Biological control in cotton
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Transcript of Biological control in cotton
DR.L.N.MOHAPATRA
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCHREGIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRNSFER STATION
BHAWANIPATNA
COTTON CULTIVATION IN ORISSA
• Year of start : 1974-75
• Major cotton growing districts :
Rayagada,Kalahandi, Bolangir,
Nuapara,Gajapati,Koraput,Ganjam
• Total area under cultivation :
50,000ha.
• Productivity : 440kg lint /ha.
• (National avge : 530kg lint /ha)
• (World avge : 1058kg/ha)
• Variety / Hybrid grown: Bunny,
MCU-5 ,Tulasi,
Cotton in Indian Economy
• Cotton the “white gold” is the most important natural textile fibre of the world
• Leading commercial crop of the country next only to food grains which provides livelihood to 60 millions of farmers, traders, and those engaged in textile and processing industries
• Cotton accounts for 30% of the total Indian exports• India is the second largest producer of cotton in the
world contributing nearly 15% of the global production
Production constraints
Cotton plant is most susceptible to attack of insect pests
Reasons: * Green and succulent foliage
* In determinate growth habit
* Presence of extra foliar nectaries
Total No. of insect pests recorded on world wide basis 1326 insect and mites
In India the number of insect pests has increased almost five times since the beginning of the century
- Fletcher in 1920 listed 34 insects species including 9 serious
pests
- By 1964 it increased to 130
- Recently , 162 species have been reported including
15 key pests causing 50-60% seed cotton yield loss
CHANGING SCENARIO OF INSECT PESTS IN COTTON
REASONS FOR INCREASED PEST OUT BREAK
• Indiscriminate use of broad spectrum insecticides• Large scale cultivation hirsutum cotton and hybrids• Reduced efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids • Monocropping• Improper coverage of foliage due to use of ineffective
appliances • Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers and close
spacing • Cultivation of new crops round the year which act as
preferred host plants for the pests
MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF COTTON
BOLL FEEDERS:
Tobacco caterpillar SemilooperLeaf roller
Spotted bollworm American bollworm Pink bollworm
FOLIAGE FEEDER
SUCKING PESTS
JASSID
WHITE FLY
APHID
THRIPS
Mealy bug
Mealy bug on leaf Affected shoot
Dried plant due to mealy bug attack
Dusky cotton bug
New pest problem
• The mirid bug Creontiodes biseratense (Miridae : Hemiptera) is severe in Bt cotton in Karnataka during Sepetember-October
• Mealy bug Maconellicoccus sp. , Phenococcus solani is severe in Bt cotton in North India
EXTENT OF LOSSES BY INSECT PESTSBOLLWORM COMPLEX : DRIED AND WITHERED SHOOTS : 40-50% SQUARE DRYING: 50-80% ROSETTED FLOWER : 5% SHEDDING OF BUDS AND DESTRUCTION OF BOLLS: 30-40% LOCULE DAMAGE: 20-30% SEED COTTON YIELD LOSS DUE TO AMERICAN BOLLWORM : 10-45% SEED COTTON YIELD LOSS DUE TO BOLLWORM COMPLEX : 50-60%
SUCKING PESTS : 20% LOSS IN SEED COTTON YIELD DRYING AND SHEDDING OF YOUNG PLANTS LINT CONTAMINATION TRANSMISSION OF LEAF CURL VIRUS POOR CROP STAND DECREASE IN FIBRE QUALITY
PESTICIDES USE IN COTTONPESTICIDES CONTINUE TO PLAY DOMINANT ROLE IN COTTON
Crop coverage : 5% and consume 50 % of total pesticides in in India
ORGANO PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUND : 50%
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID : 19%
ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUND : 16%
CARBAMATE : 4%
BIOPESTICIDES : 1%
INSECTICIDE USE PATTERN
• CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES
Interfere with soil metabolic process- kill non target but beneficial soil organisms like earthworm
• BHC AND DDT REMAINING IN ECOSYSTEM – SOIL FAUNA AND FLORA
DDT: a nonbio degradeable organic chemical acumulates and magnify in the successive trophic level of the food chain called as biomagnification
• RESIDUES IN FOOD SAMPLES, MILK, EGG, SPICES
• VULNERABILITY OF HUMAN POPULATION TO TOXIC PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND RESULTING HEALTH HAZARDSBHC-carcinogenic effect
ILL EFFECTS OF ILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDESPESTICIDES
ILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDESILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
PEST RESURGENCE
DESTRUCTION OF BENEFICIAL AND NON TARGET ORGANISM
CROP FAILURE LEADING TO SOCIO ECONOMIC PROBLEM INCLUDING SUCIDE
ILL EFFECT OF PESTICIDES
Rachel Carson in her book
SILENT SPRING (1962)LAUNCHED A BROADSIDE AGAINST THE WIDE SPREAD MISUSE OF INSECTICIDES CAUSING HAZARDS FOR NON TARGET ORGANISM WITH WIDE SPREAD CONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
This eventually led to the concept of Integrated Pest Management.
