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Biology 231

Anatomy and Physiology I

Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide

Table of Contents

Lab Topic (Exercise in Marieb Manual): page:(in lab

packet)Safety Guidelines 2

Disposal Guidelines 3

The Language of Anatomy(Exercise 1, page 1)

5

Organ Systems Overview (Exercise 2, page 10)

7

The Microscope (Exercise 3, page 21)

8

The Cell Anatomy and Division (Exercise 4, page 30 and 5A, page 40)

9

Histology Study Guide (Exercise 6A, page 48)

12

Integumentary System and Membranes (Exercises 7 and 8, beginning on page 67)

17

Bone Histology, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (Exercises 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 beginning on page 81)

18

Muscles Study Guide (Exercise 14, 15, beginning on page 132) and Nerve Histology (Exercise 17, beginning on page 185)

24

33

p.1 Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide

BI 231 Human Anatomy and Physiology Survival GuideUpdated August, 2005

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. The location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers will be demonstrated by your instructor.

2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, is prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal

laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.

4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.

5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.

6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.

7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution. Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.

8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.

9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediately after removing gloves.

10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.

11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.

12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines will be excluded from the Laboratory


Disposal of contaminated materials: Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper

toweling that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% Bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, no trash.

Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

2. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.3. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items

or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediately after removing gloves.

4. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.

5. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.

6. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.

7. At the end of an experiment: clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time. return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in

cupboards!8. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.9. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are

clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.

10. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Clean slide with Kimwipes if dirty or covered with oil, before placing back in box. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there are hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your work bench.

11. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory


When specimens in laboratory such as human bones (or other body parts), they may seem like inanimate objects that are far removed from a living organism. We ask that you remain alert to the fact specimens were once parts of humans (or other living creatures). Please handle these body parts with respect and care.


Language of Anatomy (Exercise 1)

1. Define gross anatomy; differentiate it from Histology. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the anatomical position. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Be able to describe, define, and locate the following regions:

Abdominal Antebrachial Antecubital Axillary Brachial Buccal Carpal Cervical Deltoid Digital Femoral Frontal Inguinal Mammary Mental Nasal Oral Orbital Palmar Patellar Pedal

Pelvic Pubic Sternal Tarsal Thoracic Umbilical Acromial Calcaneal Cephalic Dorsum Gluteal Lumbar Occipital Olecranal OticPerineal Plantar Popliteal Sacral Scapular Vertebral

4. Define the following terms:Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Cephalic / Cephalad

Caudal Dorsal Ventral Superficial Deep Proximal Distal


Note: these terms are also used for hollow organs: the upper esophagus is proximal, the lower esophagus is more distal.

5. Describe the following anatomical planes; give alternate terms if possible.Frontal Midsagittal Parasagittal Transverse Which plane could never cut through the kidneys? What is a longitudinal incision through the small intestine?

6. Locate the following body cavities. Use your Tortora textbook (lecture text) for this: it provides better illustrations and gives more detail!

a. Dorsalb. Ventral: subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic.

7. The thoracic cavity contains smaller cavities inside: Name three. Here are your hints:a. Which cavity is in between the lungs and contains the heart, trachea, and

esophagus? b. Which cavity surrounds the heart, and is located in between the parietal and

visceral pericardium? c. Which cavity surrounds the lungs, and is located in between the parietal and

visceral pleura? d. Which cavity is in the abdominal cavity, and is in between the parietal and

visceral peritoneum? e. Is the the liver actually in this cavity, or is it better to say that the liver is

surrounded by this cavity? (Think of a down coat. When you put the coat on, are you in the coat? Are you in the cavity containing the down?)

8. Define pericarditis_____________________________________________________

9. Locate the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant.

10. Locate the 9 abdominal regions. Pay the most attention to the midline ones: a. epigastric regionb. umbilical regionc. hypogastric (=suprapubic) region

Often these midline regions are used with the quadrants. Example: The pain of appendicitis begins in the periumbilical region (peri=around) and shifts to the right lower quadrant.


