BIOLOGY 145

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to the Human Body

• Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among the structures

• Physiology deals with functions of body parts

• See Table 1.1

CLINICAL APPLICATION

PALPATATION

AUSCULATATION

PERCUSSION

Levels of Structural Organization

• Organism

• Organ systems

• Organs

• Tissues

• Cells

• Organelles

• Molecules

• Atoms

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING HUMAN ORGANISM

BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

HOMEOSTASIS

BODY FLUIDS

Basic Life Processes

• 1. METABOLISM• anabolism

• catabolism

• 2. RESPONSIVENESS• 3. MOVEMENT• 4. GROWTH• 5. DIFFERENTIATION• 6. REPRODUCTION

CLINICAL APPLICATION

AUTOPSY

Homeostasis: MaintainingPhysiological Limits

• Homeostasis - is a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits.

• Internal environment is the interstitial fluid.

Body Fluids

• I. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID• A. Intercellular fluid

• B. Plasma and lymph

• II. INTRACELLULAR FLUID

CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

Regulation of Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems acting together or separately.

• The nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the stress.

• The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.

Feedback Systems [Loops]

• A feedback system consists of a control center, receptors, and effectors.

• A control center that determines the point at which a controlled condition should be maintained.

• Receptors that monitor changes in the controlled condition and send the information to the control center.

• Effectors produce a response.

Feedback Systems

• Negative feedback• Response reverses the

original stimulus• 95% of systems of the

body are negative.• Example: blood

pressure

• Positive feedback• Response intensifies

the original stimulus• 5% of systems of the

body are positive• Some are destructive• Ex. Repro. Sys.

Stress and Homeostasis

• Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment.

• If a stress acts on the body, homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the effects of the stress and bring the condition back to normal.

• All body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

• Disease• Local disease• Systemic disease• Symptoms• Signs

• Disorder

• Diagnosis of Disease• Medical history• Physical examination• Epidemiology• Pharmacology

CLINICAL APPLICATION

DIAGNOSIS

MEDICAL HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

Basic Anatomical Terminology

• ANATOMICAL POSITIONS - prone and supine• DIRECTIONAL TERMS See Ex. 1.1• PLANES See Fig. 1.6

– Sagittal plane– Midsagittal plane– Frontal or coronal plane– Transverse plane or horizontal plane– Oblique plane

Body Cavities

• DORSAL– Cranial cavity

– Vertebral [spinal] cavity

• TABLE 1.3

• VENTRAL– Thoracic cavity

• pleural cavities– pleura

– mediastinum

• pericardial cavity

– Abdominopelvic cavity• abdominal cavity

• pelvic cavity– peritoneum

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes

• SEROUS MEMBRANE– PARIETAL– VISCERAL– PLEURA ( LUNGS)– PERICARDIUM– PERITONEUM

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

QUADRANTS

FIGURES 1.11 & 1.12

MEDICAL IMAGING

TABLE 1.4