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Biology

Biology content for class XI-XII attempts to cover basic concepts as essential for

adequate understanding in this domain.

The curriculum intends to

acquaint the learner with fundamental concepts and processes associated

with the phenomenon of life.

relate concepts and develop skill based ability for use in daily life.

The approach is mainly focused to achieve careful observation, promotion of

opportunities to formulate conjectures; refutation or acceptance of ideas through

stepwise analysis and experimentation and sustained documentation of individual

and collaborative work.

Like the previous classes, the extension program called Breakthroughs would

familiarize students with present day development in scientific thought process in

the form of issues.

All human effort is geared to uncover or discover the mysterious phenomenon of

life. There are many ways to understand life; Biology represents one such

perspective.

The course is spread over 30 units. The content is developed around general, plant

specific, animal specific, technology based and environment specific contexts. The

unit on circulation and exchange of gases has been undertaken to connect the cardio-

pulmonary system. This range has been identified after much deliberation by

experts.

The intended objectives of this course are enabling learners to:-

become curious about the phenomenon of life

observe variety of life forms and changes in them according to geographical /

ecological variations

relate to myriad kind of surroundings and identify the important role of each

in creating conducive living conditions

in depth understanding of concepts and develop ability to use them in

research projects

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familiarise with the nature of Biology, its fundamental principles and how

these principles evolved over the time

introduce social dimension through study on environmental activism.

encourage non directive, self paced learning using libraries, media, websites

for initiating into research and development

view Biology as a part of a triune of science- society- technology and its role

in welfare.

explore, extend, evaluate and enact practices related to life

explore the fact of how changes occur through theory building

discuss the role of theory and practical component in science, here Biology

CLASS XI- Biology

Term-wise Syllabus

TERM I TERM II

UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT

1 BIODIVERSITY

10 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN

PLANTS

2 DIVERSITY IN PLANTS AND

FUNGI

11 MINERAL NUTRITION AND

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

3 STRUCTURAL

ORGANIZATION IN PLANTS

12 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

4 DIVERSITY IN ANIMALS 13 STRUCTURAL

ORGANIZATION IN

ANIMALS

5 LIFE AND ITS CHEMISTRY 14 NUTRITION, DIGESTION

AND ABSORPTION

6 BIOMOLECULES 15 CIRCULATION AND

EXCHANGE OF GASES

7 STUDY OF CELL-TOOLS

AND TECHNIQUES

16 OSMOREGULATION AND

EXCRETION

8 STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTIONS OF A CELL

17 MOVEMENT AND

LOCOMOTION

9 CELL CYCLE

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CLASS XII-Biology

Term-wise Syllabus

TERM I TERM II

UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT

1 PLANT DEVELOPMENT

AND REPRODUCTION

8 NEURONS AND NERVOUS

SYSTEM

2 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

AND REPRODUCTION

9 HORMONES AND

HORMONAL CONTROL

3 HEREDITY AND

VARIATION

10 CONSERVATION AND

RESTORATION ECOLOGY:

ISSUES AND CONCERNS

4 MOLECULAR BASIS OF

INHERITANCE

11 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN

HEALTH

5 EVOLUTION

12 ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN

HUMAN WELFARE

6 STATICS AND DYNAMICS

OF AN ECOSYSTEM

13 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS

APPLICATION

7 STATICS AND DYNAMICS

OF ORGANISMS AND

POPULATION

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SYLLABUS: Class-XI

BIOLOGY

Unit- 1: Biodiversity

CONCEPT LEARNING OUTCOMES

Introduction

Describe the characteristics of living organisms

Explain the significance of diversity of life forms in their

surroundings

History of

Classification

Develop time sense in the evolution of art of

classification over the years.

Acknowledge by describing the contributions of various

taxonomists and explain their systems of classification.

Enlist the features of the Five Kingdom classification as

proposed by R.H Whittaker

Describe the characteristic features of each kingdom

Methods of

Classification

Discuss the importance and use of tools and techniques

in classification of organisms

Use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable

characteristics.

Relate the use of cladogram to phylogenetic analysis

Brief classification

of Organisms

Define and describe the Binomial System of naming

species

Describe the hierarchical scheme of grouping organisms

Compare the Three Domain classification with the earlier

systems in terms of modifications

Discuss the evolutionary position of viruses

Unit-2: Diversity in Plants and Fungi

Introduction Explain the basis of classification in Plants.

Characteristic

Features of Plants

Describe features of algae, its classification, life cycle and

economic importance

Discuss features and life cycle of Bryophytes and

Pteridophytes

Describe and compare features of Gymnosperms and

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Angiosperms

Characteristic

Features of Fungi

Reproduction in

Fungi

Explain the characteristics of different types of fungi with

suitable examples and relate to their economic

importance

Explain the asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi.

Describe the importance of reproduction as basis for

classification in fungi

Unit- 3: Structural Organisation in Plants (Angiosperms)

External

Morphology of

Plants

Present an overview of plant body.

Discuss morphology of roots, stem and leaves along with

their various modifications

Identify and describe the inflorescence and parts of

flowers and fruits

Anatomy of Plants

Study different kind of plant tissues and discuss their

features.

Explain the anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and

leaf.

Describe the secondary growth in root and stem of dicot

plants.

Detailed description of the structure of two types of

seeds

Plant Families Identify salient features of Fabacae, Solanacae and

Liliacae

Unit 4: Diversity in Animals

Introduction to

Classification

Define the basic characteristics of animals

Explain the basis/ fundamental principles of animal

classification such as levels of organization, symmetry,

diploblastic and triploblastic organization, body plan,

coelom, segmentation and notochord development

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Classification

based on

Characters

State the different levels of classification of animals such

as phylum, sub-phylum, upto species and sub species.

State the chief characteristics of major animal phyla and

provide examples

State the chief characteristics of major animal phyla and

provide examples

Identify the differences between chordates, non

chordates, and hemichordates

Identify lab specimens and classify them into respective

groups

Observe various organisms in the locality and groups

them into respective phyla and state their specific

characters

Unit- 5: Life and its Chemistry

Introduction Explain the general concepts pertaining to living cells

Chemical Concepts Describe chemical bonds: covalent and non-covalent (co-

ordinate, ionic, hydrogen, Van der Waals and hydrophobic

interactions) present in biomolecules

Analyse carbon as important base of biomolecules

Write the functional groups: methyl, ethyl, carboxyl,

carbonyl, amino, phenyl, sulfydryl, phosphoryl

Appraise that life depends on water

Describe the importance of pH and buffering activity of cell

constituents

State the basic thermodynamic principles involved in

biochemical reactions

Express energy flow through different processes such as

diffusion, osmosis, imbibition, absorption, adsorption, mass

flow and active transport

Unit-6: Biomolecules

Introduction

Familiarize with micro- and macro-molecules

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Carbohydrates

Recall that carbohydrates constitute the most abundant

category of biomolecules

Define and classify carbohydrates

List the role of carbohydrates

Discuss the nature of artificial or synthetic sweeteners and

their impact on health

Lipids

Explain the hydrophobic nature of lipids

Classify lipids on the basis of their chemical structure

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Describe the importance of cholesterol in human body

Proteins

Enzymes

State the composition of proteins

Understand the chemical structure of amino acid

Describe the structure of proteins

List the functions of proteins

Name and classify Enzymes

Enlist and describe the factors affecting enzyme action

Explain the mechanism of enzyme action

Nucleic Acids

Describe the basic structure and functions of DNA and

RNA

Vitamins Describe the role of vitamins and minerals in life

Unit – 7: Study of Cell-Tools and Techniques

Introduction

Recall the structure and function of the cell

Identify the necessity of tools and techniques in the study

of cells

Microscopy

Recognise the limitations of human eye and need of

technology for refined observation.