Organ Systems Overview (Exercise 2)

1. Name the human organ systems, and learn the chief functions of each organ system.2. List two or three organs of each system.3. Identify these organs on models, rats, and/or cadaver if available. 4. Be able to identify the following organs and structures:

a. Thymusb. Heartc. Lungsd. Parietal Pleurae. Visceral Pleuraf. Tracheag. Bronchih. Esophagusi. Diaphragmj. Stomachk. Small Intestinel. Mesenterym. Greater Omentumn. Large Intestine: Identify Cecum (first part of large intestine)o. Pancreasp. Spleenq. Liverr. Kidneyss. Adrenalst. Ureteru. Urinary Bladderv. Male: Scrotum, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penisw. Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterine horns in rat (don't call these fallopian

tubes), uterus in human

notes:


The Microscope (Exercise 3)

1. Learn the care of the miscroscope, as described in your lab manual. Which objective should never be used with oil?

2. Learn the parts of the microscope, such as a. ocular lenses, objectives lensesb. nosepiece, arm, stagec. substage light, iris diaphragm lever, condenserd. coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knobe. power switch, light control

3. Know the formula for calculating magnification: Total magnification = (magnification of ocular) x (magnification of objective). Example: the total magnification is 450x when using a 10x ocular is 10x and 45x objective.

4. Learn how to focus the microscope using the 10x, 45x (or 40x depending on your scope), and 100x objective lens.

5. Learn how to perform a wet mount of cheek scrapings. (Follow instructor’s directions.)

Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide p.8

Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy and DivisionBe able to identify (on model) and know basic functions of the following cellular structures:

nucleus

chromatin: what is the difference between this and chromosomes?

nucleolus

plasma membrane

ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Centrioles

What's the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

3. Be able to identify (from both microscopic slides of onion root and whitefish blastula) the different phases of the cell cycle:

a. interphaseb. prophasec. metaphased. anaphasee. telophase

4. In anaphase, are the structures that are separating called chromatids or daughter chromosomes?

5. Which phase of the cell cycle has chromatin?

6. What is the name for the arrangement of microtubules that helps separate chromosomes? Hint: it is attached to the centrioles.

7. Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes lined up along the equatorial plane?

8. Cytokinesis begins during late_____________ and extends through (and slightly beyond) _________________


The Cell (Exercise 5A)Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability

1. Define the two passive cell processes:a. Diffusion

b. Filtration

2. What is the driving force of diffusion?

3. What determines the direction of diffusion?

4. What is the difference between simple diffusion and osmosis?

5. Diffusion of dye through agar gel: If methylene blue has a molecular weight of 320 and potassium permanganate has a weight of 158, which should diffuse faster through agar? _________________________________

6. Observing diffusion through nonliving membranes. Our three artificial cells will be constructed from sealed tubes. The tubing is a semipermeable membrane (like a cell membrane). The “intracellular fluid,” inside the sac and the “extracellular fluid” in the beaker is different in each of our three artificial cells.

Sac 1: 40% glucose in the sac, in a beaker of distilled waterweight of sac before hour long soak: _________________________________weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________net change: _________________________________

Result of Benedict's test of beaker fluid: _________________________________What color does the blue benedict's reagant change to after boiling it (if a sugar such as glucose is present)? _________________________________Conclusion regarding diffusion of glucose through sac: _________________________________

Sac 3: 10% NaCl in the sac, in a beaker of distilled waterweight of sac before hour long soak: _________________________________weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________net change: _________________________________

Results of testing beaker fluid with Silver Nitrate (AgNO3): Did white precipitate form?___________Conclusion regarding diffusion of NaCl through sac: _________________________________


Sac 4: 1% starch in the sac, in a beaker of 40% glucoseweight of sac before hour long soak:_________________________________weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________net change: _________________________________

Results of testing beaker fluid with Lugol's solution: _________________________________(What color does Lugol's solution=IKI change to in presence of starch?)_____________Did starch diffuse through the sac? _________________________________

What conclusions can you make about the relative sizes of glucose, starch, and NaCl?__________________________________________________________________Looking at the concentrations of the various solutions, what seems to make water diffuse the fastest? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Define the following terms:isotonic_________________________________________________________________hypertonic_______________________________________________________________crenation________________________________________________________________hypotonic________________________________________________________________hemolysis________________________________________________________________

Note: Isotonic saline has the same salinity as plasma; it is 0.9%NaCl. Would you call 0.45% hypertonic or hypotonic? _________________________________What about 1.5%NaCl? _________________________________

What are the three types of endocytosis? (Distinguish between the three)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Histology Study Guide (Exercise 6)

We will limit our focus to epithelial and connective tissue because we will study nervous and muscle tissue later this year.

