BIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF STREAMS IN...
Transcript of BIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF STREAMS IN...
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BIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF STREAMS IN WEST
• Over half of streams in west are in fair or poor condition
• 3.5 Million miles of streams and rivers
• 700K miles of wadeable, perennial
• 190K are in poor condition
USEPA, 2006. Wadeable Streams Assessment, Office of Research & Development, Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection agency, Washington D.C., pp. 113.
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2050 PREDICTED WATER SUPPLY IMPACTS
• Even with out climate change, water supply impacts inevitable… with its worse!
Roy et al. (2010) Tetra Tech http://www.global-warming-forecasts.com/water-supply-shortage-water-scarcity-climate.php
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COST…
Bair, B, 2004. Stream Restoration Cost Estimates. In: S. T. Allen, C. Thomson and R. Carlson (Editors), Proceedings of the Salmon Habitat Restoration Cost Workshop. NOAA, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Gladstone, OR, pp. 104-113.
• Nationwide (lower 48), Over 281,000 mi are Poor condition
– (i.e. @ $130K/ mile… over $36 Billion)
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CAN WE CONTINUE TO AFFORD THIS?
• The over-cited Bernhardt et al. (2005) paper
– 38,000 projects
– At least $15 billion spent since 1990-2003
• Gross Under-Estimate
– 42,000 projects alone in PNW
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WHY ALWAYS TONKA TOYS?
• If you do a google search for restoration, the first images that come up are of Tonka toys in streams
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• The scope of the problem is enormous
• ‘Cheap and cheerful’ restoration is the only way we’re realistically going to recover
• Beaver as one critical tool
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RIPARIAN DEGRADATION
Disturbance
• Alter flow regime
– Impoundments
– Water extraction
– Channel incision
• Landuse
– Grazing
– Timber harvest
– Agriculture
– Mining
– Urban development
• Alien Species
– Planted
– Invasions
• Alter fire regimes
• Climate change
Direct Impacts
• Altered vegetation
• Soil compaction
• Increased sediment transport
• Altered Hydrology
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COMMON RIPARIAN RESTORATION APPROACHES
• Channel configuration
– New channel
– Levee removal
• Plantings
• Exotic removal/weed control
• Riparian fencing
• Grazing management
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CHANNEL CONFIGURATION
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Restoration costs = ?A lot when it goes
wrong
George Creek realignment
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CHANNEL CONFIGURATION
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REFERENCE REACH TYPE FOR STREAM RESTORATION?Logan River with beaver dam complex
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FLOW MANAGEMENT TO RECOVERY RIPARIAN FUNCTION
Stromberg 2001. J. Arid Environ.
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RIPARIAN FENCING
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Riparian Zone Response:Wetland Indicator Status for Greenline Plant Communities
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RIPARIANPLANTING
Hall et al. 2011 Eco Restoration
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PLANTINGAPPROACH MATTERS
Hall et al. 2011 Eco Restoration
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Hall et al. 2011 Eco Restoration
PLANTINGAPPROACH MATTERS
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FENCING AND PLANTING?
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• Season-Long Grazing (n = 4)
• Simple Rotational Grazing (n = 4)
• Intensive Rotational Grazing (n = 5)
• Wildlife Only Sites (n = 3)
100 – 120 days of grazing
30 – 40 days of grazing
< 20 days of grazing
Grazed only by wildlife
GRAZING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESC
Colorado (Saunders & Fausch 2012)Wyoming (Saunders & Fausch 2007)
• Season-Long Grazing (n = 5)
• Intensive Rotational Grazing (n = 5)
> 120 days of grazing
7 - 14 days of grazing
Wyoming
From Saunders AFS 2015
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Sta
nd
ing
bio
mass (
g/m
2)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pe
rcen
t o
verh
ead
co
ver
0
20
40
60
80Standing biomass
Overhead cover
Season Long Simple Rotation
Intensive Rotation
Wildlife Only
CI = 1 SE
From Saunders AFS 2015
GRAZING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Rotational Grazing Season-long Grazing
Effects of Grazing Mgmt. on Stream Subsidies
From Saunders AFS 2015
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Managing Livestock Grazing on Streams
on the Elko District and the Need to be
Adaptive
Bureau of Land Management, Elko, Nevada
Carol Evans
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From Rehydrating Nevada presentation, Carol Evans
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From Rehydrating Nevada presentation, Carol Evans
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From Rehydrating Nevada presentation, Carol Evans
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SUSIE CREEK 1992 SUSIE CREEK 1999
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SUSIE CREEK 2012 SUSIE CREEK
OCTOBER 2012
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UPSTREAM, 1991 UPSTREAM 1999
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UPSTREAM, 2007 UPSTREAM 2012
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1991
2011
Annual hot season grazing20 yrs of mostly spring and fall
grazing by cow-calf pairs;
Extensive beaver dam complexes
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South Fork Salmon
Falls Creek
Little Quakey Riparian Pasture,
ONeil Allotment. S-42, down.
Since at least 1988: a mixture of use by both cow-calf pairs and yearlings as well as rest, early use, hot season use and fall use.
1979. Use unknown
1999 2012
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1980 2010
Recovery is the result of grazing exclusion since about
1993 and colonization of the area by beaver.
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Maggie Creek, S-9, upstream, 2012. Adjacent terraces show presence of western aster (Aster occidentalis), a mesic forb important for sage grouse broods, Presence of this species in this setting may indicate an elevated water table in the Maggie Creek valley bottom.
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Maggie Creek, April 2012.
Shows how beaver dams are capturing and storing water on a landscape scale
with the effect of rehydrating the valley bottom.
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PARTNERING WITH BEAVER FOR RIPARIAN AND STREAM RESTORATION
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SOME ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY BEAVERS
• Water storage
• Reconnecting floodplains
• Incision
• Low flows (bump up surface water)
• Riparian expansion
• Habitat complexity for fish, amphibians, birds
• Increase forage and water for cattle or wild ungulates
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RESTORATION STRATEGIES BEAVER
Conservation / Promotion (leave them alone)
Living with beaver
Translocation to areas with suitable capacity
Restore riparian -> Followed by Translocation
Help beaver out – Beaver Dam Analogues
Mimic Beaver
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OTHER “CHEAP AND CHEERFUL”STRATEGIES