Familiarise and list the basic principles of microscopy

Explain briefly different kinds of microscopes

Use various microscopic techniques for the study of cell

structure and functions

Identify specific principles of fixation and staining of

microscopic specimens.

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Cell fractionation,

Chromatography,

Electrophoresis

Identify the significance of separation of sub-cellular

components to study the structural and functional aspects

of cell

Explain the principle and steps involved in cell

fractionation, chromatography and electrophoresis

Tissue Culture

Describe the technique of plant and animal tissue culture

Discuss the contribution of Tissue Culture technique in

advancement of knowledge of biology and human

welfare

Unit-8: Structure and Functions of a Cell

Introduction Establish cell as the basic unit of structure and function in

living organisms

Describe the cell theory based on its postulates

Discuss the need of multicellularity in organisms

Cell Diversity

Correlate diversity in the structure of cells to functions

they perform.

Cellular

Organisation in

Prokaryotes

Identify variations in shapes of bacteria

Explain the general scheme of organisation of a typical

prokaryotic cell.

Describe the important structural features of prokaryotic

cells.

Classify bacteria on the basis of Gram staining technique.

Cellular

Organisation in

Eukaryotes

Identify cell organelles which are distinctively present in a

plant cell and animal cell

Identify and describe the structure of a plant and animal

cell as seen under electron microscope

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and its

role in regulating the entry and exit of ions and molecules

within a cell

Describe the structure and function of plant cell wall

Compare the role of cell wall with that of cell membrane

Discuss and describe the structure and function of cell

organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi

apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids,

microtubules, flagella, cilia, centrioles and nucleus

Correlate the structural organisation of different cell

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organelles with their respective function

Compare and contrast between eukaryotic and

prokaryotic cells in terms of size, presence and absence of

cell organelles, location and structure of genetic material,

and protein synthesis

Unit-9: Cell Cycle

Introduction

Describe the cell cycle and its distinct stages

Recall and appreciate the importance of cell cycle

Phases of Cell

Cycle and their

Significance

Comprehend the significance of the events occurring in

various phases of the cell cycle

Connect different phases as a rhythmic pattern.

Cell Division

Highlight the differences and similarities in the process of

cell division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prepare / observe / describe and draw labelled figures of

various stages of mitosis and meiosis

Regulation of Cell

Cycle

Identify various factors that control the cell cycle

Analyse the significance of the regulation of cell cycle/ cell

division

Discuss different stages of Mitosis and Meiosis.

Compare the two types of cell division.

Unit-10: Photosynthesis in Plants

Introduction

Describe photosynthesis as an essential process in plants

Appraise the discoveries and investigations of various

scientists which led to the formulation of the chemical

reactions involved in photosynthesis

Photosynthetic

Machinery Analyse the anatomical and morphological adaptive

features of leaves which make them suitable factories to

carry out the process of photosynthesis

Describe the anatomical structure of chloroplast, the site

of Photosynthesis

Draw the link between the specific structure of various

photosynthetic pigments and their respective functions

Differentiate between Absorption and Action spectra

Draw the link between light absorbed and rate of

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photosynthesis

Light Reaction

(or Hill reaction)

Carbon Fixation

Reactions(or

Calvin Bensen

cycle)

Adaptations in

Tropical and Sub-

tropical Plants

Differentiate between light dependent and carbon fixation

stages of Photosynthesis

Explain the mechanism of light dependent phase

Describe the organisation of Photo systems I & II and their

role in trapping light energy

Explain the significance of photolysis of water in light

reaction

Define photophosphorylation

Distinguish between cyclic and non-cyclic

photophosphorylation

Mention the important steps involved in investigation of

light independent phase of photosynthesis by Calvin and

his colleagues

Analyse the pathway of carbon in photosynthesis through

the study of the Calvin cycle

Decipher the significance of the specific

nomenclature/reference of Calvin cycle as C3 cycle.

Justify the requirement of C4 pathway/cycle in tropical

and sub-tropical plants

Draw the specialized anatomy of the leaves of C4 plants

Analyse the process of photorespiration and the reason of

its occurrence

Factors Affecting

Photosynthesis

Describe the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis

Link the significance of photosynthesis with the

productivity of agricultural/crop plants and human

energy demands

Unit-11: Mineral Nutrition and Transport in Plants

Introduction

Macro and Micro-

nutrients

Describe the role of nutrients in plant growth and survival

Recognise the criteria of „essential‟ elements

Differentiate between macro and micro nutrients

Explain deficiency symptoms and the effects of toxicity of

macro and micronutrients

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Define hydroponics and apply the concept in practical

Nutrient Cycle Describe and draw the nitrogen cycle

Importance of

Nitrogen Cycle in

Plant Systems

Describe the working of the nitrogen cycle in the

ecosystem

Describe the role of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle.

Describe symbiotic and non symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Explain the role of ammonia produced during nitrogen

fixation

Mechanism of

Transport in Plants Identify the role of pores in diffusion and facilitated

diffusion

Recognise the role of active transport in plant nutrition

Discuss the significance of imbibition

State the relation between water potential, solute potential

and pressure potential and osmotic pressure

Define the root pressure and suction pressure theories and

identify the groups of plants exhibiting these mechanisms

Explain the role of transpiration in the ascent of water

from soil

Recognise the symplast and apoplast theories of water

transport

Explain the unidirectional and bidirectional transport

mechanisms

State the mechanism of transport in phloem

Relate the mass flow hypothesis with transport in phloem

Unit-12: Cellular Respiration

Introduction

Differentiate between respiration and combustion.

Define the role of ATP as the energy currency of the cell

Describe cellular respiration as a series of redox reactions

Discuss how photosynthesis and respiration are two

similar processes yet different from each other

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Aerobic and

Anaerobic

Respiration

Respiratory Output

Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration on

the basis of their site, the process involved and energy

generated in terms of ATP production

Describe the fate of the products of anaerobic respiration

Enlist the phases of aerobic respiration

Summarise the pathway of Glycolysis

Analyse the fate of pyruvic acid (end product of glycolysis)

through the Krebs‟/TCA Cycle

Summarise the pathway and significance of Electron

Transporting System

Calculate the total energy yield of cellular respiration.