IPM is the most compatible and ecologically sound combination of available pest suppression techniques to keep pest population below economically damaging levels.
IPM , THE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY WAY
IPM AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT FOR SUSTAINABLE COTTON CROP PRODUCTION
A DYNAMIC AND CONSTANTLY EVOLVING APPROACH TO CROP PROTECTION IN WHICH ALL SUITABLE MANAGEMENT TACTICES AND AVAILABLE SURVEILLANCE AND FORECASTING INFORMATION ARE UTILIZED TO DEVELOP A HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
COMPONENTS OF IPM
CULTURAL METHODS
MECHANICALMETHODS
BEHAVIOURALMETHODS
BOTANICALMETHODS
BIOLOGICALMETHODS
CHEMICAL
METHODS
CULTURAL METHODS
MECHANICAL METHODS
BEHAVIOURAL METHODS
BOTANICALMETHODS
BIOLOGICAL METHODS
CHEMICAL METHODS
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• This term was first used by Smith in 1919 to signify the use of natural enemies whether introduced or otherwise manipulated to control insect pests
• Paul DeBach (1973) defined it as the study and utilization of biocontrol agents like parasites,predators and pathogens for the regulation of hosts (=pests) population densities.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
PARASITOIDS: Parasitoids are usually equal or smaller in size than the prey. They live in or on the prey, derive their nutrition from the prey and usually complete one stage of the life in or on the prey and kill the prey in the process
PREDATORS : Predators are organism usually larger and stronger than prey. They catch and kill a large number of other organisms for food.
PATHOGENS: Disease causing organisms like BacteriaVirusFungiProtozoa: Nosema, Vairimorpha Nematodes: Steinernema , Rhabditis
TECHNIQUE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Conservation : Conservation is defined the actions to preserve an increase the natural enemies by environmental manipulation
Augmentation : It is a tactic of biological control where, the efforts is made to increase the natural enemy population either by propagation and release or by environmental manipulation . It includes all the activities designed to increase the number or effect of existing natural enemies
- Inoculation or periodic release- Inundative release
Introduction/Importation : Importing foreign natural enemies to combat the introduced pests
ADVANTAGES: • Ideal alternative to control pests
• Highly specific
• Safe to non-target organisms
• Inexpensive
• Long term control
• No environmental pollution
• Compatible with most pest control tactics except use of broad spectrum pesticides.
