Biology is the science that focuses on life

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biology is the science that focuses on life


Some properties of life

(c) Response to the environment

(a) Order

(d) Regulation

(g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development

(b) Evolutionary adaptation

(e) Energy processing


Eleven Themes that Unify Biology


Eleven Themes #1 The Cell Contrasting eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in size and complexity

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Membrane

Cytoplasm

OrganellesNucleus (contains

DNA)1 µm

PROKARYOTIC CELLDNA (no nucleus)

Membrane


#1 The Cell A lung cell from a newt divides into two smaller cells that will grow and divide again

25 µm


#2 Heritable Information DNA: The genetic material

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

Nucleotide

A

CTA

T

A

CC

G

G

T

A

T

A

(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).

(a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA. Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix.


Inherited DNA directs development of an organism

Sperm cell

NucleicontainingDNA

Egg cell

Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents

Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA

Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents


8 Cells

6 Organs and organ systems

7 Tissues

10 Molecules

9 Organelles

50 µm

10 µm

1 µmCell

Atoms

#3 Emergent Properties Exploring Levels of Biological Organization


#3 Emergent Properties Exploring Levels of Biological Organization

1 The biosphere

2 Ecosystems

3 Communities

4 Populations

5 Organisms


#3 Emergent Properties A systems map of interactions between proteins in a cell

CELL

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Outer membrane and cell surface


#4 Regulation Negative feedback

B

A

C

D

Enzyme 1

Enzyme 1

Enzyme 2

Enzyme 3

DD D D

D

D

DDDD

C

B

A Negative feedback


#4 Regulation Positive feedback

WW

X

Y

Z

ZZ

ZZ

Z

Z Z Z

Z Z Z Z

Z

ZZ Z

ZZ

Y

X

Enzyme 4

Enzyme 5

Enzyme 6

Enzyme 4

Enzyme 5

Enzyme 6

Positivefeedback


#5 Interaction with the Environment Energy flow through an ecosystem

Producers(plants and other

photosyntheticorganisms)

Consumers(including animals)

Sunlight

Chemical energy

Heat

Heat

Ecosystem


#6 Energy and Life Energy issues and usage

Chemical energy

Heat


#7 Unity and Diversity Drawers of diversity


#7 Unity and Diversity in the orchid family


#7 Unity and Diversity An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes

Cilia of Paramecium.The cilia of Parameciumpropel the cell throughpond water.

Cross section of cilium, as viewedwith an electron microscope

15 µm

1.0 µm

5 µm

Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving afilm of debris-trapping mucus upward.


#7 Unity and Diversity Classification

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Mammalia

Ursusameri-canus(Americanblack bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya


#7 Unity and Diversity Life’s Three Domains

Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes, and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shapedstructures in this photo is a bacterial cell.

Protists (multiple kingdoms)are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives. Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protistsinto several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity.

Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food.

Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photoshows a colony composed of many cells.

Kindom Fungi is defined in part by thenutritional mode of its members, suchas this mushroom, which absorbs nutrients after decomposing organic material.

Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes thatingest other organisms.

100 µm

0.5 µm

4 µm


#8 Evolution Charles Darwin in 1859, the year he published The Origin of Species


#8 Evolution Summary of natural selection

Populationof organisms

Hereditaryvariations

Differences in reproductive success

Evolution of adaptationsin the population

Overproductionand struggle forexistence


#8 Evolution Natural selection

1 Populations with varied inherited traits

2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits.

3 Reproduction of survivors.

4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.


#9 Structure and Function


#9 Structure and Function Digging into the past


#10 Scientific Inquiry A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry

Observations

Questions

Hypothesis # 1:Dead batteries

Hypothesis # 2:Burnt-out bulb

Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem

Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem

Test prediction

Test does not falsify hypothesis

Test prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis


#11 Science, Technology and Society - information science


#11 Science, Technology and Society DNA technology and crime scene investigation


#11 Science, Technology and Society Science as a social process

Biology is the science that focuses on life

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