Compare the respiratory quotients of various respiratory

substrates like carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

Unit-13: Structural Organisation in Animals

Introduction

Recapitulate the levels of organization in organisms

Classify animal tissues into epithelial, connective,

muscular and neural tissues

Epithelial Tissues

Differentiate between simple and compound epithelia

Describe various types of simple epithelia including their

modifications such as ciliated epithelium and glandular

epithelium

Discuss the role of epithelial tissues in absorption and

secretion

Identify the location and state the functions of compound

epithelium

Briefly describe the type of cell junctions

Connective Tissues

State the functions of connective tissues with examples

Differentiate between loose and dense connective tissues

State the location and function of areolar and adipose

tissues

Identify blood, bone, cartilage, tendon and ligament as

specialized connective tissues and discuss their cellular

organization

Muscular and

Neural Tissues

Briefly describe the three type of muscular tissues

Briefly comment on muscle and neural tissues

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Unit-14: Nutrition, Digestion and Absorption in Animals

Introduction

Differentiate between the terms nutrition, digestion and

absorption

Identify the various modes of nutrition: autotrophic and

heterotrophic

Human Alimentary

Canal

Comprehend the type of human dentition

Identify the four types of teeth and compute the dental

formula

State the roles of tongue, teeth, epiglottis and oesophageal

sphincter

Recognize the location of: stomach and its three major

parts; small intestine and its three parts; and three regions

of large intestine

Compare the stomach of ruminants with stomach of

humans

Histology of

Human Gut

Describe the four major layers that form the wall of the

alimentary canal

State the location and function of structures such as villi,

microvilli, crypts of Lieberkûhn and goblet cells

Associated Glands

State the location and function of salivary glands and their

secretion

State the location and function of liver, gall bladder and

pancreas

Movement and

Digestion of Food

in the Alimentary

Canal

State the significance of peristalsis and the role of

longitudinal and circular muscles in this process

Describe the role of various gastrointestinal secretions

during digestion of food components

Comment on the hormonal control of digestive secretions

Absorption

Differentiate between diffusion, facilitated diffusion and

active transport to discuss absorption of simple products of

digestion

Disorders of

Digestive System

List the common disorders of the digestive system

Comment briefly on their clinical aspects

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Health and

Nutrition

Discuss the concept of calorific value

Compare the calorific value for proteins, fats and

carbohydrates

Categorize the types of nutrients into macro- and micro-

nutrients and trace elements

Discuss the concept of a balanced diet

Discuss the role of vitamins, minerals, water and

roughage in diet

Describe the important nutritional deficiency disorders

Discuss the relation of dietary habits and lifestyle diseases

Unit-15: Circulation and Exchange of Gases in Animals

Introduction

Differentiate between the terms breathing and respiration

List the diverse mechanisms employed by different

groups of animals for respiration

Human

Respiratory System

List the organs comprising the human respiratory system.

Explain the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation

Comprehend the meaning of terms : respiratory volumes

and capacities

Discuss the role of blood in the transport of respiratory

gases

State the locomotion of respiratory centre and discuss how

respiration in humans gets regulated

Introduction to

Circulation

Define blood as a complex connective tissue

Describe briefly the external and internal structure of

human heart

Differentiate between open and closed circulatory systems

State the characteristic features of arteries and veins

Discuss briefly the process of microcirculation

Blood Circulation

Explain the flow of blood through the heart

Explain the significance of double circulation.

Describe the phases of cardiac cycle

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Briefly state the mechanisms for regulation of heart beat

Broadly relate the above process with standard ECG and

identify its clinical significance

Elaborate the general plan of blood circulation through

human body

Gaseous Exchange

Describe the concept of partial pressure and explain the

phenomena of pulmonary gaseous exchange

Relate the same concept to explain the exchange of gases

between body tissues and blood

Describe how haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen

from lungs to tissues

Explain the oxygen dissociation curve

Describe the ways in which CO2 gets transported from

tissues to the lungs for exhalation

Disorders of

Respiratory and

Circulatory System

List the major disorders of respiratory system and discuss

their clinical aspects

List the major disorders of human circulatory system and

discuss their clinical aspects

Suggest ways to maintain cardiac health

Unit-16: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Animals

Introduction Define the terms excretion and osmoregulation

Differentiate between osmoconformers and

osmoregulators

Osmoregulation

Discuss the mechanisms by which animals regulate their

water-solute balance in freshwater and marine

environment

State the mechanisms by which animals regulate their

water-solute balance in terrestrial environment including

desert animals

Excretory Products

Identify the sources of nitrogenous waste in animals

Discuss the elimination of various nitrogenous wastes in

animals

Infer CO2 and excess water as excretory products in

animals

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Excretion in

Invertebrates

Briefly comment on: contractile vacuoles, protonephridia

and flame cells; nephridia, malpighian tubules, green

glands

Human Excretory

System

Describe the excretory system in humans

Describe the internal organization of kidney

Urine Formation

Discuss the mechanism of urine formation: the processes

of glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and

secretion

Explain the counter current mechanism for the production

of concentrated urine

Regulation of

Kidney Function

Describe the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in

regulation of renal functions

Discuss the regulatory role of juxtaglomerular apparatus

(JGA) or renin-angiotensin mechanism

State how Atrial Natriuretic Factor(ANF) acts as a check on

the renin-angiotensin mechanism

Micturition and

Constituents of

Urine

Define the term micturition

Justify how clinical examination of urine samples can help

in diagnosis of certain metabolic disorders

Accessory

Excretory Organs Recognize organs other than kidney that are involved in

elimination of excretory products viz. lungs, liver, skin and

discuss their role in excretion

Disorders of

Excretory System

State some common disorders of excretory system and

their clinical aspects

Discuss briefly the techniques of haemodialysis and kidney

transplantation

Reason why patient‟s body tends to reject a kidney

transplant

Unit-17: Movement and Locomotion in Animals

Introduction Differentiate between movement and locomotion

State the significance of movement and locomotion in

different animals

Discuss the types of locomotion found in different animals

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Role of Different

Type of Muscles

Recognize muscle as a specialized tissue

List important features of the skeletal, smooth and cardiac

muscles

State the unique properties of skeletal muscle and establish

the relation with its structure

Structure of

Contractile

Proteins

Discuss the structure and function of action and myosin

filaments

Muscular

Contraction

Explain the mechanism of sliding filament theory of

muscle contraction and relaxation

Describe the biochemical events that occur during muscle

contraction and relaxation

Discuss the role of calcium in muscle contraction

Differentiate between red and white muscle fibres

The Skeletal

System

State the significance of skeletal system

List the components of axial and appendicular skeleton

Describe the arrangement of bones in the human body

Discuss the significance of each of these structures

Differentiate between fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints

and synovial joints

Muscular and

Skeletal System

Disorders

List some important disorders of the muscular and skeletal

system

Discuss briefly the clinical aspects of these disorders

Write steps to maintain muscular and skeletal efficiency

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BIOLOGY

SYLLABUS: Class-XII

Unit-1: Plant Development and Reproduction

Content Learning Outcomes

Introduction

Growth and

Development

Define the terms differentiation, development and growth

Relate the processes of differentiation, dedifferentiation

and re-differentiation

Measure growth in plants through various methods

Observe growth in various parts of plants and graphically

represent it

Analyze the data obtained from the observation.