Answer the following questions:

1. Rearrange the following from highest to lowest order of magnitude: atoms, cells, tissues, organs, molecules ________________________________________________________________________

2. List the distinguishing features of epithelial tissue: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the way that epithelial tissues are named

1st part of name:_______________________________________________________________

2nd part of name:______________________________________________________________

4. Name the two epithelial tissues that do not follow the naming process in #3, and explain the meaning of their names:

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5. On your own paper, draw a concept map connecting the following terms with their functions: squamous cells, cuboidal cells, columnar cells

6. For each epithelial tissue type, in the left hand column below its name, draw a brief sketch of its appearance and write a short phrase reminding you of what it looks like. For example, underneath a sketch of simple squamous epithelium write “fried eggs”. In the middle column write down the functions the type is especially suited for and why. For example, for simple squamous write: “allows easy diffusion because of thin shape.” In the right hand column list one representative location that helps you remember its function(s). Also, be able to identify these tissues from microscope slides.


Epithelial Tissue, sketch, and reminder of what it looks like

Functions this type is especially suited for and why.

One location that helps you remember its function

simple squamous

simple cuboidal

nonciliated simple columnar

ciliated simple columnar

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

non-keratinized stratified squamous

keratinized stratified squamous


transitional

7. List the distinguishing features of connective tissue, especially focusing on how it differs from epithelial tissue: _______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

8. Differentiate between matrix, ground substance, and fibers.a. Matrix: _______________________________________________________b. Ground Substance: ______________________________________________c. Fibers:________________________________________________________

9. If you put Libby’s fruit in Jell-O and added celery fibers, what would be included in the:a. connective tissue?________________________________________________b. matrix? ________________________________________________________c. fibers? _________________________________________________________d. ground substance?________________________________________________

10. For the 3 fiber types in connective tissue, in the first column draw the fiber(s). Sketch the fiber and briefly describe some structure in your life that they remind you of. In the middle column write down the functions the type of fiber is especially suited for and why. In the third column list a location of the fibers that helps you remember them. Be able to identify these from a slide of loose areolar tissue.

fiber type, sketch, and reminder

function(s) & why fiber suited for this

example of where found

Elastic

reticular

collagen


11. Give an example of fluid, gel, and solid ground substance.a. fluid________________________________b. gel_________________________________c. solid________________________________

12. List the functions of the following cellsa. fibroblasts_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________b. mesenchymal_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

c. adipocytes___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d. macrophages_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e. plasma cells ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f. mast cells ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. For each connective tissue type, in the left hand column below its name, draw a brief sketch of its appearance; label cells, ground substance, & fibers. In the middle column write down the functions the type of connective tissue is especially suited for and why. For example, for adipose tissue write: “energy storage because of huge fat droplets inside cells; insulation because of the thick fatty layer under the skin.” In the right hand column list one representative location that helps you remember its function(s).

Connective Tissue type, sketch cells, matrix

Functions this type is especially suited for and why.

One location that helps you remember its function

loose areolar

Adipose


dense regular

dense irregular

Elastic

hyaline cartilage

bone

blood

If your instructor has time, also look slides of :Muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiacNervous tissue: look at multipolar neuron


Integumentary System and Membranes (Exercises 7 and 8)

1. Identify from model, microscope slide, pictures:a. Epidermis: subdivided into stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum

spinosum, stratum basale. Note: also see a stratum lucidum in palms and soles.b. Dermis: subdivided into papillary and reticular dermisc. Hypodermis=superficial fascia: note adipose tissued. Hair roote. Hair shaftf. Hair follicle: note the enlarged, deepest region called the hair bulb. Also note the

projection of dermis at the base of the bulb: the papilla.g. Eccrine sweat glandh. Sebaceous glandi. Arrector pili musclej. Pacinian corpuscle (look at fetal palm slide)

2. From a surface view of the fingernaila. free edgeb. bodyc. lateeral foldd. lunulae. cuticle

3. From a sagittal section, note the a. root of the nailb. matrix

4. What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

Exercise 8: Body Membranes

1. Define mucous membranes. 2. Note the histology of trachea, esophagus, and small intestine: which is lined with ciliated

epithelium?

3. How do serous membranes differ from mucous membranes?

4. Are synovial membranes lined with connective tissue or epithelium?


Bone Histology, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (Exercises 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)

Part 1: Bone-Histology Models and Slides:1. Spaces: canaliculi, Haversion Canal, lacunae, Volkman's Canal

Which way do vessels in Haversion Canals run as opposed to Volkman's?