• Pest resistance to NEs is virtually unknown
STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN COTTON
• More than 400 natural enemies have been reported in cotton ecosystem
• Large scale use of insecticide has reduced the natural enemies population to insignificant level
• 21 species of predators and 45 species of parasitoids have reported on cotton bollworms in India
Major parasitoids in cotton ecosystemParasitoids Host Maximum parasitization
recorded (%)Apanteles angaleti Pink bollworm 25.0
Brachymeria nephantidis Spotted bollworm 57.2
Elasmus johnstoni Pink bollworm 12.0
Eretnocerus serius White fly 40.2
Goniozus sp. Pink bollworm 16.7
Rogas aligharensis Spotted bollworm 59.1
Trichogramma chilonis American bollworm
83.0
Trichogrammatoidea sp. near guamensis
Spotted bollworm 45.0
Trichogramma achaeae Spotted bollworm 60.8
Major predators in cotton ecosystemPredators Host Stage attacked
Lady bird beetle: Coccinella septempunctataMenochilus sexmaculatus, Brumodies sp. , Scymnus
AphidAll bollworm species,
Egg, neonate larva,
Green lace wing : Chrysoperla carnea, Mallada boninensis
Sucking insects
Egg, nymph
Shield bug Eucantheconidea furcellata bollworms Larva
Anthocorid bug Orius minutus ABW Larva
Wasp Eumenes petiolata and Delta sp. ABW Larva
Mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenius ABW, Spodoptera
Larva
Syrphid fly Aphid Egg, nymph, Adult
Spider: Oxyopes sp., Clubionia sp., Thomisus sp.
bollworms Larva
BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM
BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM
SYRPHID FLY SPIDERS
WASPPENTATOMID BUG ROGADINAE PARASITEAPANTELES
Release of Trichogramma chilonis
RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS PARASITE @ 1.5 LAKHS / HA(7 TRICHO CARD) DURING EVENING HRS AT 50 -60 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH TWICE AT 10 DAYS INTERVAL
FOR MANAGEMENT OF BOLLWORMS
DON’T SPRAY INSECTICIDES AFTER RELEASE
Release of Trichogramma chilonis
Each tricho card contains 20,000 parasitoids It must be cut into small pieces and distributed in the field avoiding the border rows It can be pinned or stapled on the ventral side of the leaves in the middle region of leaves Bollworm adults must be monitored by pheromone traps and ensure the presence of host eggs. Parasitoids are released in the field as parasitized card at least a day before emergence The parasitoids will emerge within 7 days after parasitization. Hence the card must be shifted to the field on 4th day and tied on the plant on 5th / 6th day the parasitized egg card can be stored at 5-10 0 C in refrigerator or BOD incubator for a period of 21 days
RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA
Adult – light green with net like wing They lay stalked egg in small group on leaves and other plant partsThe lace wing larvae possess sickle shaped mouth parts The larvae feed on aphids, thrips, nymphs of white fly, mealy bug, soft scale They also feed on the eggs and freshly hatched larvae of ABW
RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA
RELEASE @ 50,000 GRUBS / ha DURING
EVENING HOURS AT EARLY STAGE OF CROP
GROWTH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SUCKING
PESTS AT FORTNIGHT INTERVALS DROP THE EGGS OR GRUBS ON CROP CANOPY OR MIX THE GRUBS/EGGS IN FINE SAW DUST AND APPLY ON CROP CANOPY
MICROBIAL METHOD
Highly specific Do not affect other organisms Ultra violet rays degrades
MICROBIAL METHOD
NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS :
Effective against : Lepidopterous larvae
SYMPTOM : Sluggish larvae, turn pinkish or yellowish, swell slightly, become limp and flaccid Fragile integument Rupture of integument Dead larvae found hanging by prolegs from top Dry up – dark brown or black cadaver
USE OF HaNPV:
SPRAY HANPV @ 5OO LE WITH JAGGERY(5G/LT.) DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST 2ND AND 3RD INSTAR LARVAE
