Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites and ... · Cyclamen mite • Overwinter as...

Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites

and ThripsFrank ZalomFrank Zalom

Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyUC DavisUC Davis

Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite

• Overwinter as adult females in the Overwinter as adult females in the strawberry crown or as eggs.strawberry crown or as eggs.

• At low densities - mites are usually At low densities - mites are usually found along midvein of young found along midvein of young unfolded leaves and under the calyx unfolded leaves and under the calyx of newly emerged flower buds.of newly emerged flower buds.

• Adults are not visible without Adults are not visible without magnification - ~ 1/100 inch long.magnification - ~ 1/100 inch long.

BiologyBiology


• Adult females lay about 90 eggs, 80% Adult females lay about 90 eggs, 80% of which will become females.of which will become females.

• Eggs are oval and relatively large - Eggs are oval and relatively large - maybe 1/2 the size of adults.maybe 1/2 the size of adults.

• Eggs hatch and adults are produced Eggs hatch and adults are produced in about 2 weeks in the summer.in about 2 weeks in the summer.

BiologyBiology


• Mites can be easily transferred from Mites can be easily transferred from one location to another by pickers, one location to another by pickers, bees, birds and equipment.bees, birds and equipment.

• Avoid second year plantings in areas Avoid second year plantings in areas where mites have been detected.where mites have been detected.

BiologyBiology

Cyclamen miteCyclamen miteDamageDamage


• Monitor newly unfolding leaves for Monitor newly unfolding leaves for symptoms of damage.symptoms of damage.

• Confirm presence of mites.Confirm presence of mites.

Monitoring, Monitoring, MonitoringMonitoring, Monitoring, Monitoring

Cyclamen miteCyclamen miteLife StagesLife Stages

ImmaturesImmatures

AdultAdult

EggsEggs


• Start with clean transplants.Start with clean transplants.• Rogue out any plants that are Rogue out any plants that are

infested.infested.• Treat infested fields - use a high Treat infested fields - use a high

volume of water (300-500 gal/acre).volume of water (300-500 gal/acre).• Prevent further movement within Prevent further movement within

field by pickers and equipment field by pickers and equipment (including freezer trays).(including freezer trays).

Management - Production FieldsManagement - Production Fields


• When transplants for increase fields When transplants for increase fields are suspect, hot water dip at 100are suspect, hot water dip at 100ooF F for 20 to 30 min.for 20 to 30 min.

• Rogue out any plants that are found Rogue out any plants that are found to be infested.to be infested.

• Control infested fields with high Control infested fields with high volume sprays early season before volume sprays early season before plant canopy is covered.plant canopy is covered.

• Transplant dips??Transplant dips??

Management - NurseriesManagement - Nurseries


• Endosulfan (Thiodan or Thionex) - Endosulfan (Thiodan or Thionex) - environmental restrictions.environmental restrictions.

• Dicofol (Kelthane) + wetting agentDicofol (Kelthane) + wetting agent• Abamectin (Agri-Mek) - twice at 7 to Abamectin (Agri-Mek) - twice at 7 to

10 days (not registered for 10 days (not registered for nurseries).nurseries).

• Fenpropathrin (Danitol)Fenpropathrin (Danitol)• Bifenazate (Acramite)Bifenazate (Acramite)

Chemical ControlsChemical Controls

Cyclamen miteCyclamen mitePredatorsPredators

Predator mites:Predator mites:Amblyseius californicusAmblyseius californicusTyphlodromus bellinusTyphlodromus bellinusTyphlodromus reticulatusTyphlodromus reticulatus ------Minute pirate bugMinute pirate bugSix spotted andSix spotted and black hunter thripsblack hunter thrips

Two spotted spider miteTwo spotted spider mite

What’s Registered?What’s Registered?

Agrimek (abamectin)Agrimek (abamectin)Savey (hexythiozox)Savey (hexythiozox)Acramite (bifenazate)Acramite (bifenazate)Zeal (etoxizole)Zeal (etoxizole)Kanemite Kanemite (acequinocyl)Oberon (spiromesefen)

Ecotrol (rosemary oil)Ecotrol (rosemary oil)Valero (cinnamic aldehyde)Valero (cinnamic aldehyde)Omni Supreme (mineral oil)Omni Supreme (mineral oil)Kelthane (dicofol)Kelthane (dicofol)Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide)Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide)Omite (propargite)**Omite (propargite)**

** nursery use only** nursery use only

Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2003Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2003

Treatment No. apps. Rate (ai/ac) Untreated -- -- Agrimek 2X 16 oz Acramite 1X 1 lb Mesa1 2X 32 oz Oberon 1X 16 oz Kanemite 1X 60 oz Trilogy 2X 1% Trilogy + Agrimek 2X 0.5%+ 5 oz Zeal 1X 3 oz

1 1 Not currently registered for use on strawberries.Not currently registered for use on strawberries.