2. Cells: Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

What are the functions of each?

3. Coverings: Periosteum, endosteum

4. Types of bone: compact (also called cortical bone), trabecular5. Marrow types, where located: red, yellow6. Special structures: trabeculae

Long bone structure: from long bone, identify1. Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, epiphyseal plate(disk)Is there an epiphyseal plate in adults? Explain.2. Medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum3. Red vs. yellow marrow

Part 2: Axial Skeleton1. Know its components: skull, spine, thoracic cage, hyoid bone

2. Cranial Bones: recognize from inside & outsidea. Frontalb. Parietals-pairc. Temporals-paird. Occipitale. Sphenoidf. Ethmoidg. What is the difference between cranial bones and facial bones?

3. Cranium-Sutures:a. Sagittalb. Coronalc. Squamosald. Lambdoidale. Wormian (sutural) bones: these are small islands of bone that fill gaps in sutures;

they are not always present. Look in the lambdoidal sutures.

4. Cranium-Special Landmarks, processes, structures, foramina, fontanelsa. Orbit: identify all of the bones in the orbitb. Mandibular fossac. External acoustic (auditory) meatusd. Styloid, mastoid processes


e. Greater wing of sphenoidf. Fontanels (The anterior fontanel is easily visible.)

5. Cranium-Floora. Bones (See your textbook.)b. Fossae: Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae; hypophyseal(shallow

depression in middle of sella turcica)c. Cribiform plate, cristae gallid. Sella turcica

1. Hypophyseal fossa2. Dorsum sella(ridge on posterior aspect of sella)

e. Carotid canalf. Jugular forameng. Foramen Magnumh. Occipital Condyles

6. Face: Bonesa. Maxillab. Mandiblec. Palatine-2d. Zygomatics-2e. Lacrimal-2f. Nasals-2g. Vomerh. Superior, Middle, & Inferior Nasal Conchaei. Mandible

7. Face: special processes, structuresa. Alveoli(tooth sockets)b. Perpendicular plate of ethmoidc. Mandible: body, rami, coronoid process, mandibular condyle, angled. Paranasal sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoid air cellse. Zygomatic arch

8. Spine: 33 separate bones in fetus & infant; in children & adults it's made of 26 bones: coccyx( 4 fused vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), & 24 individual vertebrae. Know number of vertebrae in each part of back (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)

a. Direction of curves in cervical (concave posterior), thoracic (convex posterior), lumbar (concave posterior) regions

9. Structures of Typical Vertebraa. Body, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, superior & inferior

articular processesb. vertebral arch: made of laminae & pediclesc. intervertebral foraminae between vertebraed. transverse foraminae in cervical vertebraee. facets: on super & inferior articular processes: smooth surfaces for joints

between processes


10. Intervertebral Disk: annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage), nucleus pulposus

11. Cervical vertebraea. How many(7), direction of curve- concave posterior, note have foraminae in

transverse processes: what for?. Note bifid spinous processesb. C1=atlas: superior articular facet for articulation with occipital condylec. C2=axis(know odontoid process)

12. Thoracic Vertebraea. How many-12, direction of curve-convex posteriorb. long spinous processes, point inferiorly

13. Lumbara. How many-5, direction of curve-concave posterior, have thick bodies& spinous

processes14. Sacrum: convex posterior, sacral promontory, sacroiliac joints15. Coccyx-4 rudimentary vertabrae

16. Thoracic cage = Bony Thoraxa. Sternum:

1. manubrium2. sternal angle: separates manubrium from body3. body4. xiphoid process (cartilage when young, ossifies about age 40)

b. Ribs: 1. true: 1st 7 pairs;, cartilage of rib(costal cartilage) articulates with

sternum2. false: 8-10, cartilage of rib articulates with cartilage above, while lowest

2 pairs are floating false ribs

17. Note how the ribs attach to the vertebrae. Looking at them from the posterior side of the back, there is an acute angle created between the 12th rib and the spine due to the downward direction of the 12th rib as it heads anteriorly. This angle is the costovertebral angle. Tenderness upon palpation of the costovertebral angle (performed with one finger) is a physical sign associated with pyelonephritis, which is a kidney infection.

