Biology 11mrblakeokm.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/3/1/58312733/algae_and_bryophyta.pdf•Kingdom Protista...
Transcript of Biology 11mrblakeokm.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/3/1/58312733/algae_and_bryophyta.pdf•Kingdom Protista...
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Biology 11Kingdom Plantae:
Algae and Bryophyta
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ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you should be able to:
• State the 3 types of algae
• Why we believe land plants developed from algae
• Lifecycle of a bryophyte
• Examples of bryophytes
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The First “Plants” • For more than 3 billion years, Earth’s
terrestrial surface was lifeless
o life evolved in the seas
o plant life evolved in the seas from algae
o 1st photosynthetic organisms were
aquatic green algae
Chlamydomonas
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Brown Algae
• Kingdom Protista
• Phylum
Heterokontophyta
• Mostly marine and
temperate.
Kelp
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Red Algae• Kingdom Protista
• Phylum
Rhodophyta
• Most common in
warmer tropical
waters
• In temperate
zones, found in
deeper waterTurkish Wash Cloth
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Green Algae• Kingdom Protista
• Phylum Chlorophyta
• Very diverse group
• Include 3 forms:
o unicellular
o colonial
o multicellular
• Live in all
environments: fresh
and salt water, soil
Ulva sp. Sea lettuce
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A) Unicellular Green Algae• Very common in
fresh water as part of
phytoplankton.
• Ex. Chlamydomonas
sp.
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B) Colonial Green Algae• Live in long filaments
or as colonial
spheres.
Filamentous green algae
Volvox, spherical colonial
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C) Multicellular Green Algae
• Mostly marine.
• Ancestors of land
plants
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Evolution of Land Plants• 500 mya land plants evolved
o special adaptations for life on dry land
• protection from drying = desiccation
owaxy cuticle
• gas exchange (through cuticle)
ostomatas
• water & nutrient conducting systems
oxylem & phloem
• protection for embryo
oseeds
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Kingdom Plantae• Autotrophic
• Photosynthetic
• Cells contains chloroplasts
• Multi-cellular
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Cell wall – cellulose
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Animal vs. Plant life cycle
diploidmulticellular
2n
diploidmulticellularsporophyte
2n
haploidmulticellulargametophyte
1n
haploidunicellular
gametes1n
spores1n
gametes1n
Animal Plant
alternation of generations
meiosis
fertilization
mitosis meiosis
mitosismitosis
fertilization
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First land plants• Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
o non-vascular
• no water transport system
• no true roots
o swimming sperm
• flagellated sperm
o lifecycle dominated by
haploid gametophyte stage
• fuzzy moss plant you are
familiar with is haploid
o spores for reproduction
• haploid cells which sprout
to form gametophyte
diploidhaploid
Where mustmosses live?
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The Bryophytes
• Includes: mosses, liverworts and hornworts
• Called “non-vascular plants” because their
dominant stage (gametophyte) lacks vascular
tissues
• Show many of the characteristics believed to be
in the first land plants
• What problems did the Bryophytes face when
moving onto land from water?
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The Bryophytes
Their Solutions:
• Protect the embryo
• Thin waxy cuticle
• Utilizing air for
species distribution
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Typical Life Cycle
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The Bryophyte Life Cycle• Utilize Alternation of Generations from algae
• Gametophyte (n) shows two distinct sexes:
the male antheridium and the female
archegonium
• This is the dominant stage (gametophyte)
and is involved in sexual reproduction
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The Archegonium• This is the female shoot
• It contains the archegonium (at
the top of the shoot) which is:
- dominant
- haploid (n)
- produces by mitosis and
contains the egg
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The Antheridium
• The male gametophyte, the
antheridium (top of shoot), is:
- dominant
- haploid (n)
- produces motile sperm by
mitosis
• Fertilization occurs when there
is enough water for the sperm
to swim to the egg (in the
archegonium)
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The Sporophyte• Fertilization results in a
diploid sporophyte which
grows out of the
archegonium and forms a
spore capsule
• Sporophyte contains
vascular tissue
• It produces haploid, wind
borne spores by meiosisThese spores then
germinate to form
the gametophytes
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Gametophyte and Sporophyte
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Other BryophytesThe Liverworts
• There are about
8500 species of
liverworts
• Live from the arctic
to the tropics
• Leafy, close to the
ground.
Gametophyte is
dominant
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Other Bryophytes
The Hornworts
• Less common but
similar in habitats
• Gametophyte is
dominant with
sporophyte
containing a stalk
with primitive
vascular tissueSporophyte of a hornwort
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Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
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Peat Bog
“Peat Moss”