Biology Exam IV

Final: Monday, 12/975% new material

25% old

Gram-negative

• meningococcal menintus

• Thin cell wall• outer wall (OM): toxic

to humans• sensitive to osmotic

pressure• antibiotic tolerant• thin peptidoglycan layer

Gram-positive

• THICK peptidoglycan layer

• resistant to osmotic pressure

Classify bacteria by habitat

1. halophile2. coliform: your

digestive tract3. thermophile4. acidophile

Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway

1. obligate aerobe: require O2

2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes

3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not

4. heterotroph v photoautotroph

Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway

• M. tuber 1. obligate aerobe: require O2

Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway

• Cl. tetanic 2. anaerobe

Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway

• E. coli (facultative) 1. obligate aerobe: require O2

2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes

3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not

Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway

• cyanobacteria (photoautotroph)

1. obligate aerobe: require O2

2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes

3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not

4. heterotroph v photoautotroph

capsule: sugar material that covers cell wall

• Strep pyroxenes, H. influenza

• protect against phagocytosis

• protect against desiccation

• allow adherence

fimbriae & pile: attachment purpose structures

• pile: used for conjugation (sexual reproduction)

slime layer: sticky matrix of polysaccharides that protects the bacteria

• Streptococcus mutans cause tooth decays

taxis: movement toward or away from stimulus

internal/genome structure of bacteria

• one chromosome (DNA)• no organelles• plasma membrane

carries out metabolic processes

• Some bacteria have additional genomes, circular DNA, plasmids

binary fission: similar to mitosis

• one bacteria splits to two

• mitosis: split nucleus

endospore

• anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

endospore

• botulism

endospore

• tetanus

endospore

• gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringen)

classify bacteria via nutritional intake

1. photoautotrophy2. chemoautotrophy3. photoheterotrophy4. chemoheterotrophy

photoautotrophy

• energy from sunlight• carob from CO2

chemoautotrophy

• energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur

• carbon from CO2

photoheterotrophy

• carbon from organic sources (other organisms)

chemoheterotrophy

• energy and CO2 from organic sources

eubacteria aka “bacteria”

• cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Archae

• cell wall made of pseudomurein

methanogen

• anaerobic Archae• remove excess

hydrogen, O2

symbiotic categories

1. mutualism2. commensalism3. parasitism

Genus of bacterial diseases!

1. Borelia2. Treponema3. Staphylococcus4. Mycobacterium5. Yersinia6. Neisseria

1. Lyme2. syphilis3. toxic shock (MRSA)4. tuberculosis5. plague6. gonorrhea

Lyme

• Borelia

syphilis

• Treponema

MRSA

• Staphylococcus

tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium

plague

1. Bubonic2. pneumonic

• Yersinia

gonorrhea

• Neisseria

exotoxin

• G positive

botulin

• exotoxin• Gram positive

tetanus

• exotoxin• Gram positive

endotoxin

• Gram negative• you get more sick• bacteria has outer

membrane

Gram-positive

• EXOtoxin

Gram-negative

• ENDOtoxin• have outer membrane

Gram

• exotoxin– made of G positive– botulin and tetanin are

examples– can elicit immune

response – can be vaccinated

against

• endotoxin– made of G-negative– made of outer

membrane (OM)– are released when

bacteria die– does NOT elicit an

immune response – you get more sick – vaccination is difficult

Chlamydomonas

• eyespot• pyrenoid• protist

Diatom

• protist

Algae

• photosynthetic protist