18. Hyoid Bone: attachment for muscles of tongue, neck, & pharynx

Part 3: Appendicular Skeleton : Upper & Lower extremities, Shoulder Girdle, Pelvic Girdle

clavicleacromial and sternal ends

scapulaspinemedial, lateral, & superior borders and angles (superior, lateral, inferior)acromion or acromial processcoracoid processfossa (supraspinous, infraspinous & subscapular)


glenoid fossa (cavity)scapular notch

humerusheadgreater & lesser tubercleintertubercular (bicipital groove or sulcus)anatomical & surgical necksdeltoid tuberclegroove for the radial nervetrochleacapitulumolecranon fossamedial & lateral epicondylesradial fossa & coronoid fossasupracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)—region proximal to each epicondyle

ulnahead of the ulnastyloid process of the ulnaolecranon processcoranoid processsemilunar or trochlear notchradial notch of the ulnainterosseous ridge of the ulna

radiusradial headradial tubercle (tuberosity)ulnar notch of the radiusinterosseous ridge of the radiusstyloid process of the radius

carpals a. proximal row, lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiformb. distal row, lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

metacarpalsphalanges

proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated hand)

os coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis), acetabulum, obturator foramenilium

spines (anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, posterior-superior, posterior-inferior)

iliac crest; iliac fossa (on the anterior surface)body of the iliumauricular surfacegreater sciatic notcharcuate lineinferior gluteal line


ischiumischial tuberosityspine (ischial or sciatic)body of the ischiumsuperior & inferior ramilesser sciatic notch

pubissymphysis, body of the pubissuperior & inferior ramipubic tuberclepubic archpubic angle

femurhead of the femurneck of the femurgreater & lesser trochanterintertrochanteric line and crestlinea asperafovea capitusmedial and lateral condyles of the femuradductor tubercle—located proximal to medial epicondylemedial & lateral epicondyles of the femurpatellar surfaceintercondylar notch or fossagluteal tubercle

patellamedial and lateral articular surfaces

tibiamedial & lateral condyles of the tibiaintercondylar eminencetibial tuberosityfibular surface of the tibiadiaphysismedial malleolusanterior crest of the tibiafibular notchtibular articular surface for the talus

fibulahead of the fibulastyloid process (apex) of the fibulalateral malleolusfibular articular surface for the talus

tarsalstalus-bears body's weight, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, 1st-3rd cuneiforms

metatarsals, phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)—on articulated foot only


OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURESanterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa—skull with calveria removedcompact and cancellous bonepelvis—be able to distinguish between male & female and know characteristics of each

type1. Male pelvis: vertical iliac bones, pubic arch <90 degrees, deep iliac fossa, heart shaped

pelvic inlet2. Female pelvis: less vertical iliacs, arch >90, shallow iliac fossa, round pelvic brim(inlet)

Part 4: Articulations and Body Movements (Exercise 13):

1. Kneea. medial & lateral collateral ligaments(=tibial & fibular collaterals)b. anterior & posterior cruciatesc. medial & lateral meniscid. Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament

2. Joint Movements: a. flexion and extensionb. hyperextensionc. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of anklesd. abduction and adductione. circumductionf. pronation and supinationg. inversion and eversion


Muscles Study Guide (Exercise 14-15) and Nerve Histology (Exercise 17)

1. Complete the following table:

Muscle type # nuclei per cell

Visible striations

locations voluntary or involuntary

cell shape

Cardiac

Skeletal

Smooth

2. histology of skeletal musclea. cross section of muscleb. longitudinal section of individual cellsc. sarcomered. neuromuscular junction


MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION AND ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

Pectoralis major Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

Lateral lip of intertubular groove of humerus

Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates humerus, draws body upward in climbing

Lateral and medial pectoral

Pectoralis minor Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Coracoid process of scapula Draws scapula down and forward and elevates ribs

Medial pectoral

Subclavius Cartilage of first rib Inferior groove of clavicle Draws shoulder down and forward Nerve to subclavius

External abdominal oblique

External surface of lower 8 ribs Anterior half of iliac crest and linea alba

Compresses abdomen, rotates and flexes vertebral column

Intercostals 8 to 12, iliohypogas-tric, ilioinguinal

Internal abdominal oblique

Lateral half of linguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis

Compresses abdomen, rotates and flexes vertebral column


Transverse abdominis Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia

Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon to pubis

Compresses abdomen and depresses ribs


Rectus abdominus Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7

Tenses abdominal wall and flexes vertebral column

Intercostal 7 to 12

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK

Trapezius External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, and spinous process of cervical 7 through 12

Anterior border of scapular spine, acromion process, lateral third of posterior clavicle