Factors influencing the effectiveness of NPV in field conditions
• Stage of insect: Coincide with younger stage of larvae• Dose: dose or concentration of POB s positively correlated
with mortalities of target pests, - 2-3 application give effective control
• Preparation of spray fluid: NPV in required strength is mixed with good quality of soft water and Teepol 0.1% or Triton X-100 0.01% as surfactant
• Time of application : Evening hours for avoiding inactivation due to sunlight
• Appliances: High volume application- more effective • Use of adjuvants: jaggery or molasses• Integration with chemical method: : NPV compatible with
endosulfan
USE OF BACTERIA • Bacillus thuringiensis : Gram positive spore forming bacteria :
Highly pathogenic to those lepidopterpus larvae which have an alkaline pH of the gut
• It produces pertinacious parasporal crystalline inclusion during sporulation and upon ingestion by the insects , this crystalline inclusion is solublised in the mid gut releasing delta endo toxin
Symptoms: Paralysis of gut and mouth parts, leading to a cessation
of feeding Swelling and destruction of microvilli of the mid gut Disruption of midgut structure Total body paralysis and death within 5-6 days
• Spore forming bacteria; best suited • Highly effective on lepidopterous larvae• Foliar spray• Trdae name : BIOLEP, BIOBIT, BIOASP,
DELFIN, Thuricide, Biotrol,
USE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS : COTTONBOLLWORMS
SPRAY B.t.k @ 1KG/HA DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST EARLY INSTARS OF BOLLWORM LARVAE
Use of fungus
• Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae or Nomuraea rileyi : Highly pathogenic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera ,Hemiptera and Diptera
• It causes green muscardine disease• The fungus invade the host insect through body wall
and spiracles and conidia germinate on insect cuticle producing small hyphal bodiesor mycelia which multiply rapidly
• Producing fungal toxins to cause death
MICROBIAL METHOD
APPLICATION OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae or Neumorea rileyi under humid condition is effective
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES
SEED TREATMENT WITH IMIDACLOPRID PROTECT THE CROP UPTO 40-50 DAYS AGAINST SUCKING PESTS AND ALSO
TO AVOID THE EARLY SEASON INSECTICIDES AND THUS CONSERVE THE NATURAL ENEMIES
INTERCROPPING WITH COWPEA CONSERVE THE NE(LB,GLW) (ECOFEAST CROP) AVOID DUST FORMULATION AND BROAD SPECTRUM
INSECTICIDES ERECT BIRD PERCHES(@ 20/HA) TO ENCOURAGE
INSECTIVORUS BIRD LIKE BLACK DRONGO,MYNA,BLUE JAY GROW CASTOR/ MAIZE AS BORDER CROP (BANKER CROP ) : PROVIDE THE FOOD LIKE POLLEN AND
NECTAR TO NON CARNIVOROUS STAGES OF PREDATORS MOSTLY THE ADULTS
COTTON IPM MODULE FOR ORISSA
SUMMER CULTIVATION
SYNCHRONISED AND TIMELY SOWING
SEED TREATMENT WITH IMIDACLOPRID @ 7.5G/KG OF SEEDS
INTER CROPPING WITH COWPEA @ 1 ROW AFTER EVERY 10 ROW OF COTTON
SET UP @ 5NOS / HA AT 50MT INTERVAL FOR MONITORING BOLLWORM(AT 50-60 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH) NEEM SEEED KERNEL EXTRACT(5%) SPRAY AT 45-50 DAG
0 – 60 DAYS
IPM module for Orissa
• RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS PARASITE @ 1.5 LAKHS / HA(7 TRICHO CARD) DURING EVENING HRS AT 60-70 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH TWICE AT 10 DAYS INTERVAL
• TRAP CROPPING WITH MARIGOLD
• SPRAY HANPV @ 5OOLE WITH JAGGERY(5G/LT.) DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST 2ND AND 3RD INSTAR LARVAE
• SPRAY ENDOSULFAN @ 0.06%IN SEVERE ATTACK OF BOLLWORMS
• TOPPING AT 80-90DAG REDUCES BOLLWORM ATTACK AND ENCOURAGE SYMPODIAL BRANCHING
• ERECT BIRD PERCHES(@ 20/HA) TO ENCOURAGE INSECTIVORUS BIRD LIKE BLACK DRONGO,MYNA,BLUE JAY
• HAND COLLECTION OF OLDER BOLLWORM LARVAE TO ELIMINATE POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
60 - 90 DAYS