AP Biology Darwin and the History to his Theory of Natural Selection.
BIOLOGY Chapter 15: 10th Edition Darwin & Evolution
Transcript of BIOLOGY Chapter 15: 10th Edition Darwin & Evolution
Sylv
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der
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
BIOLOGY 10th Edition
Darwin & Evolution
Chapter 15: pp. 264 - 282
1
Dalmatian
Boston terrier
Irish wolfhound
Shih Tzu
Scottish terrier
Bloodhound
Russian
silver fox
Beagle
Red chow Shetland sheepdog Chihuahua English sheepdog
Wolf
(Wolf): © Gary Milburn/Tom Stack & Associates; (Irish wolfhound): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (Boston terrier): © Robert Dowling/Corbis;
(Dalmation): © Alexander Lowry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shih tzu): © Bob Shirtz/SuperStock; (Bloodhound): © Mary Bloom/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Scottish
terrier): © Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Beagle): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Red chow): © Jeanne W hite/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; (Shetland sheepdog): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (English sheepdog): © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; (Chihuahua): © Kent & Donna
Dannen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Fox): © Steven J. Kazlowski/Alamy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Outline
History of Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Earth very old
Descend with change from a common ancestor
Adaptation to a changing environment
The Evidence of Evolution
Fossil
Biogeographical
Anatomical
Biochemical
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History of Evolutionary Thought
Prior to Darwin
View of nature determined by deep-seated
beliefs
Held to be intractable truths
Biology thought had slowly begun to accept
Various ideas of evolution
Similarities between living things reflect recent
common ancestry
Dissimilarities between living things reflect ancient
common ancestry
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Voyage of the HMS Beagle
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c d
a.
d
c
b
f,g
e
e f g
North
America
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
Great
Britain Europe
Africa
Australia
Tasmania New
Zealand
Tierra del Fuego
South
America
Galápagos
Islands
b
b: © Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; c: © Luiz C. Marigo/Peter Arnold; d: © Gary J. James/Biological Photo Service; e: © Charles Benes/Index Stock Imagery; f: © Galen
Rowell/Corbis; g: © D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook/Ardea
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Evolutionary Thought before Darwin
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a.
b.
a: © Joseph H. Bailey/National Geographic Image Collection; b: © Daryl Balfour/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Mid-Eighteenth Century
Taxonomy matured during mid-eighteenth century Linnaeus believed in:
The fixity of species That each species had:
An ideal structure and function, and A place in the scala naturae (scale of complexity)
He developed the binomial system of nomenclature System of classification for living things
Count Buffon: Wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants and
animals Suggested descent with modification
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Late Eighteenth Century
Cuvier:
First to use comparative anatomy to develop a system of classification
Founded Paleontology
Proposed Catastrophism
Local catastrophes in past had caused later strata to have a new mix of fossils
After each catastrophe, the region was repopulated by species from surrounding areas
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Late Eighteenth Century
Lamarck: First biologist to:
Propose evolution
Link diversity with environmental adaptation
Concluded more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms
Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics – Lamarckianism
Charles Lyell: Earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of
erosion and uplift
Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of change are constant
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Geological observations consistent with
those of Hutton & Lyell
Biogeographical observations:
The study of the geographic distribution of life
forms on earth
Darwin saw similar species in similar habitats;
Reasoned related species could be modified
according to the environment
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Charles Darwin at 31
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© Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
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A Glyptodont and a Giant Sloth
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a. Glyptodon
b. Mylodon
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Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the range and geographic distribution of life-forms on Earth.
Darwin compared South American animals to those with which he was familiar. Instead of rabbits, he found the Patagonian hare in the grasslands
of South America. The Patagonian hare has long legs and ears but the face of a guinea pig.
Did the Patagonian hare resemble a rabbit because the two types of animals were adapted to the same type of environment? Both animals ate grass, hid in bushes, and moved rapidly using long hind legs. Did the Patagonian hare have the face of a guinea pig because of common descent with guinea pigs?