Define growth rate in terms of absolute and relative growth

Differentiate between different patterns of growth curve

observed in plants

Study growth and development in individual parts of

plants including both vegetative and reproductive parts

Compare primary and secondary growth in plants and

understand the role of various tissues in the process

Plant Growth

Regulators

Explain the concept of photoperiodism and vernalisation

Reproduction in

Plants

Point out the morphological and anatomical changes

observed in plants in their transition from vegetative to

reproductive phase

Describe the various types of asexual reproduction

Draw and describe the reproductive parts in flowering

plants

Understand the process of sporogenesis and gametogenesis

Describe the process of pollination and fertilization

Enlist the steps involved in seed formation and point out

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the differences between monocot and dicot seed formation

Describe the importance of seed and fruit formation in

flowering plants

Explain the concept of Apomixis and polyembryony

Unit 2 : Animal Development and Reproduction

Introduction

Recapitulate the differences between asexual and sexual

reproduction

Discuss the common modes of asexual reproduction in

animals

Describe parthenogenesis as alternative mode of

reproduction

Human

Reproductive

System

Describe the male and female reproductive systems in

humans

Illustrate the internal structure of human testis and ovary

Define spermatogenesis and describe stages involved in the

process

Illustrate the structure of human sperm

Define oogenesis and describe stages involved in the process

Illustrate the structure of human ovum

Define puberty and discuss associated changes in human

male and female

Describe the phases of menstrual cycle and the role of

hormones

Define the terms menarche and menopause

Fertilization and

Implantation

Describe key steps involved in the process of fertilization

Discuss the mechanisms by which polyspermy is prevented

in humans

Discuss the sequence of events from fertilization to

implantation including cleavage

Illustrate the structure of human blastocyst

Embryonic

Development

Briefly discuss the terms gastrulation, neurulation and

organogenesis

List the four extarembryonic membranes and their

significance

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State the functions of placenta including its role as an

endocrine gland

Discuss briefly the process of parturition and lactation

Reproductive

health

Discuss the important aspects of reproductive health and its

significance in a society

Discuss the prevent measures against STDs

Suggest reasons for population explosion and methods of

contraception and birth control

Briefly describe certain techniques to combat infertility

among couples

Unit-3 : Heredity and Variation

Introduction to

Genetics

Define genetics and discuss the emergence of genetics as an

important field of Biology

Define inheritance as the transmission of genetic information

from generation to generation

Explain the concept of Heredity and Variations

Mendelian

Inheritance

Describe the experiments of Mendel and elucidate the laws

of inheritance

Describe the significance of test cross, back cross and

reciprocal cross

Explain the Chromosomal basis of Mendel‟s Laws

Analyze the significance of Mendel‟s work

Discuss the role of theory building in science

Extension and

Modification of

Mendel’s Work

Explain the complex inheritance patterns which do not

follow Mendel‟s laws

Describe incomplete dominance, co-dominance, polygenic

inheritance and multiple allelism citing suitable examples

Describe the contribution of Morgan and his research on

Drosophila

Describe linkage and crossing over

Discus the implications of sex linked inheritance

Sex

Determination

Discuss the basis of sex determination in human beings,

birds and insects (honeybee)

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Significance of

Variations

Define variation and enlist the variations seen in living

organisms

Draw the link between meiosis and variation

Describe the factors responsible for variation

Compare and contrast continuous and discontinuous

variation

Chromosomal

abnormalities in

Man

Identify and explain the genetic disorders due to change in

Chromosome number and structure

Apply the principles of inheritance to study of pedigree

analysis in humans

Unit-4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Introduction Give experimental evidences to prove that DNA is the

genetic material

Genetic Material

Compare the properties of DNA and RNA as genetic

material

Describe the structure of nucleic acids

Describe the gene structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Present an overview of DNA replication in prokaryotes and

eukaryotes

Regulation of

Genes

Discuss the process of transcription and translation.

From Gene to

Proteins

Explain the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (lac

operon)

Genetic code Familiarize with the significance of the triplet code

Identify the pattern in genetic code

Discuss the t-RNA and anticodon on it

Write the characteristics of genetic code

Discuss translocation in brief

Describe human genome project in terms of its goals,

features and applications

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Unit- 5: Evolution

Origin of Life

Understand and appreciate the origin of earth and life on

earth

Explain biochemical theory of origin of life

Mechanism of

Evolution Recognize the contribution of Lamarck towards

understanding the evolution

Appreciate Darwin‟s theory of Natural selection

Evidences in

Favour of

Evolution

Comprehend the concept of Organic Evolution

Explain the significance of Hardy Weinberg principle

Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs

Explain the morphological, paleontological, embryological,

and molecular evidences in favour of organic evolution

Trace the evolution of modern human being from its

ancestors

Origin of Species Understand the significance of Neo-Darwinism

Explain the sources of variations (gene and chromosomal

mutation, recombination, gene flow and genetic drift)

Discuss speciation and differentiate between Allopatric and

Sympatric speciation with examples

Co-relate the role played by Reproductive Isolation in the

origin of new species

Unit-6: Statics and Dynamics of an Ecosystem

Environment,

Ecology and

Biosphere

Define the terms: environment, ecology, ecosphere,

ecosystem and biosphere

Co-relate the concept of environment, ecology and

biosphere

Discuss the levels of ecological organisation

Understand the concept of population and community with

respect to the biosphere

Components of

the Environment

List various components of the environment

Differentiate between the biotic and abiotic components

Define autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs (consumers),

decomposers, scavengers and parasites

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Ecosystem

Concepts and

Principles

Define and discuss „ecosystem‟

Discuss the inter-relationship between plants and animals

in an aquatic ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem

Explain the pond ecosystem as an ideal example of an

aquatic ecosystem

Explain the concept of ecological succession

Nutrient and

Energy Flow in

Ecosystem

Explain food chain and food web with examples

Draw a relationship between food chain, food web,

different trophic levels and energy flow

Explain the significance of food chain and food web

Trace the path of energy flow in a food chain

Appreciate the importance of various trophic levels in an

ecosystem

Explain the concept and types of ecological pyramids

Discuss the significance of studying ecological pyramids

Biogeochemical

Cycles

Describe the various biogeochemical cycles

Appreciate the cycling of minerals in nature citing the

examples of carbon and phosphorus

Adaptation

Discuss the concept of ecological adaptations

Relate the concept of ecological adaptation with the

organism‟s habitat

Justify the role of adaptation in the living world

Describe the concept of habitat and niche

Unit-7: Statics and Dynamics of Organisms and Population

Adaptive

Responses of

Organisms

Population and its

Regulation

Discuss the mechanisms of homeostasis such as regulation,

conformation, migration and suspension

Describe the concept of adaptation in reference to different

abiotic factors

Discuss the concept of population

Define Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration and

dispersal

Explain the signification of S-shaped and J-shaped curve

List the various factors that can control population growth

Discuss the phenomena of population explosion

306

Population

Interaction

Explain population interaction, mutualism, commensalism,

symbiosis, amensalism, predation, parasitism, and

competition with examples

Unit-8: Neurons and Nervous System

Primitive Nervous System in Invertebrates

State a brief account of the nervous system of organisms such as hydra, planaria and cockroach