Two spotted mite control at Irvine, 2003Two spotted mite control at Irvine, 2003

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Two spotted mites,Irvine, 2003

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 Week 2 Weeks 3 Weeks 4 Weeks 6 WeeksWeeks after treatment

UntreatedAgrimekAcramiteMesaOberonTM-413011TrilogyTrilogy + AgrimekZeal

Kanemite

****

****** ******

**

* **

**

**

*

*

*


n=3 replicates; variety - Camarosa transplanted October 4, 2004* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 n=2.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on March 29, 2005.

Treatment 3 Rate

(form)/ac Pretreat 5-Apr 13-Apr 21-Apr Untreated -- 55.3 ± 53.8 35.8 ± 25.3 84.8 ± 52.3 122.2 ± 122.8 Kanemite (H) 31.0 oz 30.2 ± 23.6 15.1 ± 18.1 10.5 ± 8.7* 7.4 ± 3.4* Kanemite (L) 21.0 oz 16.3 ± 14.5 22.2 ± 24.0 11.2 ± 12.3* 22.3 ± 17.9 Kanemite + TM4651

21.0 oz + 16.0 oz 15.7 ± 16.8 31.8 ± 19.5 14.4 ± 6.8* 14.4 ± 12.7

Zeal 3.0 oz 24.6 ± 18.6 11.2 ± 9.1 5.1 ± 6.2* 2.8 ± 4.8* Oberon 16.0 oz 12.8 ± 4.0 8.0 ± 4.9 7.2 ± 6.4* 5.2 ± 8.5* Acramite 16.0 oz 60.7 ± 89.4 16.0 ± 13.5 17.9 ± 22.3* 1.0 ± 1.2* Fujimite2 (H) 2.0 pt 10.3 ± 2.7 8.1 ± 3.9 3.4 ± 2.3* 1.5 ± 2.2 Fujimite2 (L) 1.0 pt 27.6 ± 33.8 25.6 ± 15.4 10.9 ± 10.4* 2.2 ± 2.6*


n=3 replicates; variety - Camarosa transplanted October 4, 2004* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 n=2.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on March 29, 2005.

Treatment 3 Rate

(form)/ac 4-May 12-May 18-May Untreated -- 76.2 ± 28.4 70.8 ± 69.1 36.6 ± 17.1 Kanemite (H) 31.0 oz 6.1 ± 1.9* 11.3 ± 8.4 32.8 ± 24.6 Kanemite (L) 21.0 oz 35.8 ± 39.8 42.0 ± 12.7 40.2 ± 22.5 Kanemite + TM4651

21.0 oz + 16.0 oz 14.8 ± 19.9* 12.3 ± 1.3 68.7 ± 13.1

Zeal 3.0 oz 4.4 ± 3.5* 8.6 ± 5.8 28.2 ± 30.3 Oberon 16.0 oz 0.8 ± 0.6* 4.0 ± 5.9* 12.0 ± 1.2 Acramite 16.0 oz 0.9 ± 0.9* 9.8 ± 6.4 9.6 ± 10.2 Fujimite2 (H) 2.0 pt 3.1 ± 3.6* 15.5 ± 6.7 27.8 ± 9.3 Fujimite2 (L) 1.0 pt 7.0 ± 7.5* 36.4 ± 23.8 31.4 ± 19.9

Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2004Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2004

Treatment No. appl

Rate (form/A)

4/29/04 Pre-Count

5/6/04 5/13/04 5/20/04

Untreated NA NA 34.6 ± 13.27 129.4 ± 73.52 172.4 ± 51.7 211.2 ± 73.39 Agri-mek + Kinetic1

2X 16.0 oz 32.4 ± 32.01 42.6 ± 50.79 165.6 ± 64.00 58.7 ± 20.29*

Acramite 1X 1.0 lb 11.6 ± 11.05 23.4 ± 8.51* 93.4 ± 39.83 22.8 ± 15.91* Zeal (L) 1X 2.0 oz 10.4 ± 7.15 15.4 ± 11.23* 46.8 ± 9.32 10.4 ± 10.89* Zeal (H) 1X 3.0 oz 39.0 ± 10.18 29.3 ± 24.48* 39.73 ± 33.73 9.43 ± 8.96* Fujimite 1X 2.0 pts 7.2 ± 1.80 20.2 ± 18.18* 43.2 ± 18.71 30.4 ± 27.39* Kanemite 1X 31.0 oz 10.6 ± 9.80 29.1 ± 25.25* 63.2 ± 59.93 26.8 ± 23.05* Kanemite + Kinetic1