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The European Hare (face only) and the
Patagonian Hare Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(European hare): © WILDLIFE/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Patagonian hare): © Juan & Carmecita
Munoz/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Lepus europaeus
Dolichotis patagonium
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Galápagos Islands
Tortoises
Darwin observed tortoise neck length varied
from island to island
Proposed that speciation on islands correlated
with a difference in vegetation
Finches
Darwin observed many different species of
finches on various islands
Speculated they could have descended from a
single pair of mainland finch
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Galápagos Tortoises, Geochelone
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a. b.
a: © Kevin Schafer/Corbis; b: © Michael Dick/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
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Natural Selection and Adaptation
Individuals have heritable variations
More individuals produced each generation than environment can support
Some individuals have adaptive characteristics
Enables increased survival and reproduction
Increasing proportion of succeeding generations will have these characteristics
Populations become adapted to their local environment through change in individuals
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Variation in a Population
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© Lisette Le Bon/SuperStock
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Organisms Have Inheritable Variations
Darwin emphasized that individuals from a population vary in their:
Functional characteristics
Physical characteristics
Behavioral characteristics
Proposed that these variations:
Are essential
Allow adaptation to the environment over time
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Artificial Selection of Animals
All dogs are descended from the gray wolf
Began to be domesticated about 14,000 years
ago.
Process of diversification has been rapid:
The wolves under domestication were separated
from other wolves.
Each human tribe selected for whatever traits
appealed to them.
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Artificial Selection of Animals
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dalmatian
Boston terrier
Irish wolfhound
Shih Tzu
Scottish terrier
Bloodhound
Russian
silver fox
Beagle
Red chow Shetland sheepdog Chihuahua English sheepdog
Wolf
(Wolf): © Gary Milburn/Tom Stack & Associates; (Irish wolfhound): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (Boston terrier): © Robert
Dowling/Corbis; (Dalmation): © Alexander Lowry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shih tzu): © Bob Shirtz/SuperStock; (Bloodhound): © Mary
Bloom/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Scottish terrier): © Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Beagle): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; (Red chow): © Jeanne White/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shetland sheepdog): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (English
sheepdog): © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; (Chihuahua): © Kent & Donna Dannen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Fox): © Steven J.
Kazlowski/Alamy
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Artificial Selection of Plants
Following vegetables are derived from one species:
Chinese cabbage,
brussels sprouts, and
kohlrabi.
Darwin described artificial selection as a model by which to understand natural selection.
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Artificial Selection of Plants
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Chinese cabbage,
Chinensis group
Brussel sprouts,
Gemmifera group
Wild mustard
Kohlrabi,
Gongylodes group
(Cabbage, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi): Courtesy W. Atlee Burpee Company; (Mustard): © Jack
Wilburn/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes;
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Natural Selection
Darwin’s natural selection hypothesis was
based on:
Observation of tortoises and finches on the
Galápagos Islands.
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Natural Selection
13 species of finches have a beak adapted to a
particular way of life. Heavy beak suited to a diet of large seeds
Beak of the warbler-finch is suited to feeding on insects
Longer beak, somewhat decurved, and the split tongue suited to
probing cactus for seeds
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a. Geospiza magnirostris b. Certhidea olivacea c. Cactornis scandens
a: © Adrienne T. Gibson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Joe McDonald/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; c:
© Leonard Lee Rue/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes;
Beak Depth
25
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dry year dry year dry year
medium
ground finch
wet year
1984 1982 1980 1977
Be
ak
De
pth
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Organisms Differ in Fitness
Fitness is the relative reproductive success
of an individual
The most-fit individuals in a population capture
a disproportionate share of goodies
Interactions with the environment determine
which individuals reproduce the most
Adaptation
Changes that help a species become more
suited to its environment
Product of natural selection
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Evidence for Evolution
Evidence supports common descent.