Neurons and Functioning of the Nervous System in Humans

Describe the parts of the human nervous system

Describe briefly the transmission of an impulse through a

nerve fiber

Explain the significance of the neurotransmitters in

conduction of the nerve impulse in a chemical synapse

Explain the structure and function of human brain and

spinal cord

Describe and illustrate the process of reflex action

Enumerate structural and functional differences between

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Describe the structure and function of human eye and ear

Unit-9: Hormones and Hormonal Control

Introduction Justify the need of chemical coordination in human body

Compare neural and chemical coordination

Explain the coordination between neural and chemical/hormonal system to ensure smooth and continuous activity of various organ systems

Endocrine Glands Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands

Categorize endocrine glands according to their location, secretion and function

Tabulate hormones of endocrine glands and their specific functions

Appreciate the role of endocrine glands in maintaining homeostasis

307

Hormones Define the term „hormones‟

Classify hormones on the basis of their site of secretion and mode of action (trophic and non trophic)

Describe the role of hypothalamus and its secretion in functioning of pituitary /master gland

Discuss the feedback mechanism of hormonal action

Disorders of Endocrine glands

Describe the symptoms of the disorders caused by underer and over production of various endocrine hormones

Unit-10: Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Issues and Concerns

Introduction

Describe biodiversity and discuss the magnitude of global

bio diversity

Describe the importance of conservation of biodiversity

Biodiversity

Hotspots

Map the biodiversity hotspots identified all over the world

and discuss their importance

Extinction of

species

Discuss the reason for extinction of species by natural and

anthropogenic actions

Sensitize of the learner about the need of conservation of

species hence Biodiversity

Analyze the implication of introduction of exotic species

and its impact on the ecosystem

Conservation of

Biodiversity

Describe the initiatives taken for conservation of bio

diversity

Differentiate between in situ and ex situ conservation

Discuss case studies of some of the above mentioned

initiatives

Discuss the latest research on wild life conservation

Enlist at least ten endangered species and the significance

of the red data book

Restoration

Ecology

Differentiate between restoration and regeneration

Appreciate the emergence of restoration as an important

field in ecology by citing suitable examples

Emphasize the role of local people as protectors of their

308

environment

Pollution

Define and describe air, water, land and noise pollution

Explain the effects of air, water, noise and land pollution on

organisms

Suggest possible ways to reduce pollution of air, water,

noise and land

Describe various control measures to be used for air

pollution such as electrostatic precipitators

Discuss the Euro –IV norms and use of alternate fuels to

control pollution

Explain the terms eutrophication, bioaccumulation and

biomagnifications

Discuss the concept of waste management

Global Warming

and Ozone

Depletion

Discuss the effects of global warming and ozone depletion

Unit-11:Biology and Human Health

Introduction

Prepare a concept web relating health and its various

aspects

Discuss the role of immune system in fighting diseases

Enlist the types of communicable diseases, the causative

pathogens and methods of prevention and treatment

Autoimmune diseases

Medicinal Field

Discuss the role of Antibiotics in controlling bacterial

diseases

Enlist the various non communicable diseases and their

treatment

Explain the concept of allergy and immunodeficiency

Discuss the latest diagnostic techniques in field of medicine

Describe the advancements made in stem cell therapy for

treatment of diseases.

309

Explain the effects of alcohol and drug abuse

Unit-12: Role of Biology in Human Welfare

Introduction

Understanding the link between the study of biology and

its real life applications

Identify the fields in which biology has made significant

contribution.

Animal

Husbandry

Discuss the importance of Livestock wealth of a nation

Describe the processes involved in animal husbandry

Role of Poultry for supplying egg protein

Describe the importance of animal breeding

Discuss the role of Apiculture, Pisciculture and

Aquaculture as careers in enhancing the economic

development of a nation as well as fulfilling the food

requirement of its people

Importance of sericulture and lac culture

Crop

Improvement

Discuss the importance of food production and food

security

Analyse various strategies to enhance the food production

of a nation on the basis of its food crops produce

Enlist the major food crops of their respective nation

Discuss the traditional method and modern techniques of

crop improvement citing suitable methods

Describe and explain Biofortification

Describe the strategies apart from crop hybridisation in

improvement of crop production like pest control,

application of manures and fertilizers, irrigation facilities

etc.

Appreciate the role of Integrated pest Management as a

strategy to improve crop production

Microbes in

human welfare

Describe the role of Single Cell Protein in enhancing food

production

Explain the role of microbes and plants in reducing

environmental pollution

310

Discuss the role of microbes as bio control agents and as

biofertilisers

Discuss the role of microbes in manufacture of Dairy and

Bakery Products and alcoholic beverages

Discuss the role of microbes in manufacture of food

supplements such as amino acids, proteins, vitamins etc.

Discuss the role of microbes and plants in production of

fuels

Forensic Science Discuss the role of Biology in various fields of forensics

Unit-13: Biotechnology and its Application

Introduction to

Biotechnology

Define Biotechnology

Recognise biotechnology as an interdisciplinary science

Recombinant

DNA Techniques

Define Recombinant DNA Technology

Define restriction enzymes, ligase, cloning vectors (pBR322)

and describe their significance in recombinant DNA

technology

Explain the application of Recombinant DNA Technology

to generate recombinant DNA molecule

Explain the use of polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) to

amplify DNA in Vitro

Describe various methods of Transformation

Applications of

Biotechnology

Discuss the use of Genetic Engineering to create transgenic

micro-organisms, plants and animals (GMOs)

Explain the importance of stem cells and their applications

Describe the principle, procedure and application of DNA

finger printing

Discuss the application of Biotechnology in agriculture and

medicine with suitable examples

Describe the procedure for obtaining foreign gene product

Safety and Ethical

Issues

Discuss the safety and ethical issues related to

Biotechnology

Scope of Biology Identify the various career options in Biology

311

Biology

Practical

I. Instructions:

a. The list of experiments and activities to be carried out by the students has

been arranged in different blocks. Each block contains one or more of the

following three types of practical exercises depending upon the learning

outcomes of the unit.

Temporary mount

Experiment

Spotting – Study of organisms or their parts with the help of

preserved museum specimens or slides.

Students are required to do exercises as suggested in various blocks.

b. Practical Exercises

The teacher may decide the method and protocol of conducting each

practical exercise.

A practical record book shall be maintained by every student. After

completion of each experiment, a student shall record the theory,

procedure, observations, results, precautions, etc. in the practical

record book and get it signed by the concerned teacher within two

weeks of the completion of the exercise.

In addition to the record book that is updated only after completing

a practical exercise, student will also maintain a separate daily log of

the experiments in an auxiliary notebook. This will include the

observations, problems encountered while conducting the

experiment, how these were overcome and summary of

questions/ideas discussed with the teacher, any new idea or

experience related with the experiment. This auxiliary note book

should be signed at the end of every class by the concerned teacher.

The experiments are to be performed by the students individually.

C. Activities/Project in Term-II

Each block of experiments has certain activities attached to it.

