Imaging of the Alphavirus Capsid Protein during Virus Replication
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RNA
Capsomere of capsid
Capsomere RNA Membranous envelope Capsid
Head DNA
Tail sheath
Tail fiber
80 ! 225 nm
Glycoproteins
80–200 nm (diameter)
Glycoprotein
70–90 nm (diameter) 18 ! 250 nm
20 nm Tobacco mosaic virus
(a) (b) Adenoviruses (c) Influenza viruses (d) Bacteriophage T4 50 nm 50 nm 50 nm
1 Entry and uncoating
Transcription and manufacture of capsid proteins
Self-assembly of new virus particles and their exit from the cell
Capsid proteins
Viral DNA
mRNA
Viral DNA
HOST CELL Replication
Capsid DNA
VIRUS
2
3
4
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Phage DNA The phage injects its DNA.
Bacterial chromosome
Phage Tail fiber
Lytic cycle
The cell lyses, releasing phages.
Phage DNA circularizes.
Phage DNA and proteins are synthesized and assembled.
Daughter cell with prophage
Prophage exits chromosome.
Lysogenic cycle
Many cell divisions create many infected bacteria.
Prophage
Prophage is copied with bacterial chromosome.
Phage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome.
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RNA
Envelope (with glycoproteins)
mRNA
Template
ER
Capsid proteins
Viral genome (RNA)
Copy of genome (RNA)
New virus
HOST CELL
Glyco- proteins
Glycoprotein
Reverse transcriptase
HIV
RNA (two identical strands)
Viral envelope
Capsid
Viral RNA RNA-DNA hybrid
DNA
HOST CELL
Reverse transcriptase
NUCLEUS Provirus
Chromosomal DNA
RNA genome for the progeny viruses mRNA
New virus
1 !m
2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus
2009 pandemic screening (b) (a)
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Prion
Normal protein
New prion
Original prion
Aggregates of prions
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