Fossils Evidence
Biogeographical Evidence
Anatomical Evidence
Biochemical Evidence
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Evidence for Evolution: Fossil Record
Fossil evidence
Fossils record the history of life from the past
Document a succession of life forms from the simple to the more complex
Sometimes the fossil record is complete enough to show descent from an ancestor
Transitional fossils are a common ancestor for two different groups of organisms
It allows to trace the descent of organisms
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Transitional Fossils
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bird characteristics
reptile characteristics
wing
wing
head
tail
feet
claws
teeth
feathers
tail with vertebrae
a. Archaeopteryx
fossil
b.
a: © Jean-Claude Carton/Bruce Coleman Inc.; b: © Joe Tucciarone
Ancestor to Whales
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31
Evidence for Evolution: Biogeographical
Distributions of plants and animals across
earth
Consistent with origin in one locale and
then spread to accessible regions
Hypothesis that different mix of plants and
animals would be expected whenever
Geography separates:
Continents, islands, seas, and so on.
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Biogeography
(Sugar glider): © ANT Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Tasmanian wolf): © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Wombat): © Photodisc Blue/Getty; (Dasyurus): © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Kangaroo): © George
Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.
The Australian wombat, Vombatus, is
nocturnal and lives in burrows. It resembles
the placental woodchuck.
Kangaroo, Macropus, is an herbivore that
inhabits plains and forests. It resembles the
placental Patagonian cavy of South America.
Sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps, is a tree-dweller
and resembles the placental flying squirrel.
The Australian native cat, Dasyurus, is a
carnivore and inhabits forests. It resembles
the placental wild cat.
Tasmanian wolf, Thylacinus, now extinct, was a
nocturnal carnivore that inhabited deserts and plains.
It resembles the placental grey wolf.
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Evidence for Evolution: Anatomical
Vertebrate forelimbs:
Homologous - All contain the same sets of bones in similar ways
Yet they are modified extensively to meet various adaptive needs
Darwin interpreted this as support for a hypothesis of common descent
Embryological development
All vertebrate embryos have:
A postanal tail and
Paired pharyngeal (gill) pouches
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The Evidence of Evolution: Anatomical
Homologous Structures: Anatomically similar because they are inherited from a
common ancestor May be functionally similar or not
Analogous Structures: Serve the same function Not constructed similarly Do not share a common ancestor
Vestigal Structures: Fully-developed anatomical structures Reduced or obsolete function
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Significance of Homologous Structures
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humerus
ulna
radius
metacarpals
phalanges
whale cat horse human
bat
bird
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Significance of Developmental Similarities
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fish
salamander
tortoise
chick
human
pharyngeal
pouches
postanal
tail
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Biochemical Evidence
Almost all living organisms:
Use the same basic biochemical molecules
Utilize same DNA triplet code
Utilize same 20 amino acids in their proteins
DNA base-sequence differences:
When very similar, suggest recent common descent
When more different, suggest more ancient common
descent
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Significance of Biochemical Differences
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nu
mb
er
of
Am
ino
Acid
Dif
fere
nces
Co
mp
are
d t
o H
um
an
Cyto
ch
rom
e c
yeast moth fish turtle duck pig monkey human
Cytochrome c is a small protein
that plays an important role
in the electron transport chain
within mitochondria of all cells
0
10
20
30
40
50
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Review
History of Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Earth very old
Descend with change from a common ancestor
Adaptation to a changing environment
The Evidence of Evolution
Fossil
Biogeographical
Anatomical
Biochemical
Sylv
ia S
. Ma
der
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
BIOLOGY 10th Edition
Darwin & Evolution
Chapter 15: pp. 264 - 282
40
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dalmatian
Boston terrier
Irish wolfhound
Shih Tzu
Scottish terrier
Bloodhound
Russian
silver fox
Beagle
Red chow Shetland sheepdog Chihuahua English sheepdog
Wolf
(Wolf): © Gary Milburn/Tom Stack & Associates; (Irish wolfhound): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (Boston terrier): © Robert Dowling/Corbis;
(Dalmation): © Alexander Lowry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shih tzu): © Bob Shirtz/SuperStock; (Bloodhound): © Mary Bloom/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Scottish
terrier): © Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Beagle): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Red chow): © Jeanne W hite/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; (Shetland sheepdog): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (English sheepdog): © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; (Chihuahua): © Kent & Donna
Dannen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Fox): © Steven J. Kazlowski/Alamy