Slide 1

Slide 2

Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3 - YouTube

Slide 3

Organic Molecules Carbon-based molecules Hydrocarbons Organic molecules made of only carbons and hydrogens (example CH 4 ) Inorganic Molecules Non-carbon based molecules Examples: H20, NH3, O2

Slide 4

Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Nitrogen Organisms are made up molecules that contain carbon and these other elements.

Slide 5

Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms as it tries to fill its outermost energy level. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structuresH 1.Straight chain 2.Branched chainHCH 3.Ring H

Slide 6

Slide 7

Polymers vs Monomers Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits/pieces bonded together. This Process is known as polymerization

Slide 8

Dehydration reaction - Each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (Lose Water)

Slide 9

Hydrolysis Reaction - Each time a monomer is broken from a chain a water molecule is added (Add Water).

Slide 10

1. What is the main element in Organic Compounds? 2. How many atoms can carbon form covalent bonds with? 3. Name the three general types of structures in carbon-based molecules have?

Slide 11

1. Carbon 2. Four 3. a. Straight b. Branched c. Ring

Slide 12

There are four major groups of macromolecules found in living things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Slide 13

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (Ratio= 1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen) Are made up of monomers of simple sugar molecules The building blocks (simple sugar molecules) of carbohydrates are Glucose.

Slide 14

Monosaccharide Simple Sugars made up of one sugar. (Ex: Glucose) Disaccharide Made up of two simple sugars. (Ex: Sucrose)

Slide 15

Polysaccharide Made up of three or more simple sugars (Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen) Found in pasta and bread Three Types of Carbohydrate

Slide 16

1. Provides energy when they are broken down. (Hydrolysis Rxtn.) 2. Provides structural support for living things. (Part the cell structure)

Slide 17

Type of Simple or Carbohydrate Complex Function Starch Complex Stores extra energy Cellulose Complex Gives plants strength and rigidity Glycogen Complex Stores extra energy Glucose Simple Supplies energy for cell activities

Slide 18

Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

Slide 19

1.What are the two functions of carbohydrates? 2. List the 3 different types of carbohydrates and give an example of each. 3. Which carbohydrate is found in plant cells?

Slide 20

1. a. Provides Energy b. Provides Structural support for living things. 2. a. Monosaccharides Glucose b. Disaccharides Sucrose c. Polysaccharides Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen 3. Cellulose

Slide 21

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Lipids are Hydrophobic molecules water fearing Example (oil and water dont mix) Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain: fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

Slide 22

saturated fatty acids (bad for you) Single Bonds unsaturated fatty acids Double Bonds

Slide 23

1. Store energy when broken down 2. Make up cell membranes (phospholipids) 3. Waterproof coverings on cells and tissues

Slide 24

Slide 25

1. What Lipid makes up cell membranes? 2. Two types of Fatty Acids in lipids? 3. Give two examples of lipids.

Slide 26

1. Phospholipid 2. Saturated and Unsaturated 3. Oils, Fats and waxes

Slide 27

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Parts of an amino acid: 1. Amino Group 2. Carboxyl Group 3. Side Group (R Group)

Slide 28

Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Slide 29

Polypeptides are the result of joining many amino acid monomers

Slide 30

1. Primary Structure is the order of its amino acids. 2. Secondary Structure is the folding of the polypeptide chain 3. Third Level Structure is the three- dimensional arrangement of a chain 4. Fourth Level Structure is how the different chains are placed next to each other.

Slide 31

1. Control cell processes 2. Control rate of reactions 3. Form important parts in cells 4. Move substances in and out of cells 5. Help to fight disease

Slide 32

1. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms? 2. What are the building blocks of Proteins? 3. What special type of bond links amino acids?

Slide 33

1. 20 2. Amino Acids 3. Polypeptide Bonds

Slide 34

Made up of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three parts: 1. sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen base A phosphate group nitrogen- containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

Slide 35

1. Store and transmit genetic information

Slide 36

Chemical Reaction A process that changes one set of chemicals into another. Changes in energy occur in chemical reactions. (Release or use energy) Chemical bonds are broken and other bonds are formed during a chemical reaction

Slide 37

Many chemical reactions occur inside cells Reactants products Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Activation Energy -The energy needed to start up a reaction Catalyst any compound that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

Slide 38

Enzymes are reaction specific Substrate reactant Active site groove area where substrates attach to enzyme Enzymes always pick up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!!

Slide 39

They are able to do this by LOWERING the activation energy of a reaction.

Slide 40

Activation Energy is lowered!