1X 31.0 oz 19.0 ± 15.27 35.6 ± 29.34 105.6 ± 52.21 95.4 ± 109.13*

Oberon (L) 1X 8.5 oz 18.7 ± 12.03 22.2 ± 15.04* 19.87 ± 13.29* 16.8 ± 14.68* Oberon (M) 1X 12.0 oz 19.9 ± 15.08 31.0 ± 24.16 27.6 ± 30.23* 10.3 ± 15.45* Oberon (H) 1X 16.0 oz 11.6 ± 8.85 7.5 ± 4.31* 13.4 ± 3.90* 7.8 ± 5.71*

* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation** n=2 for this treatment, all others have n=3 replicates.1 Surfactant (Kinetic) applied @ 0.05% v/v


* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation** n=2 for this treatment, all others have n=3 replicates.1 Surfactant (Kinetic) applied @ 0.05% v/v

Treatment No. appl.

Rate (form/A)

5/27/04 6/3/04 6/10/04

Untreated NA NA 197.4 ± 40.89 245.4 ± 73.27 186.0 ± 57.50 Agri-mek + Kinetic1

2X 16.0 oz 111.0 ± 19.89 130.8 ± 7.03 -

Acramite 1X 1.0 lb 95.6 ± 27.53 114.4 ± 104.59 95.8 ± 46.99 Zeal (L) 1X 2.0 oz 52.47 ± 13.81* 59.2 ± 10.21* - Zeal (H) 1X 3.0 oz 39.8 ± 45.60* 45.6 ± 45.71* 31.0 ± 38.18* Fujimite 1X 2.0 pts 90.0 ± 81.53* 111.0 ± 97.90 - Kanemite 1X 31.0 oz 56.2 ± 28.63* 119.0 ± 66.08 - Kanemite + Kinetic1

1X 31.0 oz 109.4 ± 26.73 152.2 ± 79.38 -

Oberon (L) 1X 8.5 oz 43.4 ± 40.48* 67.4 ± 50.71* - Oberon (M) 1X 12.0 oz 27.4 ± 15.06* 39.3 ± 61.54* - Oberon (H) 1X 16.0 oz 52.6 ± 5.10* 42.0 ± 27.58* 76.4 ± 26.21*


N=3 replicates; variety - Diamante* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 Applied with Kinetic at 0.0.5% v/v.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on May 20. Agri-mek treatments applied a second time on May 27.

Treatment No.

appl 3 Rate

(form/ac) 19-May 26-May 2-Jun Untreated -- -- 80.60 ± 48.50 87.80 ± 83.36 44.60 ± 12.39 Fujimite (H)1 1 2.0 pt 77.00 ± 67.21 43.20 ± 41.18 20.40 ± 11.43 Fujimite (L) 1 1 1.0 pt 42.47 ± 19.99 100.80 ± 62.41 49.00 ± 23.70 Kanemite (H) 1 31 oz 67.00 ± 32.61 25.00 ± 12.90 18.40 ± 12.82 Kanemite (L) 1 21 oz 73.60 ± 75.52 45.00 ± 21.32 50.60 ± 15.25 Agri-mek A86-121,2 2 16 oz 112.80 ± 134.61 47.80 ± 34.53 39.00 ± 34.72 Agri-mek 0.15EC2 2 16 oz 58.80 ± 48.34 46.00 ± 23.13 19.40 ± 12.30 Acramite 75G 1 0.66 lb 48.20 ± 32.12 40.60 ± 13.50 24.80 ± 14.10


N=3 replicates; variety - Diamante* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 Applied with Kinetic at 0.0.5% v/v.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on May 20. Agri-mek treatments applied a second time on May 27.

Treatment No.

appl 3 Rate

(form/ac) 9-Jun 15-Jun 23-Jun Untreated -- -- 87.60 ± 22.05 45.20 ± 9.49 97.20 ± 43.65 Fujimite (H)1 1 2.0 pt 15.60 ± 4.91* 17.60 ± 8.90 17.60 ± 3.08* Fujimite (L)1 1 1.0 pt 34.80 ± 13.16 41.20 ± 16.78 73.00 ± 29.89 Kanemite (H) 1 31 oz 43.80 ± 17.77 24.20 ± 5.90 44.40 ± 31.18 Kanemite (L) 1 21 oz 39.20 ± 29.62 45.80 ± 15.42 50.60 ± 31.25 Agri-mek A86-121,2 2 16 oz 34.60 ± 17.57 15.80 ± 2.70* 53.40 ± 20.86 Agri-mek 0.15EC2 2 16 oz 36.50 ± 41.81 26.20 ± 0.69 31.80 ± 33.78 Acramite 75G 1 0.66 lb 28.00 ± 31.86* 20.40 ± 19.80 36.00 ± 49.44

Carmine spider miteCarmine spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinusTetranychus cinnabarinus

Two spotted spider mite

Carmine Spider Mites

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 6

UntreatedAcramite AgrimekMesaOberonKanemiteTrilogy .5% + AgrimekTrilogy 1.0%Zeal

Carmine spider mite control, Orange Co.Carmine spider mite control, Orange Co.