Adducts, rotates, and elevates scapula Spinal accessory XI, C3, and C4

Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium

Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

Adducts, extends, rotates humerus medially, draws shoulder down and backward

Thoracodorsal

Levator scapula Transverse processes of cervical 1 through 4

Medial border above spine of scapula

Draws scapula medially and depresses shoulder

Doral scapular

Rhomboid major Spinous process of thoracic 2 through 5 and supraspinous ligament

Medial border below spine of scapula

Adducts and laterally rotates scapula Dorsal scapular

Rhomboid minor Spinous processes of cervical 7 through thoracic 1

Medial border of scapula at root of spine

Adducts and laterally rotates scapula Dorsal scapular

Serratus anterior Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs Anterior lip of medial border of scapula

Holds scapula to chest wall, rotates scapula in raising humerus

Long thoracic



MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM

Subscapularis Medial part of subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus medially Upper and lower subscapularis

Supraspinatus Medial part of supraspinous fossa Superior portion of greater tubercle of humerus

Abducts humerus Suprascapular

Infraspinatus Medial part of infraspinous fossa Middle portion of greater tubercle of humerus

Rotates humerus laterally Suprascapular

Teres major Axillary border at inferior angle of scapula

Medial lip of intertubular groove of humerus

Adducts, extends, and rotates humerus medially

Lower subscapular

Teres minor Axillary border of scapula Inferior portion of greater tubercle of humerus

Laterally rotates humerus and adducts it

Circumflex

Deltoid Anterior surface, lateral clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

Deltoid tubercle of humerus Abducts humerus; aids in flexion, extension, and adduction

Circumflex

Triceps brachii Long head Lateral head Medial head

Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus; medial head, distal half of posterior humerus

Olecranon process of ulna Extends humerus and ulna Radial

Brachialis Distal two-thirds of front of humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flexes ulna Musculocutaneous and radial

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of scapula Middle third of humerus Flexes and adducts humerus Musculocutaneous

Biceps brachii Long head Short head

Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short head, coracoid process scapula

Tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosis

Flexes radius and humerus, and supinates hand

Musculocutaneous

Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna

Weak extensor of humerous Radial

MUSCLES OF ANT. FOREARM

Pronator quadratus Distal fourth of ulna Distal fourth of radius Pronates hand MedianFlexor digitorum profundus

Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane

Distal phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median and ulnar

Flexor pollicis longus Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna

Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb Median

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Middle phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median



Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of second metacarpal Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts wrist

Median

Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna

Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal

Flexes and adducts wrist Ulna

Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Middle portion of radius Pronates hand and flexes radius Median

MUSCLES OF ANTEROLATERAL FOREARM & DORSUM OF HAND

Extensor indicis Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane

Dorsal extensor expansion of index finger

Extends index finger Radial

Extensor pollicis longus

Middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb and abducts hand Radial

Extensor pollicis brevis

Middle third of radius and interosseous membrane

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb and abducts hand Radial

Abductor pollicis longus

Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane

First metacarpal Abducts thumb and hand Radial

Supinator Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna

Lateral surface and posterior border of radius

Supinates hand Radial

Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge and lateral intermuscular septum

Styloid process of radius Flexes radius Radial

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and intermuscular septem

Second metacarpal Extends and abducts hand Radial

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus Third metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial

Extensor digitorum communis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons Extends fingers and wrist joint Radial

Extensor carpi ulnaris Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna

Fifth metacarpal Extends and adducts hand Radial

Exten. digiti minimi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Extensor expansion of little finger Extends little finger Radial

MUSCLES OF THE PALMAR SURFACE OF THE HAND


Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum and trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb MedianAbductor pollicis brevis

Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid and trapezium

Proximal phalanx of thumb Abducts thumb and aids in flexion Median

Flexor digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Flexes fifth digit Ulnar



Abductor digiti minimi

Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

Proximal phalanx of fith digit Abducts fifth digit Ulnar

MUSCLES OF ANT. HIP AND THIGH

Adductor brevis Inferior pubic ramus Upper part of linea aspera and pectineal line

Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates femur

Obturator

Adductor magnus Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Adducts, flexes, and laterally and medially rotates femur

Obturator & sciatic

Adductor longus Between pubic rami near symphysis Middle third of linea aspera Adducts, flexes & medially rotates femur

Obturator

Pectineus Pectineal line of pubis Pecinteal line of femur Adducts femur Obturator femoralGracilis Inferior pubis near symphysis Upper portion of tibia Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia ObturatorQuadriceps femoris Rectus femoris

Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum

Tibial tuberosity Extends tibia and flexes femur Femoral

Vastus lateralis Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

Tibial tuberosity Extends tibia Femoral

Vastus medialia Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

Tibial tuberosity Extends tibia Femoral

Vastus intermedius Upper shaft of femur Tibial tuberosity Extends tibia FemoralSartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Medial margin of tibial tuberosity Flexes both femur and tibia FemoralTensor fasciae latae Iliac crest Iliotibial tract Tenses fascia lata Superior gluteal

MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION AND POSTERIOR THIGH

Gluteus minimis Lower portion of ilium Greater trochanter and capsule of hip joint

Abducts and medially rotates femur Superior gluteal

Piriformis Pelvic surface of sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Rotates femur laterally Twigs from sacral one and two

Gluteus medius Middle portion of ilium Oblique ridge on greater trochanter of femur

Abducts and medially rotates femur Superior gluteal



Gluteus maximus Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx

Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract Principal extensor and powerful rotator of femur

Inferior gluteal

Biceps femoris Long head Short head

Long head, ischial tuberosity; short head, supracondylar ridge of femur

Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Flexes leg and rotates leg laterally; long head extends femur

Sciatic

Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates tibia

Sciatic

Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity, fused with long head of biceps

Tuberosity of tibia Extends thigh and flexes tibia Sciatic

INTERNAL MUSCLES OF THE THIGH & GLUTEAL REGIONS

Quadratus lumborum Iliolumbar ligament and crest of ilium Lower border of 12th rib, transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae

Depresses rib cage inferiorly and abducts trunk to same side

Nerve to quadra-tus lumborum

Psoas Major

Minor

Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae

Bodies of 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae

Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus

Pectineal line on ilium

Flexes and laterally rotates femur

Flexes vertebral column

Major by 2nd and 3rd lumbar

Minor by 1st lumbar

Iliacus Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major

Flexes and laterally rotates femur Femoral

Gemelli Superior Inferior

Ischial spine Tendon of obturator internus to greater trochanter

Rotates femur laterally Twigs from sacral plexus

Obturator internus Margin of obturator foramen Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur

Rotates femur medially and aids abduction

Twigs from lum-bar 5 and sacral 1

Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Greater trochanter and shaft of femur

Rotates femur laterally Twigs from lum-bar 4 and 5, and sacral 1



MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG

Tibialis posterior Interosseous membrane and tibia and fibula on either side

Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; second, third, and fourth metatarsals

Adducts and inverts foot and aids in plantar flexion

Tibial

Flexor hallucis longus Distal two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular septum

Distal phalanx of great toe Flexes great toe Tibial

Flexor digitorum longus

Middle half of tibia By four tendons into distal phalanges of lateral four toes

Flexes lateral four toes Tibial

Popliteus Lateral condyle of femur Posterior tibia above soleal line Flexes tibia and rotates femur laterally TibialPlantaris Popliteal surface of femur Medial calcaneus Flexes foot TibialSoleus Upper third of fibula and soleal line of

tibiaWith gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Flexes foot Tibial

Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral condyles of femur With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot Tibial

MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT

Tibialis anterior Upper half of tibia and interosseous membrane

First cuneiform and first metatarsal Extends and inverts foot Deep peroneal

Extensor hallucis longus

Middle half of fibula and interosseous membrane

Distal phalanx of great toe Extends great toe Deep peroneal

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibia, proximal three-fourths of fibula, & interosseous membrane

Tendons to middle & terminal phalanges of four lateral toes by extensor expansion

Extends toes Deep peroneal

Peroneus tertius(fibularis)

Distal third of fibula and interosseos membrane

Fifth metatarsal Extends and everts foot Deep peroneal

Peroneus brevis(fibularis)

Lower two-thirds of fibula Fifth metatarsal Everts and abducts foot and aids in plantar flexion

Superficial peroneal

Peroneus longus(fibularis)

Upper two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular septa

First cuneiform and first metatarsal Everts and aids in plantar flexion Superficial peroneal

Extensor digitorum brevis

Dorsal surface of calcaneus By four tendons into extensor expansion

Extends toes Deep peroneal

Extensor hallucis brevis

Distal lateral surface of calcaneus Proximal phalanx of great toe Extends toes Deep peroneal



MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT

Flexor hallucis brevis Navicular and cuneiform bones, and long plantar ligament

2 tendons to medial & lateral sides of proximal phalanx of great toe

Flexes great toe Medial and lateral plantar

Abductor hallucis Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis Proximal phalanx of great toe Abducts great toe Medial plantarQuadratus plantae Calcaneus and long plantar ligament Into tendons of flexor digitorum

longus Supports action of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Lateral plantar

Flexor digitorum brevis

Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis By four tendons into middle phalanx of lateral four toes

Flexes lateral four toes Medial plantar

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Fifth metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus tendon

Proximal phalanx of little toe Flexes little toe Lateral plantar

Abductor digiti minimi

Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis Proximal phalanx of little toe Abducts little toe Lateral plantar

MUSCLES OF THE FACE

Buccinator Pterygomandibular raphe and alveolor processes of mandible and maxilla

Angle of mouth into orbicular orbis Compresses cheek during mastication Facial VII

Depressor anguli oris Oblique line of mandible Angle of mouth Draws angle of mouth up and back Facial VIIDepressor labii inferioris

Mandible next to mental foramen Lower lip Draws lower lip down Facial VII

Frontalis Epicranial aponeurosis Skin over forehead Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

Facial VIi

Levator anguli oris Maxilla adjacent to canine fossa Corner of mouth Elevates corner of mouth Facial VIIMentalis Incisor fossa of mandible Skin over chin Elevates and protrudes lip Facial VIINasalis Maxilla adjacent to canine and incisor

teethSide of nose above nostril Draws margin of nostril towards

septumFacial VII

Orbicularis oculi Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament and zygomatic bones

Skin surrounding eye, and lateral palpebral ligament

Closes eyelids and depresses skin of forehead

Facial VII

Orbicularis oris By muscular skips to surround muscles Muscles interlace to surround mouth Closes and purses lips Facial VIIZygomaticus Zygomatic arch Corner of mouth Elevates corner of mouth Facial VIITemporalis Temporal fossa and fascia Coronoid process of mandible Elevates and retracts mandible Trigeminal VMasseter Zygomatic process and arch Angle and ramus of mandible Elevates mandible and closes jaw Trigeminal V


SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE NECK


Omohyoid Body of hyoid bone Medial tip of suprascapular notch Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalisThyrohyoid Oblique line of thyroid cartilage Greater horn of hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid

cartilageAnsa cervicalis


Sternothyroid Posterior surface of manubrium Oblique line of thyroid cartilage Depresses thyroid cartilage Ansa cervicalisSternohyoid Posterior surface of manubrium, and

medial clavicleHyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis

Stylohyoid Styloid process Hyoid bone Moves hyoid bone up and back Facial VIIMylohyoid Mylohyoid line of mandible Hyoid bone and median raphe Elevates hyoid bone and floor of

mouth, depresses mandibleTrigeminal V

Digastric (biventer) anterior belly

Lower border of mandible near midline Intermediate tendon Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses mandible

Trigeminal V

Digastric (biventer) Posterior belly

Mastoid notch of temporal bone Intermediate tendon Moves hyoid bone back Facial VII

Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium and medial third of clavicle Mastoid process Rotates head to same side, elevates chin, and flexes vertebral column

C2 and C2, spinal accessory, XI

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK

Erector Spinae (Sacrospinalis) --iliocoastalis thoracicus lumborum

Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12

Angle of the last 6 or 7 ribs Extension of vertebral column Spinal nerves dorsal rami

--longissimus dorsi

Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12

Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

Extension of vertebral column Spinal nerves dorsal rami

--spinalis dorsi Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12

Spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae

Extension of vertebral column Spinal nerves dorsal rami

MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL

External intercostal Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Elevates rib cage/inspiration IntercostalInternal intercostal Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib above Depresses rib cage/expiration Intercostal


Exercise 17: Histology of Nervous Tissue3. Know the basic cell structure of a multipolar neuron:

a. Cell bodyb. Nucleusc. Nucleolusd. Axon hillocke. Dendritef. Axong. Schwann cells and myelin sheathh. Nodes of Ranvieri. Telodendriaj. Axon Terminals=Synaptic end bulbs

4. Distinguish between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons5. What is another word for a sensory neuron?6. What is another word for a motor neuron?7. What are association, or interneurons?8. Learn the histology of nerves, and identify the following structures on a

microscope slides; drawings; and models if available in lab:a. epineuriumb. perineuriumc. endoneuriumd. fasciclee. axonf. myelin sheath


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