Biological Molecules Can Have Complicated Structures DNAProtein.
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Transcript of Biological Molecules Can Have Complicated Structures DNAProtein.
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Biological Molecules Can Have Complicated Structures
DNA Protein
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How complicated are living things?
Even a bacterium is made up of at least 10,000 different kinds of molecules.
But these fall into 4 classes of organic molecules.
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4 Kinds of Organic Molecules
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Properties of organic molecules:
• Carbon skeletons as backbones
• Side chains bear functional groups that are chemically active
• polymers: chains of subunits
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Organic molecules are built around carbon skeletons
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Functional Groupschemically active side branches
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Organic molecules are polymers
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Dehydration (Condensation) Synthesis - Polymer Elongation
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Hydrolysis - Polymer Disassembly
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Structures are built of large molecules which are built of small molecules
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Carbohydrates
• carbohydrates are sugar polymers
• used for:– energy storage– structural features
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Sugars are characterized by size, the kinds of functional groups and their position
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Another example
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Linear carbon chains often become cyclic
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Synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrate polymers
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Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides held together by weak bonds are used for energy storage (e.g., starch), whereas those held together by strong bonds are used or
structural purposes (e.g., cellulose)
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Cellulose
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Lipids
• One end is hydrophilic, the other hydrophobic
• Often polymers (few large instead of many small subunits, fatty acid derivatives)
• Used for:– Energy storage, e.g., fats and oils– Chemical messengers (hormones) , e.g., steroids– Chemical defenses , e.g., terpenes – Membranes , e.g., phospholipids
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Fatty Acids
Note: carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities and will form non-polar covalent bonds
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A simple lipid - triglyceride
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Saturated fat
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Unsaturated fat
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other lipids:
Terpene (citronellol)
Prostaglandin(PGE)
Steroid(cholesterol)
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Phospholipid
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Phospholipids function in membranes
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Membranes - more than lipids
Glycoproteins
(proteins with carbohydrate antennae)
proteins
Membrane(lipid bilayer)
lipid monolayer
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membrane systems can be extensive
golgi apparatus
nuclear envelope
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
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Proteins
• Every protein = an unbranched chain of amino acids
• Each kind of protein has a unique amino acid sequence
• Each amino acid sequence confers a specific 3D shape
• Each kind of protein is coded for by a single gene
• Proteins have many functions
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Amino acids - 20 kinds
NH2
C COOH
R
R = functional group
each of the 20 amino acids has a
different kind
amino group carboxyl group
H
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Acidic and basic amino acids
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Non-polar amino acids
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Polar amino acids
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Peptide bond formation
-
+ The peptide bond is surrounded by two important charges
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A short protein - 4 amino acids
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four levels of protein structure
primary secondary tertiary quartenary
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Secondary Structure and Hydrogen Bonds
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Quartenary Structure in Hemoglobin
Quartenary structure:4 proteins (chains)
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Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia:a single amino acid substitution can make a big difference
MUTATION:valine replaces glutamate
hemoglobin polymerizes, forming long rods that
distort the cell
under oxygen stress
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Four levels of protein structure
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Proteins differ in their 3D shapes
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3D shapes have specific cavities on their surface
these cavities allow “lock and key” fits with other molecules with which
the protein interact
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Enzymes Control Chemical Activity
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Molecules are modified in pathways, in numerous small controlled steps
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Biochemical Pathways
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Catalysts Control Chemical Activity
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What is the significance of complicated shapes?
Numerous weak bonds among complementary complex surfaces allow molecular recognition and catalysis.
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Nucleic Acids: RNA & DNA
• Nucleic acid molecules consist of polynucleotide strands
• DNA has two complementary strands, RNA has one strand
• Both DNA & RNA can replicate and store information
• Nucleotide sequences code for amino acid sequences …DNA genes code for RNA and protein structure
• Like proteins, RNA is single stranded and can fold up into complex 3D shapes ….RNA catalysts are ribozymes
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Nucleotides have three subunits
SP
B
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Four kinds of DNA nucleotides
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RNA is composed of a single polynucleotide strand
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DNA is double stranded
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DNA can replicate
• DNA unzips
• Single strands act as templates
• Complementary nucleotides added
to form new complementary
second strands
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Replication
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DNA Synthesis - Replication
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RNA Synthesis - Transcription
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DNA structure is too monotonous to serve catalytic functions,but single stranded RNA can assume complicated
shapes
DNA is double strandedcannot be catalytic
RNA is single strandedcan be catalytic (ribozymes)
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Protein, RNA and DNA Roles
Protein
RNA
DNA
Heredity
-
√
√
Catalysis
√
√
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Single strandedness can confer complicated 3D shapes that permit catalytic roles
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How does DNA store information for RNA and protein structure?
each kind of molecule is an unbranched sequence of subunits
nucelotide sequences are colinear with the amino acid sequences that they code for
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Central Dogma of Biology
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