Minimum two activities from any block are to performed by each

312

student based on the knowledge acquired by him/her during the

course of performing the main experiments in each term.

In term II, an investigatory Project has to be undertaken as an

activity. Investigatory project will be a sort of extended activity.

Each of the activities will be recorded by a student in an activity

report book (loose sheets put in a file) which needs to be signed by

the teacher and kept by the student for final evaluation. Project will

be recorded in the form of a project report.

The list of activities in each block is only suggestive in nature. The

students can conduct an activity outside this list with the approval

of teacher. However, the chosen activity has to be linked to the

main experiments in the block and must be of similar standard as

the ones mentioned here. Freedom of choice is with regard to the

area of interest of the learners maintaining the desirable quality

parameters.

II. Assessment Scheme:

a. The overall assessment will comprise of two parts:

Continuous assessment throughout the year

A term-end examination as per the scheme given below.

b. Separate percentage of marks has been assigned for different components

of the assessment as shown in the table below.

c. Assessment for the consistency in conducting the experiments throughout

the year shall be done from the auxiliary note book of experiments,

reports of the activities performed and practical record book.

d. Students may be encouraged to test new ideas while conceptualizing and

conducting the activities/Project and will be suitably acknowledged in the

term-end examination.

e. Continuous assessment of the experiments and activities shall be made by

the teacher throughout the year and the marks shall be awarded prior to

the term end examination. It is necessary that part of this assessment be

done through a presentation or demonstration of the activities by the

student at the time of its being carried out during the year.

III. Conduct of Term- End Examination

a. The term end examination will be of three hours duration.

313

b. At the time of term-end examination, the student will be required to

perform three practical exercises:-

Preparation of a temporary mount - 4 marks

One Experiment - 4 marks

Spotting exercise - 4 marks

c. The student shall submit the practical record, auxiliary note book and the

activity report book/ Project Report of all the activities performed by

him/her during the year for assessment.

d. The examiners shall assess the activities/ Project from articulation of the

theme, resourcefulness and “viva”.

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION SCHEME

(Total marks: 30)

Practical Exercises Activities/ Project

Continuous Assessment Continuous Assessment

Practical

Record

03 marks Report 03 marks

Auxiliary

note book

02 marks Demo/Performance

and Presentation

04 marks

Term-End Examination Term-End Examination

Practical

Exercises (3)

12 marks Articulation of the

theme,

resourcefulness and

Viva

03 marks

Viva 03 marks

Total 20 marks Total 10 marks

314

CLASS XI

TERM I-PRACTICAL

BLOCK 1. DIVERSITY

Includes:

Unit- 1 Biodiversity

Unit- 2 Diversity of Plants and Fungi

Unit- 3 Structural Organizations in Plants

Learning Outcomes:

Identify the characteristic features of each group of organisms.

Appreciate the diversity present within each group

Develop the skill to classify organisms according to the characteristics.

Correlate the characteristics with the evolutionary trend

PRACTICAL EXERCISES ACTIVITIES

I Temporary Mount

1. Preparation and study of T.S

of a dicot and a monocot root

and stem (primary).

2. Study of distribution of

stomata in upper and lower

surface of a monocot and a

dicot leaf

1. Collect the stem/root of any five

plants in your neighborhood cut the

T.S of the stem/root. Prepare a

temporary stained mount. Study the

structure and identify whether it is a

monocot or a dicot. Draw the diagram,

record the differences from the

specimen you have studied in class.

Note the observation.

2. Collect leaves of 2 mesophytes and 2

xerophytes (monocot/dicot). Prepare a

peel mount and study the distribution

of stomata on upper and lower

epidermis. Record your observation.

Draw a labeled diagram.

II Experiment

1. Dissection and display of floral

1. Pick up four or more plants from any

315

whorls from each of the

following families

(Solanaceae,Liliaceae

Fabaceae, and Adventitious).

Write the floral formula and

draw the floral diagram.

Identify the family of the

flower described.

of the three families studied. Describe

their vegetative and floral

characteristics and record your

observations. Also record how

different they are from the ones you

studied. Write the economic

importance of each family.

III Spotting Exercise

1. Study of the

specimens/permanent slides

and identification with reasons-

Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra,

Rhizopus, Mushroom, Yeast,

Liverwort, Moss, Fern, Pine,

one monocotyledonous plant

and one dicotyledonous plant

and one lichen.

2. Study of specimens and

identification with reasons-

Amoeba, Hydra, Liverfluke,

Ascaris, leech,earthworm,

prawn, silkworm, honeybee,

snail, starfish, shark, rohu, frog,

lizard, pigeon and rabbit.

3. Study of tissues, diversity in

shapes and sizes of plant cell

focussing on their economic

significance, if any. (E.g.

palisade cells, guard cells,

parenchyma, collenchyma,

sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem)

4. Study of different modification

in root, stem and leaves.

5. Study and identification of

different types of inflorescence

1. a) Observe different organisms in a

garden. Make a list of at least ten

different organisms, write their

common and scientific name. Classify

them and write the economic

importance, if any.

b) Consult your teacher/explore

internet to find out how organisms can

be preserved. Find out the

preservation techniques for plants and

animals. Record them.

316

BLOCK 2. BIOMOLECULES

Includes:

Unit -5 Lives and Its Chemistry

Unit -6 Biomolecules

Learning outcomes:

Perform general chemical tests to identify the various biomolecules present in

cells

Distinguish different biomolecules on the basis of their chemical properties

EXPERIMENT ACTIVITIES

I. To test the presence of sugars

(reducing and non-reducing),

starch, proteins and fats

present in the sample

provided.

1. Collect 5 food items. Grind (if

required) and prepare the extract:

test the presence of various

nutrients in each extract. Record

your observations make a list of

precautions observed by you.

BLOCK -3 STUDY OF CELL

Includes:

Unit- 7 Cells: Tools and Techniques

Unit - 8 Structure and Functions of a Cell

Unit- 9 Cell Cycle

Learning outcomes:

Recognize the dividing cell in the root tip

Identify different stages of mitosis

Observe the chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase

317

PRACTICAL EXPERCISES ACTIVITIES

I Experiment

1. Perform gram- staining

experiment with Lactobacillus to

identify whether the bacteria

present in curd is gram + ve or

gram –ve

II Spotting Exercise

1. Study of mitosis in permanent

slides of onion root tips cells.

1. Study the micrograph of the

following: Plant cell, Animal cell,

Mitochondria, Centriole.

2. Take root tips from two different

plants, hydrolyze them and

prepare temporary mount. Try to

find out whether the cells are

dividing or not. If yes, identify the

stage and draw the diagram.

Compare with the material

studied by you in the class room.

Record all stages of mitosis and

draw labelled diagrams.

