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Biological Classification. The Linnean system, first formally proposed by Linneaus in Systema...
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Transcript of Biological Classification. The Linnean system, first formally proposed by Linneaus in Systema...
• The Linnean system, first formally proposed by Linneaus in Systema naturae in the 18th century, has two main characteristics.
• Each species has a two-part name.
• Species are organized hierarchically into broader and broader groups of organisms.
1. Taxonomy employs a hierarchical
system of classification
• The seven basic taxonomic categories are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species; kingdom being the broadest category, and species being the most specific.
Taxonomic Categories
Mnemonic aids for remembering the seven taxonomic levels and their
correct order?
• ‘King Philip came over for green soup.’
Table 1Taxonomic Level
Organism #1
Organism #2 Organism #3
Organism #4
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammal Amphibia
Order Primate Salienta Primate
Family Hominid Ranidae Pongidaea Pongidaea
Genus Homo Rana Pan Gor
Species sapiens pipiens troglodyte gor
Table 1Taxonomic Level
Organism #1
Organism #2 Organism #3
Organism #4
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammal Amphibia Mammal Mammal
Order Primate Salienta Primate Primate
Family Hominid Ranidae Pongidaea Pongidaea
Genus Homo Rana Pan Gor
Species sapiens pipiens troglodyte gor
How would you convert the information on Table 1 to a dichotomous key?
• Complete the key provided for you.
Taxonomic Level
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Amphibia Mammal
Order: Salienta Primate
Family: Ranidae Hominid Pongidae
Genus: Rana Homo Gor Pan
Species: pipiens sapiens gor troglodyte
Table 1Taxonomic Level
Organism #1
Organism #2 Organism #3
Organism #4
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammal Amphibia Mammal Mammal
Order Primate Salienta Primate Primate
Family Hominid Ranidae Pongidaea Pongidaea
Genus Homo Rana Pan Gor
Species sapiens pipiens troglodyte gor
Organism 1
Kingdom: They eat other organisms (Animalia kingdom)Phylum: They have a backbone and gill slits as an
embryo (Cordata phylum)Class: They produce live young (babies) and nourish their
young with milk from the mother (Mammal class)Order: Their most important sense is their vision; they have a
poorer sense of smell; they have flattened fingers and nails (Primate order) Family: They walk on two legs, have flatter faces, and see in
color(Hominid family) Genus: They have large brains, can speak and have long
childhood(Homo genus)Species: They have a high forehead, their body hair is
reduced and they have a prominent chin (sapiens species)
• The scientific name of the organism above is:________________________
• or its more common name is:________________________
Taxonomic Level
Organism #1
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammal
Order Primate
Family Hominid
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
Scientific name
The Linnaean binomial system consists essentially of giving a one-word name such as Rhododendron or Pan to a genus and a two-word name such as Rhododendron ponticum or Pan troglodyte to an individual species within the genus.
Taxonomic Level
Organism #1 Organism #2 Organism #3 Organism #4
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Hexopoda
Order Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Family Tortricidae
Psychidae
Tortricidae
Genus Archips Solenobia Archips Eulia
Species rosana Walshella fervidana
pinatubana
Table 2
Taxonomic Level
Organism #1 Organism #2 Organism #3 Organism #4
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Class Hexopoda Hexopoda Hexopoda Hexopoda
Order Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Family Tortricidae Psychidae Tortricidae
Tortricidae
Genus Archips Solenobia Archips Eulia
Species rosana Walshella fervidana pinatubana
Table 2
• Traditionally, systematists have considered kingdom as the highest taxonomic category.
• As a product of a long tradition, beginning with Linnaeus organisms were divided into only two kingdoms of life - animal or plant.– Bacteria, with rigid cell walls, were placed with
plants.– Even fungi, not photosynthetic and sharing little
with green plants, were considered in the plant kingdom.
– Photosynthetic, mobile microbes were claimed by both botanists and zoologists.
1. The five-kingdom system reflected increased knowledge of life’s diversity
• In 1969, R.H Whittaker argued for a five-kingdom system: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 26.15
• The five-kingdom system recognizes that there are two fundamentally different types of cells: prokaryotic (the kingdom Monera) and eukaryotic (the other four kingdoms).
• Three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes were distinguished by nutrition, in part.– Plants are autotrophic, making organic food by
photosynthesis.– Most fungi are decomposers with extracellular
digestion.– Most animals digest food within specialized
cavities.
• In Whittaker’s system, the Protista consisted of all eukaryotes that did not fit the definition of plants, fungi, or animals.– Most protists are unicellular.– However, some multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds,
were included in the Protista because of their relationships to specific unicellular protists.
– The five-kingdom system prevailed in biology for over 30 years.
• During the last three decades, systematists applying cladistic analysis, including the construction of cladograms based on molecular data, have been identifying problems with the five-kingdom system.– One challenge has been evidence that there
are two distinct lineages of prokaryotes.– These data led to the three-domain system:
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, as superkingdoms or domains.
2. Arranging the diversity of life into the highest taxa is a work in progress
• Many microbiologists have divided the two prokaryotic domains into multiple kingdoms based on cladistic analysis of molecular data.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 26.16
Applications of classificationAmerican Museum of Natural History- New York- Hall of biodiversity
Biodiversity Tools - Biodiversity Information Databases in the Americas
Classification of lacewings by sound