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Resistance ManagementResistance ManagementIRAC Mode Of Action Classification SchemeIRAC Mode Of Action Classification Scheme

IRAC = Insecticide Resistance Action Committee -IRAC = Insecticide Resistance Action Committee -an inter-company group formed in 1984 to provide an inter-company group formed in 1984 to provide insecticide and acaricide resistance management insecticide and acaricide resistance management strategies to help reduce the development of resistance strategies to help reduce the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. in insect and mite pests.

Hypothesis - best to rotate materials with Hypothesis - best to rotate materials with different modes of action - different modes of action -

Problem when strawberry growers lost use of Omite - Problem when strawberry growers lost use of Omite - goal was to have alternatives to Agri-Mekgoal was to have alternatives to Agri-Mek

Product Active Ingredient Primary Target Site of Action Activity

Agri-Mek Abamectin Chloride channel activators (GABA agonist)

All motile stagesMesa Milbemectin All motile stagesZeal Etoxazole Unknown mode of action

(mite growth regulator) (10A)Unknown mode of action (mite growth regulator) (10B)

Ovicide and larvicide

Savey Hexythiazox Ovicide and larvicide

Omite Propargite Inhibition of Magnesium stimulated ATPase

All motile stages

Kelthane Dicofol Site II electron transport inhibitor

All motile stages

Fujimite Fenpyroximate Site I electron transport inhibitor

All motile stagesPyramite Pyridaben All motile stagesOberon Spiromesifen Inhibitors of lipid synthesis Ovicide, all

motile stages

Kanemite Acequinocyl Site III electron transport inhibitor

All motile stages

Acramite Bifenazate Neuroactive (unknown mode of action)

Ovicide, all motile stages

Vendex Fenbutatin oxide Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor/uncoupler

All motile stages

Western Flower ThripsWestern Flower ThripsFrankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalis

Thrips/ bronzingThrips/ bronzing

Type IType I

Type IIType II

Type IIIType III

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Number Thrips per Flower

13 26 3 8 15 21 28 4 11 18 25

Watsonville, 2001

Chemical

Lignin

Untreated

May JuneApr

Lignin SpraysPesticide SpraysPesticide SpraysAgri-MekAgri-Mek

Agri-MekAgri-MekAgri-MekAgri-MekLannateLannate

LannateLannateDibromDibrom

0

10

20

30

40

Number of Bronzed Fruit

13 26 1 4 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 1 4 7 11 14 18 21 26 29

Watsonville , 2001

Chemical

Lignin

Untreated

JuneMayApr

0

10

20

30

40

Number of Bronzed Fruit

13 26 1 4 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 1 4 7 11 14 18 21 26 29

Watsonville , 2001

Chemical

Lignin

Untreated

JuneMayApr

Lignosulfonates are now Exempt From Tolerance by US EPA

* Treatment differs from untreated by pairwise t-test at p<0.05.Treatment date - March 23, 2003n=3 replicates

TreatmentRate

(form/ac) Pretreat 26 Mar 30 Mar 6 Apr 13 AprUntreated -- 4 1.0 3.0 1.0 13 1.0 20 5 16 3.0Lannate 1 lb 3 1.0 0.3

0.1* 3 1.0*

6 2* 9 1.0*

Aza-direct 32 oz 3 0.4 5.0 1.0 11 2.0 27 5 21 6.0Trilogy 1.0% 3 0.4 4.0 1.0 12 1.0 24 12 29 1.0Success 4.5 oz. 3 0.1 1.0

0.2* 4 0.3*

6 1* 8 0.4*

Number of active thrips per flower, Orange Co.

Number of active thrips per flower, Orange Co.

* Treatment differs from untreated by pairwise t-test at p<0.05.Treatment date - February 11, 2004n=3 replicates

Treatment Rate

(form/ac) 18-Feb 27-Feb 4-Mar 16-Mar Untreated NA 1.14 ± 0.62 5.29 ± 1.94 6.90 ± 2.72 11.10 ± 3.52 Lannate 1.0 lb 0.47 ± 0.46 0.73 ± 0.35* 1.87 ± 1.16* 6.87 ± 3.1 Entrust 1.5 oz 0.45 ± 0.30 1.39 ± 0.45* 2.98 ± 0.81* 6.15 ± 0.89* Success 4.5 oz 0.60 ± 0.72 1.58 ± 0.86* 3.70 ± 2.29 7.87 ± 2.14

Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites

and ThripsFrank ZalomFrank Zalom

Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyUC DavisUC Davis

Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites and ... · Cyclamen mite • Overwinter as...

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