Class – XI

Term II Practicals

BLOCK – I LIFE PROCESSES

Includes:

Unit – 10 – Mineral Nutrition And Transport In Plants

Unit – 11 – Photosynthesis In Plants

Unit – 12 - Cellular Respiration

Learning Outcomes

Understand concept of some mechanisms of transport in plant cells

Compare anatomy of a monocot and a dicot leaf and relate it to their

physiology

318

Practical Exercise Project

I. Temporary Mount

Study the effect of isotonic, hypotonic

and hypertonic solution on epidermal

peel of a leaf.

a) Study of deficiency symptoms of

essential elements on plant

growth / hydroponics.

b) Study the effect of different

wavelengths (VIBGYOR),

intensity of light and CO2

concentration on rate of

photosynthesis in plants.

c) Study of deficiency symptoms of

essential elements on plant

growth / hydroponics.

II. Experiments

1. Study of osmosis by potato

osmometer.

2. Study of various leaf pigments

of plant through paper

chromatography.

Comparative study of rate of

transpiration in upper and lower

surfaces of a leaf.

III. Spotting Exercise

1. Study of T.S of a monocot and a

dicot leaf through permanent

slide and compare their

anatomy.

Observation and comments on the

experimental set up for showing

phototropism.

BLOCK – II LIFE PROCESSES IN ANIMALS

Includes:

Unit:13 - Structural Organisation In Animals

Unit 14 – Nutrition, Digestion And Absorption

Unit 15- Circulation And Exchange Of Gases

Unit 16- Osmoregulation And Excretion

Unit 17- Movement And Locomotion

Learning Outcomes

Observe and identify various animal tissues.

319

Understand the role of saliva in human body.

Identify and detect normal and abnormal constituents of urine.

Locate various type of bones and joints in human body and understand their

respective function.

Relate morphological features of a cockroach with its taxonomy.

Practical Exercise Project

Experiment

1. Study the effect of salivary

amylase on activity of starch and

find the achromic point.

2. Test the presence of urea, sugar,

albumin in urine sample.

1. a) Study the journey of saliva from

its origin to its action.

b) Comparison of achromic point of

salivary amylase in different age

groups

c) Discuss and describe the role of

saliva in transmission of disease.

2. a) Study the role of kidney in urine

Formation (theory).

b) Study of disorders related with

malfunctioning of kidney (atleast

2 case studies).

c) Relate advancement in

technology to treat the above

disorders.

Spotting Exercise

1. Compare RBC of frog and human

with the help of permanent slide.

2. Study of squamous epithelium,

muscle fibres, T.S bone and T.S

cartilage through permanent slide.

3. Study of human skeleton and

different types of joints.

4. Study of external morphology of a

cockroach with the help of a

specimen.

3. Detailed analysis of blood;

a) Cellular and non-cellular

components of blood

b) RBC and WBC count from blood

sample of different age groups.

c) Study the importance of blood as

a fundamental diagnostic tool for

health and different diseases.

d) Study atleast two disorders

related with circulatory system

320

and how they can be treated.

4. Test heart rate and blood

pressure in human beings of

diverse age groups, genders,

weight and life styles. Correlate

your findings with the clinical

aspects.

5. Find haemoglobin content in

blood of persons of various age

groups and genders. Comment

upon various diseases which may

occur due to its deficiency and

excess

6. To germinate leguminous seeds

in different temperature and light

conditions, using different

medium-soil, sand and cotton.

Record observations from day 1

to day 6.

Class XII

Term – II-Practicals

BLOCK – I REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANSIMS

Includes:

Unit 1- Plant Development and Reproduction

Unit 2- Animal Development and Reproduction

Learning Outcomes

Study various agencies of pollination and stages of pollen germination.

Development of skills like handling apparatus, observation, analysis and

recording

Understand the location and development of male and female reproductive

organs in flowers.

321

Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans

Practical Exercises Activities

I Temporary Mount

1. To prepare a temporary mount

to study pollen germination on a

nutrient medium

1. A comparative study of the

stages of germination of a

monocot and a dicot seed (a

leguminous and a non-

leguminous)

2. Prepare a studied report on

measures to prevent

reproductive ill health

II. Experiment

Dissection of a flower to display the

floral whorls

1. Dissection of a flower to display the

floral whorls and a cross – section of

ovary to study placentation (one

flower each from family Fabaceae,

Liliaceae and Solanaceae). Write the

floral formula and draw the floral

diagram. Identify family of the

flower described.

1. Collect 5 locally available flowers

from the families studied. Cut

section of ovary and study the type

of placentation. Write the floral

formula and draw the floral

diagram. Identify family of the

flower described.

III. Spotting Exercise

1. Study emasculation, tagging and

bagging in a given flower

2. Study adaptations in flowers

pollinated by different agencies

3. Identification of stages of gamete

development that is T.S. testis

and T.S. ovary through

permanent slides (from any

mammal)

4. T.S. of blastula through

permanent slides

1. Collect 5 flowers from your

neighborhood. On the basis of

features of flowers, find out

agencies of pollination.

322

BLOCK II Heredity and Evolution

Includes:

Unit 3- Heredity and Variation

Unit 4- Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Unit 5- Evolution

Learning Outcomes

Learners will be able to

Identify various stages of cell division

Separate protein monomers

Understand the concept of evolution

Practical Exercises Activities

I Temporary Mount

1. To prepare a temporary stained

mount of onion root tips to show

various stages of mitosis.

1. Grow onion to get root tips. Cut

few root tips at different times

of the day like morning and

afternoon. Prepare their stained

temporary mounts. Compare

the no. of dividing cells in the

two. Record your observations.

Draw diagrams and write the

features of each stage of mitosis.

2. Prepare a report on two genetic

disorders.

II. Experiment

1. Study the effect of temperature

and pH on activity of salivary

amylase.

2. Separation of various amino

acids by paper chromatography

and staining with ninhydrin

1. To study the activity of amylase

present in maize embryos using

starch - Agar medium.

2. Study the role of DNA fingerprinting

in forensic sciences and paternity

disputes. Prepare a detailed report.

323

Give a case study for each.

III Spotting Exercise

1. Study of prepared pedigree

charts of genetic traits such as

rolling of tongue, blood groups,

widow‟s peak, color blindness

2. Study Homologous and

analogous organs through plant

/ Animal specimens / charts

3. Study of various stages of

Meiosis in onion bud cell or

grass hopper testes through

permanent slides

3. Prepare a pedigree chart for

transmission of atleast 3 human

heritable traits.

BLOCK III ECOLOGY

Includes:

Unit 6- Statics and Dynamics Of An Ecosystem

Unit 7- Statics and Dynamics Of Organisms And Population

Learning Outcomes

Learners will be able to

Understand different types of soils

Identify some micro–organisms from water samples

Understand the various components of an ecosystem

Practical Exercises Activities

I. Experiment

1. Collect soil from atleast two different

sites and study their texture,

moisture content, pH and water

holding capacity, correlate with the

kinds of plants that grow in them.

2. Collect water from two different

accessible water bodies. Study them

1. Explore internet and study the

factors affecting growth and

development of plants in

different biomes of the world.

2. One case study showing the

stages of primary and secondary

succession.

3. Prepare a food web using

324

for pH and presence of micro-

organisms.

3. Study the presence of suspended

particulate matter in air at the two

widely different sites.

4. Study of plant population density by

quadrate method.

5. Study of plant population frequency

by quadrate method.

pictorial illustrations.

4. Prepare age pyramids by

gathering data from five

different regions/countries.

