Biology 235 Human Physiology Fall Semester, 2009
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Transcript of Biology 235 Human Physiology Fall Semester, 2009
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Biology 235Human Physiology
Fall Semester, 2009
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IntroductionsQuestions
Integrated PhysiologyPhysiology Foundations
Physiology Roots
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Physiology – It’s Roots• One of the oldest branches of science• Starting around 420 B.C.
– Hippocrates – • moved it from theology and religion into its own field
– Argued that disease was not a handout from angry Gods, but rather from poor diet, environment, and habits
• Called the “father of medicine”• Founded Hippocratic School of Medicine• His sons, and son-in-law studied under him
– Polybus (son-in-law) and Thessalus founded the Dogmatic School of Medicine
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Physiology – It’s Roots• Next big influence was Galen
– 129-200 (ish) A.D.– Became father of modern medicine, studied
anatomy* extensively• His drawings of mammalian structure were used
until 1500’s!• Developed the concept that the brain controls the
muscles and that there where cranial and peripheral nervous systems
*of monkeys – human dissection not allowed
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Physiology – It’s Roots• Not much happened until…
– Vesalius (1514 - 1564) was an anatomist and physician
• Did extensive human dissection
– Published the premier book on human anatomy De humani corporis fabrica
– Corrected the error of Galens circulation pattern• However held onto the misconception that arteries and veins
carry different types of blood
– Fame led him to become the physician to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
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Physiology – It’s Roots• William Harvey (1578 – 1657)
– Correctly figured out systemic circulation and the properties of blood and its pumping
• Fixed a century old belief that blood only circulated continuously in the lungs
– Figured out the function of venous valves– First to use quantitative analysis in study of human
function• Measured how much blood the heart pumped in a day (540
pounds) which then made Galen look silly. . . the liver would have to manufacture 540 pounds of blood each day!
– Was the personal physician to James I & Charles I
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Physiology – It’s Roots• Claude Bernard (1813 – 1878)
– The first to establish scientific methodology in medicine
– Introduced experimental medicine and specifically “blind studies” to ensure objectivity
– Introduced “Milieu interieur” which was the initial concept of homeostasis
• “The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and independent life”
• Furthered in the next century by William Bradford Canon
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Physiology – It’s Roots• Walter Bradford Cannon (1871 – 1945)
– Chaired the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School
– Coined the term “fight or flight”– Did work with x-rays and different metals to
improve x-ray quality of bowels (today’s barium meal is a direct result)
– Given credit for concept of homeostasis, published it in 1932
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Physiology Foundations• Organization• Homeostasis & Controls• Biological Energy• Structure Function Relationships• Communication
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Organizational Hierarchy in Biology
atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
chemistry
ecology
physiology
cell biologymolecularbiology
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Homeostasis• The maintenance of physiological
parameters within the body/cell– “homeo” = similar or like– “stasis” = condition or state
• Provides a teleological answer to questions• Acts in a mechanistic way
– Components– Process– Types
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Homeostasis• Components
– Receptor• Monitors the controlled condition• Creates input signal
– Control center • Processes input signal• Makes decision• Creates output signal
– Effector• Returns controlled condition to normal state in one of two ways
receptorreceptor control control centercenter
effectoreffectorinput signalinput signal output signaloutput signal
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HomeostasisFunctional unit in
homeostasis
external change
internalchange
change results in disruption of homeostasis
compensation for change is attempted (feedback processes)
compensation fails compensation succeeds
illness/disease Wellness/health
Process:
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Homeostasis• Types of homeostasis maintenance pathways
– Negative Feedback Loop Mechanisms• Common
– Reverse the change in the regulated variable back to normal• May be local or long distance
– Require reflex pathways
– Positive Feedback Loop Mechanisms• Rare
– Enhances the stressor in a cascading effect until stressor is removed, causing regulated variable to return to normal
– Feedforward Controls• Aid in homeostatic processes by “anticipating” events, rather than
waiting for them to happen and then responding
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Homeostasis• Negative Feedback Control Example: blood Ca2+ levels
regulated variableblood levels of calcium
normal value 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dl
drop in blood levels of Ca2+
rise in blood levels of Ca2+
PTH secretion is stimulated
PTH secretion is inhibited
Vit D synthesis
Ca2+ release from bone
blood Ca2+ levels normalizeCa2+ uptake
in GI tract
Ca2+ reabsorption
in kidney
Vit D synthesis
Ca2+ uptake by bone
Ca2+ uptake in GI tract
Ca2+ secretion by
kidney
change causes
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Homeostasis• Other Negative Feedback Examples?
blood glucose levels
body temperature maintenance
pH controls
blood pressure regulationventilation rates
thyroid hormone levels
cell cycleGI motility & secretion
CO2 levels
receptors in plasma membrane
Urine concentration/ dilution
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Homeostasis• positive feed back control example: childbirth (parturition)
regulated variablefemale reproductive tract
change
End of term fetus, uterus contracts, increases pressure on the cervix
pressure causes release of oxytocin
Oxytocin causes increased contraction of the uterus & relaxation of cervix
Process continues until the cervix is dilated enough and the uterus contractions expel the fetus
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Homeostasis• Other examples of positive feedback loops?
some enzyme production
hemostasis (blood clotting)
lactation
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Homeostasis• Feedforward loops?
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Biological Energy• What is the Biological Energy Currency?
– Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Why?
• How is it made?
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Structure v Function• How are the two related?
• Can they be separated?
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Communication• Major theme in physiology
– Forms• Electrical• Chemical
– Between• Cell/cells• Tissues• Organs…
• Communication allows for the integration of physiology!
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Integrated Physiology• What is it?
• How can we grasp it?
• Examples of a integrated physiology illustrations
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Integrated Physiology Illustrations
Integumentary System
Nervoussystem
Endocrinesystem
Musculoskeletalsystem
Respiratory system
Digestivesystem
Circulatorysystem
Reproductivesystem
Urinarysystem
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Integrated Physiology Illustrations
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