Biology and Management of Lygus in...

Integrated Pest Management of Lygus in Alfalfa Seed Production

Ricardo Ramirez

Utah State University

Department of Biology

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• IPM is the use of multiple pest management strategies and the judicious use of pesticides to prevent, reduce, or eliminate pests.

IPMPROGRAM

IDENTIFICATION

PREVENTION

MONITORING

MULTIPLE TACTICS

Lygus bug identification

• Belongs to the Mirid family of true bugs.

• Lygus bugs are small (5 mm; 0.18 inch) with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Variation of green to brown color.

• Wings folded over the abdomen with a distinct scutellum (triangle area) with heart shape behind the head.

Adult Lygus

Lygus bug identification

• Be aware of look-alikes.

• Aphids are very small, soft bodied, with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Look similar to early stage Lygus. Lygus move quickly compared to aphids.

• Alfalfa plant bugs are also Mirids. Thinner and twice the size of Lygus (3/8 inch). Legs have speckled black spots.

Aphids Alfalfa plant bug

Lygus bug biology

• Overwinter as adults. Movement to overwintering sites in the fall.

• Sites include plants crowns, litter, debris, field margins, natural areas.

• Become active and mate in spring.

Adult Lygus

Lygus bug biology

• Eggs deposited in plant tissue. Hatch within 1-4 wks

• Nymphs have 5 instars (immature stages) developing in 1-2 months.

• Have 3-4 overlapping generations per year (SW Idaho).

Lygus bug feeding

• Piercing-sucking mouthparts

• Prefer reproductive plant parts (buds, flowers, seeds)

• Reproductive stage alfalfa vs nearly any other plant

ALFALFA WINS

Lygus bug feeding

• Very broad host range

• Ornamental perennials (penstemon and lupine)

• Weeds (Russian thistle, kochia, mustards)

Lygus bug damage

• Results in Physical Damage from probing.

• Inject salivary enzymes into plant tissue.

• Results in Chemical Damage.• Deformed growth• Death of plant tissue

Lygus bug damage

• Cause blasting (drying) of flower buds.

• Leads to flower, seed pod shedding.

• A component of reduced seed numbers.

Lygus bug damage

• Most damage results from feeding on immature seeds in developing pods.

• Upwards of 70% of damage caused by late instars (4-5) and adults.

• Damage occurs with the green seed since they can’t penetrate hard seed.

• Left unmanaged, losses can reach 50% to nearly 100%.



IPMPROGRAM

IDENTIFICATION

PREVENTION

MONITORING

MULTIPLE TACTICS

Lygus prevention

• Management of weeds

• Management of overwintering sites



IPMPROGRAM

IDENTIFICATION

PREVENTION

MONITORING

MULTIPLE TACTICS

Lygus bug management

• Monitoring• Sweep sampling

Plant stage # Lygus/Sweep Strategy

Prior to bloom and pollinator release

>4 Lygus Active management

During bloom toseed set

8-10 Lygus Active management

Alfalfa seed set and maturing

10-15 Lygus Active management

NO YES



IPMPROGRAM

IDENTIFICATION

PREVENTION

MONITORING

MULTIPLE TACTICS


• Chemical control• PRE-Bloom: Organophosphates and Pyrethroids


• Chemical control• Reduced efficacy because of Lygus resistance issues

Pesticide Resistance may be defined as ‘a genetically based (heritable) decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide in a population’.

Driving Pesticide Resistance

First Generation

Susceptible

Resistant

Driving Pesticide Resistance

Later Generations

Susceptible

Resistant


• Chemical control• Reduced efficacy because of Lygus resistance issues

• Need for chemical rotations

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors1A Carbamates1B Organophosphates

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel agonists2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles)

Group 3: Sodium channel modulators3A Pyrethroids/Pyrethrins3B DDT, Methoxychlor

Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists4A Neonicotinoids4B Nicotine4C Sulfoxaflor


• Bloom period• Options more critical because of insecticide toxicity to pollinators and

beneficials.

Lygus bug management: Trial 1

• Bloom period

Dr. Jim BarbourUniv. of Idaho-Parma

Trial Highlights

• Treatments reduced small and large Lygus nymphs.

• Transform-BeLeaf-Rimon provided best suppression

• BeLeaf-Transform-Warrior rotation least suppression

• No major impact on Lygus predators from any rotation treatment

Lygus bug management: Trial 2

Trial Highlights

• Treatments reduced small and large Lygus nymphs.

• 2 applications better than 1 for both low and high rates.

• Transform (2 applications) provided equal or better suppression than 2 applications of BeLeaf or Warrior.

Trial Highlights: Beneficials

• Transform (1 application) did not reduce predator numbers.

• BeLeaf treatments (1 or 2 applications) did not reduce predator numbers.

• Two applications of all other insecticides reduced predator numbers.

• Transform at 2.25 oz/acre likely could be applied late evenings, or early mornings without a significant hazard to adult ALCB.

Availability of management

• Transform approved in 2013.

• Sulfoxamine insecticide (IRAC group 4C)

• Acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

• Systemically active

• Good activity on sap feeding insects

• Lower activity on most predators and pollinators.

Availability of management

• Transform approved in 2013.

• Transform revoked in 2015.

• Transform emergency use approval denied in 2016 because No data showing that:• Lygus pressure has increased.

• Available products are not effective.

• Economic losses on alfalfa seed yield increased dramatically as a result of Lygus pressure.

Lygus management research

• USDA-NIFA-Alfalfa Forage and Research Program Grant• Developing an attractant for Lygus derived from host plant volatile

compounds.

Zain SyedUniv. of Kentucky

Johanna BrunetUSDA-ARS/Univ. of Wisconsin

Ricardo RamirezUtah State Univ.

Lygus host plants

Goosefoot Shepherd’s purseYellow sweet clover

Queen Anne’s lace (wild carrot)Horseweed

What plant smells are out there?

Identifying the attractant (=bait)

Visit utahpests.usu.edu

Biology and Management of Lygus in...

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