II Spotting Exercise

1. Comment upon morphological

adaptations, two plants and two

animals found in xeric conditions.

2. Comment upon morphological

adaptations, plants and animals

found in aquatic conditions.

1. List atleast 2 xeric/aquatic plants

and animals found in your region

and describe their adaptation.

Make photographic

presentations. Debate. For

example on Bio Ethics and

Diversity of Life.

Class XII Term II- Practicals

BLOCK I CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION

Includes:

Unit 8- Neurons and Nervous System

Unit 9- Hormones and Hormonal Control

Learning Outcomes

Understand the structure and function of spinal cord

To study the role of exocrine and endocrine glands

Practical Exercises Activities

Spotting Exercise

1. Use permanent slides to study -T.S of spinal cord -T.S of pancreas

1. Study of at least two case studies of hormonal and neural disorders, their cause, symptoms and role of technology to control them

2. How do we learn: sensory coordination

325

Study of retention capacity of learners when exposed to: only auditory, Audio-visual signals, Only visual signals. What are the sensory strengths of visually challenged persons

3. Discuss and describe of pathway of reflex arch and clinical significance of it through Knee – Jerk activity

BLOCK II HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Includes:

Unit 10- Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Issues and Concerns

Unit 11- Biology and Human Health

Unit 12- Role of Biology In Human Welfare

Learning Outcomes

Understanding the Concept of various environmental issues

Knowledge of various human diseases

Awareness regarding plant breeding techniques

Practical Exercise Activity

1) Identification of common

disease causing organisms

like Ascaris, Entamoeba,

Plasmodium, Ringworm

through permanent slides

or specimens. Comment

on symptoms of disease

that they cause.

1. Compare effect of various antacids on HCl and

growth of methano bacteria on cellulose extracts

in covered test tubes to study the production of

methane gas.

2. Detailed study of detection of cancer: its cause,

symptoms, type and treatment.

3. a) Study of Plant breeding techniques with

special reference to disease resistance and its

role in enhancement of food quality

b) Prepare a list of hybrid crops of the following

and identify their features (if accessible)

i) Maize

ii) Wheat

iii) Rice

iv) Garden peas

c) How are they better than their normal breed

326

4. To study/obtain the air quality data and its

trends with respect to air pollutants in your

locality/region from concerned regulatory

agencies. Find out whether they are within

permissible range as per the applicable rules.

Enumerate the source of air pollutants and

discuss the measures to control it.

5. Prepare a report of the study of people‟s

participation in conservation of forests.

6. Prepare a report on various environmental

issues, with special reference to environmental

laws and their implementation.

Block III BIOTECHNOLOGY

Includes:

Unit -13- Biotechnology and its Applications

Learning Outcomes

Understand the concept of fermentation

Identify important components of plasmid DNA

Isolate, visualize and feel the DNA from plants

Practical Exercises Activities

I Temporary Mount

1. Prepare a temporary mount of yeast cells

1. Collect information on Bt cotton a) pest Resistance genes b) it benefits over naturally

grown cotton c) effect on economy

1. Isolation and spooling of DNA from vegetable / fruits extracts.

2. Collect information on various strategies used by biotechnologist to enhance food production.

3. Study the rate of fermentation of starch using various concentrations of yeast

4. Practices followed in Food

327

technology related to the process of fermentation of food items and beverages.

III. Spotting

1. Pictographic spotting of various genes and restriction sites in the structure of plasmid pBR322

1. Prepare a report on various applications of biotechnology in improving human health

BIOLOGY PRACTICALS: CLASS XI –XII

ASSESSMENT RUBRICS

Practical Exercises

1

Begin-

ning

2

Devel-

oping

3

Accomp

-lished

4

Exemplary

5

SCORE

TEMPORARY MOUNT

Ability to prepare a clear

temporary mount

-cutting of a

section/squashing

-staining

-mounting

Identification of various

tissues/stages of cell

division/part under study

Ability to draw neat and

labeled diagram

Identification of the

distinguishing features of a

concerned slide

EXPERIMENT

Ability to perform the

experiments.

Focussed observations

Drawing

328

inference/conclusions

Following necessary

precautions

Recording/documenta

tion of observations,

results, presentations

SPOTTING

Identification of a spot

Well labelled diagrams (only for

slides and not specimen)

Write 2-4 identifying characters of

the given spot

Write and discuss complete

classification (wherever applicable)

of

a) plants upto division;

b) animals: invertebrates upto

phylum and vertebrates upto

class

PowerPoint Presentation

CATEGORY

5 point-

A Grade

4 points-B

Grade

3 points-C

Grade

2 points-D

Grade

1 point-E

Grade

1. Knowledge of

topic

Precise

and clear

in

concept

Good in

Unders-

tanding

Average in

Unders-

tanding

Deviated

from the

topic

No clarity of

topic

2. Clarity of

language and

understandability

Meticu-

lous and

accurate

Well

written

and

orderly

Simple and

average

Poor

language

In correct

language

with poor

performance

329

3. Grammar and

spelling errors

Accurat,

using

good

vocabu-

lary

Good but

little errors

Average

with

mistakes

Not clear

with lots of

error

Poor and

incorrect

formation

4. Organisation of

slides

Unique

and

Imagin-

ative

Simple

and

orderly

Deviated

from the

content

Do not

follow the

content

No order,

showing

poor quality

5. Slides follow a

sequential pattern

Orderly

and well

kept

All right

and need

slight

changes

Average in

presenta-

tion

Not in

order and

need lot of

change

No pattern is

taken care

DEBATE

ASSESSMENT RUBRICS

CATEGORY

5 point-A

Grade

4 points-B

Grade

3 points-C

Grade

2 points-D

Grade

1 point-E

Grade

Organisa-

tion and

clarity

View-

points

and

response

outlined

are clear,

orderly

and

original

Complet-

ely clear

and

orderly

presentatio

n

Clear and

orderly in

most parts

Clear in

some parts

but not

overall

Not clear in

most of the

parts

Use of

Arguments

Reasons

are given

to

support

view-

point

Most

relevant

reasons

given in

support

Many

reasons

given in

support

Some

relevant

reasons

given

Few or no

relevant

reasons

given

330

Use of

examples

and facts

Examples

and facts

given to

support

reasons

Most

relevant

suppor-

ting

examples

and facts

given

Many

examples/fa

cts given

Some

relevant

examples/fa

cts given

Few or no

relevant

supporting

examples/Fa

cts given

Use of

rebuttal

Argumen

ts made

by other

teams are

responde

d to and

dealt with

effective-

ely

Many

effective

counter

arguments

made

Some

effective

counter

arguments

made to

rebut

arguments

Few effective

counter

arguments

made

No effective

counter

argument

made

Presentation

style

Tone of

voice, use

of

gestures,

level of

enthu-

siasm

consist-

ently

convin-

cing

Tone of

voice, use

of

gestures,

level of

enthuse-

iasm

usually

convin-

cing

Tone of

voice, use of

gestures,

level of

enthusiasm

sometimes

convincing

Few of these

features are

used

convincing-

gly

Features not

used

convincingly