Biology & Ecology of large branchiopods
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Transcript of Biology & Ecology of large branchiopods
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Biology & EcologyBiology & Ecology of large branchiopods
www.vernalpools.org
Carol W. Witham, VernalPools.Org
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Talk OverviewTalk Overview
Classification of large branchiopodsAnatomy of a fairy shrimp
Biology of a fairy shrimp
Ecology of large branchiopodsDistribution of fairy shrimp
Endangered Species ActSection 10(a) Recovery Permit
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ClassificationClassification
Phyllum: Arthropoda
Subphyllum: Crustacea
Class: Branchipoda
Subclass: Phyllopoda
Conchostraca – clam shrimp
Cladocera – water fleas
Notostraca – tadpole shrimp
Anostraca – fairy shrimp
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Branchiopoda Branchiopoda subclass Phyllopodasubclass Phyllopoda
Clam Shrimp
Water Fleas
Tadpole Shrimp
Fairy Shrimp
Long extinct shelled ancestor to fairy shrimp
Diplostraca
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Tadpole Shrimp - NotostracaTadpole Shrimp - Notostraca
Name means“Not” = back
“Ostraca” = hard plate or shell
2 genera and 3 speciesin California
Lepidurus* and Triops*Genera with Threatened or Endangered Species
Lepidurus packardi, an Endangered Species, occurs at Mather
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Fairy Shrimp - AnostracaFairy Shrimp - Anostraca
Name means“An” = without
“Ostraca” = hard plate or shell
6 genera and 27+ species in CaliforniaArtemia, Branchinecta*, Eubranchipus, Linderiella,
Streptocephalus*, Thamnocephalus*Genera with Threatened or Endangered Species
Branchinecta lynchi, an Threatened Species, and Linderiella occidentalis occur at Mather
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Anatomy of a Fairy ShrimpAnatomy of a Fairy Shrimp
Branchinecta lynchi male
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Anatomy of a Fairy ShrimpAnatomy of a Fairy Shrimp
Branchinecta lynchi female
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Identification of Fairy ShrimpIdentification of Fairy Shrimp
Vernal Pool Fairy ShrimpBranchinecta lynchi
California Fairy ShrimpLinderiella occidentalis
Malesface-on
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Biology of Fairy ShrimpBiology of Fairy Shrimp
Circulatory SystemHeart pumps hemolymph through open system
Hemoglobin can make shrimp pink
Oxygen RegulationFeet are primary gills, but entire surface can respire
Water, Salts and WasteVery little is known about the osmotic regulation of
most fairy shrimp
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Biology of Fairy ShrimpBiology of Fairy Shrimp
ReproductionMales constantly in search of females
Females use antennae ornamentation to determine a suitable, mature mate
Mating behavior actionsDetection, Orientation,
Station-taking, Clasping,
Copulation, Ejaculation
Disengagement
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Reproduction of Fairy ShrimpReproduction of Fairy Shrimp
So what really happens?Detection
Orientation
Station-taking
Clasping
Copulation
Ejaculation
Disengagement
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Production of CystsProduction of Cysts
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Fairy Shrimp CystsFairy Shrimp Cysts
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Hatching of Fairy Shrimp CystsHatching of Fairy Shrimp Cysts
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Immature Fairy ShrimpImmature Fairy Shrimp
Nauplius
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Immature Fairy ShrimpImmature Fairy Shrimp
Metanauplius
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Vernal Pool Tadpole ShrimpVernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp
General BiologyContains large amounts of hemoglobin
Molts its exoskeleton as it grows
Grows more phyllopods with each molt
Three sexesMales, females and
hermaphrodites
Females & hermaphrodites have 2 ovisacks
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Maturation Time for ShrimpMaturation Time for Shrimp
Linderiella occidentalis – California fairy shrimp
18-31 days, can have multiple hatchings
Branchinecta lynchi – vernal pool fairy shrimp
6-16 days, single hatching, temperature sensitive
Lepidurus packardi – vernal pool tadpole shrimp
21-41 days, can live 144 days, multiple hatchings
ExtremesBranchinecta mesovallensis, B. conservatio
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Ecology of Large BranchiopodsEcology of Large Branchiopods
Ephemeral freshwater systemsVernal pools, potholes, snow melt ponds
Primary consumers in the food chainFilter feeders – phyto & zooplankton
Munch anything that will fit in mandibles
Some are predators of other fairy shrimp
Essential food chain servicesBirds, bugs and beetles
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Worldwide distribution of AnostracaWorldwide distribution of Anostraca
Southern Africa45 species (38 endemic)
Western US & Baja~28 species (15 endemic)
Southwestern Australia19 species (12 endemic)
Argentina18 species (14 endemic)
Italy & southwestern France16 species (7 endemic)
Total # species286
Yet to be described~300
Important group of freshwater habitats in temperate zones
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California distribution of AnostracaCalifornia distribution of Anostraca
Primarily central valley
28 species
15 endemics
5 listed under the federal Endangered Species Act
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Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act
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Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act
The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 was enacted to protect animal and plant species from extinction by preserving the ecosystems in which they survive and by providing programs for their conservation
Includes prohibitions against “take”, but allows certain activities
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Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act
To “take” a species means to “harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, would, kill, trap, capture or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct”.
Exceptions are made under the recovery section of the act where some activities are determined beneficial to the species, including increased knowledge
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Section 10(a) Recovery PermitsSection 10(a) Recovery Permits
Allows “take” to occur if it is considered beneficial to species recovery
Educational permitsGeographically restricted
Only requires general knowledge of listed species occurring in that area
Requires collection of data to justify the benefit to recovery of the species
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Shrimp FairyShrimp Fairy
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VernalPools.OrgVernalPools.Org dedicated to saving California’s vernal pool landscapes
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