark


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Question 11 (9marks) LaurawantedtoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofanantibioticagainstthebacteriumEscherichia coli. Shepreparedfivedifferentconcentrationsoftheantibiotic.Shewrotethefollowingmethod:1. Collectfiveagarplatescontainingnutrientagar.2. Labeleachagarplatewiththefivedifferentconcentrationsoftheantibiotic.3. CollectasampleofE. coli inabrothculture.4. Putonapairofdisposablegloves.5. Measure0.5mLofbrothinapipetteandplaceinthecentreofthefirstagarplate.6. Spreadthebacteriaevenlyovertheagarplatewiththespreaderprovided.7. Placeadropoftheantibioticinthecentreoftheagarplate.8. Closethelidoftheagarplateandtapethelidtothebottomoftheagarplatewithstickytape.9. Repeatsteps6to8withtheotherfourconcentrationsoftheantibiotic.10.Placetheagarplatesonthesidebenchandleaveovernight.11.Washyourhandsanddisposeofthegloves.

a. WhathypothesisisLauratestingwiththisexperiment? 1mark

b. Nametheindependentvariableinthisexperiment.Justifyyouranswer. 2marks

c. Identifytwosourcesofexperimentalerrorsinthisinvestigationandsuggesthowtheexperimentaldesigncouldbechangedtoreducetheeffectoftheseerrors. 4marks


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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

d. LaurawantedtorepeattheexperimenttotesttheeffectivenessofanantiviraldrugagainstE.coli.Shepreparedfivedifferentconcentrationsoftheantiviraldrugandfollowedthesamestepsthatsheusedfortheantibiotic.

ExplaintheresultsthatLaurawouldbeexpectedtoobtain. 2marks

BIOLOGY (SAMPLE – ANSWERS)

© VCAA 2017 – February 2017

Answers to multiple-choice questions

Question Answer Question Answer

1 C 21 B

2 A 22 C

3 C 23 D

4 C 24 A

5 D 25 C

6 D 26 D

7 A 27 B

8 C 28 A

9 A 29 B

10 D 30 D

11 C 31 B

12 D 32 A

13 D 33 C

14 A 34 D

15 C 35 C

16 B 36 A

17 A 37 B

18 B 38 A

19 D 39 C

20 A 40 C

Biology - Sample written examination · BIOLOGY (SAMPLE) 2 February 2017 SECTION A continued D O N...

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Transcript of Biology - Sample written examination · BIOLOGY (SAMPLE) 2 February 2017 SECTION A continued D O N...